《21世纪议程》:行动与展望

1992年,联合国环境与发展大会通过了《关于环境与发展的里约热内卢宣言》、《21世纪议程》和《关于森林问题的原则声明》3项重要文件。之后,国际社会为推动"里约精神"的落实做出了积极努力:联合国可持续发展委员会每年举行会议,审议《21世纪议程》的执行情况;许多国家制定了国家和地方层面的《21世纪议程》或可持续发展战略;相关国际组织以可持续发展能力建设为主的活动也十分活跃。人类把发展与环境相协调作为行动准则,各国依据国情制定了促进环境与发展相协调的优先事项,使人类在实现可持续发展的进程中取得了积极进展:全球经济实现了大幅增长,发展中国家在全球经济格局中的地位不断上升;在消除贫困等社会发展方面取得显著效果,全球开始进入城市化时代;全球能源资源供应呈现多元化,资源节约集约利用成效显著。中国在经济发展滞后、贫困现象较严重背景下,承担了全球实施《21世纪议程》的旗舰角色;并依据本国的具体国情,选择性地学习与借鉴,摸索创造出具有自身特色的发展模式和道路,增加了世界可持续发展方式选择的多样性。20年来,尽管各个国家在可持续发展方面采取了积极行动,但是"里约精神"尚未全面转化为行动,在相关国际承诺与公约的履行方面还需付出巨大努力,仍然面临着重大挑战。如:以气候变化为代表的重大全球性环境问题对人类生存构成的直接威胁加大;生态超载背景下的发展空间争夺更趋激烈;全球性民生问题凸显,可持续发展面临的社会风险加大,等等。我们期待:通过"里约+20"大会,使得相关国际制度安排不断形成和完善,可持续发展进一步向全球行动转化;科技创新步伐加快,进一步推动全球向绿色发展转型;加快全球治理体系调整,新兴发展中国家成为全球可持续发展的重要推动力;全球共同努力解决重大资源环境问题,可持续发展领域的国际关系呈现竞争性合作。     

气候变化对洪湖湿地的影响

气候变化影响着湿地生态系统。在全球气候变化的背景下,洪湖湿地区域气候也发生了明显变化。通过对洪湖周边4个站点1961~2004年的气象数据分析,从气象学和生态学的角度探讨了气候变化对洪湖湿地的影响。结果表明20世纪60年代以来,洪湖湿地区域气温有显著升高趋势,气温增加倾向率为0264℃/10 a;年降水量有微弱升高趋势,增加倾向率为49964 mm/10 a;降水量夏季和冬季有升高趋势,但是春季和秋季有减弱趋势。气候要素的综合变化使洪湖湿地区域湿润系数具有降低趋势。气候变化造成洪湖湿地面积萎缩、水位降低,同时造成了生物多样性降低和生物入侵,降水格局的变化改变了湿地水文状况,加剧了湿地的生态不稳定性。研究结果为湿地恢复重建和本区湿地生态安全提供了科学依据.     

自然保护区的建立与持续发展的关系

自然保护区的建立已被世界公认是一种保护自然资源最有效的方法之一。但是长期以来,人们把对维持生物种类的持续发展以及生态系统的完整性都归功于较为传统的封闭式保护。事实证明这已导致保护与持续发展长期处于矛盾状态而得不到解决。自从联合国教科文组织人与生物圈计划提出“生物圈保护区”的概念以来,打破了长期以来对自然保护区的封闭式管理。强调通过保护自然资源而发展和利用资源,并使这些资源能够持续发展。注重把自然保护与科学研究,环境监测、示范、环境教育与当地人民的参与结合起来。     

控制人口 保护资源 为子孙留下蓝天碧水绿地

建国40多年来,淄博市的国民经济和社会事业迅速发展,已经成为一个以重工业为主体的重要工业城市。同时,随着经济规模的迅速扩大,人口、资源与环境三大问题越来越突出。面对这样的市情,淄博市采取各种措施,突出重点,集中力量主攻薄弱环节,严格控制人口增长,保护资源,综合整治污染,取得了很大成效,初步走上了经济和社会事业与人口、资源、环境协调发展的轨道。     

低碳经济:中国实现绿色发展的根本途径

应对全球气候变化,保障能源安全是世界各国共同面对的挑战。中国作为一个新兴的发展中大国,不仅人口众多,经济发展、消除贫困、保障民生的任务极为繁重,人均GDP需要保持持续增长,而且能源消费以煤炭为主,CO2排放量居世界第二,同时煤炭资源禀赋较差,其温室气体排放的强度和控制的难度比较大,再加上我国能源技术相对较为落后,实施技术改造和产业转型升级的难度也比较大,我国减排的压力不容小视。中国要从根本上降低CO2排放量,实现节能减排,促进绿色发展,必须找出实现节能减排,促进绿色发展的关键环节,其途径在于大力发展低碳经济,发展包括低碳经济在内的循环经济和节能经济、清洁生产、生态经济以及绿色消费,促进绿色发展。针对低碳经济的理论基础、发展的国际背景,以及我国发展低碳经济的优势、机遇和挑战等问题,本文进行了深入分析,并提出了我国发展低碳经济的具体措施建议。     

中国的能源发展与应对气候变化

我国当前经济社会发展既受到资源环境的瓶颈性制约,也受到全球应对气候变化、减缓碳排放的严峻挑战.我国大力推进节能和减缓CO2排放,GDP的CO2强度下降速度为世界瞩目,但由于工业化阶段GDP快速增长,CO2排放仍呈增长快、总量大的趋势.我国把国内可持续发展与全球应对气候变化相协调,实现绿色、低碳发展.加强产业结构的战略性调整,进行产业升级,促进结构节能;大力推广节能技术,淘汰落后产能,提高能源效率;积极发展新能源和可再生能源,优化能源结构,降低能源结构的含碳率,中近期以大幅度降低GDP的能源强度和CO2强度为主要目标,到2030年前后要努力使CO2排放达到峰值,到2050年再有较大幅度的下降,以适应全球控制温升不超过2℃长期减排目标下国际合作应对气候变化的进程和形势.“十二五”期间将进一步强化措施,进行能源消费总量控制,建立CO2排放统计、核算和考核体系,积极推进碳交易市场机制,这也将成为加快转变经济发展方式的重要着力点.     

沿江开发成就卓著 环境保护任重道远——热烈祝贺《长江流域资源与环境》创刊二十周年

《长江流域资源与环境》创刊二十年来,刊物随着长江大开发的脉搏而跳动,科学地刻画了“长江战略”的实施历程,履行了为开发和保护长江鸣锣开道的“先声”使命。二十世纪九十年代初,“长江产业带建设的综合研究”课题组论证了长江沿江产业带的建设目标和途径。经过二十多年的建设,长江沿江已经建成为世界规模最大的内河产业带,国际重要的制造业基地,成为国家经济建设的发动机和改革开放的前沿阵地。同时,长江流域正面临着复杂、艰巨的资源环境问题,生态环境保护和建设任重道远。长江流域从可持续发展角度看,有无数需要研究和探索的重大课题,《长江流域资源与环境》作为综合性的学术刊物具有旺盛的生命力     

Can environmental regulation promote industrial innovation and productivity?Based on the strong and weak Porter hypothesis

This paper constructed extended CDM model to study the effects of environmental regulation on industrial innovation and productivity based on the perspective of strong and weak “Porter hypothesis”, by using 28 manufacturing industry panel data of 2003–2014. The findings reveal that: (1) the impact of environmental regulation on R&D intensity lags behind. In the long run, environmental regulation intensity has a significant role in promoting R&D investment in manufacturing industry. (2) The R&D has a significant role in promoting the substantial innovation of manufacturing industry, and has a strong lag and continuity. However, the R&D intensity has no obvious effect on strategic innovation of manufacturing industry. (3) The substantial innovation doesn’t significantly promote the economic performance of manufacturing industry, but it has a significant role in promoting the energy performance of manufacturing industry, and the substantial innovation plays a significant role in promoting environmental performance in the long term. The strategic innovation significantly promotes the economic performance of manufacturing industry, and it inhibits the energy performance and has no significant effect on environmental performance in the short term. It can promote the energy performance of manufacturing industry, but significantly inhibit environmental performance in the long term. (4) Environmental regulation has significantly suppressed the substantive innovation and strategic innovation of manufacturing industry, and the weak Porter hypothesis has not yet been supported. In the short term, environmental regulation inhibits manufacturing economic performance, but it can promote energy and environmental performance. In the long run, environmental regulation promotes the economic and energy performance of manufacturing industry, but it inhibits environmental performance. The establishment of strong Porter hypothesis has a certain scenario.     

Effects of ecological factors on size-related traits in the ground beetle Carabus granulatus L. (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

Multivariate analysis of variation in the metric characters in the ground beetle C. granulatus has been performed. It has been shown that the beetle body size increases toward the center of its range, urbanization has a positive effect on all metric traits, but the effect of habitat vegetation has no definite trend. The structure of variation in the metric characters estimated by the principal components method depends on all ecological factors considered: the locality in the geographic range, level of anthropogenic influence, and degree of biotope openness.     

从生态位到可持续发展位:概念的演进

生态位概念是生态学的一大基石，它主要有基础生态位、实际生态位和多维生态位三个基本概念。而由生态位概念发展来的生态位理论则是生态学的支柱。由于生态位概念揭示的是生态个体、种群和物种生存与竞争的普遍规律。因此。20世纪80年代以来。它开始被引入社会科学研究的领域。成为研究人类社会巨系统中的一个分析工具。由此也有了从生态位到发展位。再到可持续发展位的演进。由生态位概念发展而来的基于可持续发展理论的可持续发展位概念，是我们研究全球可持续发展体系的一个重要视角。由于构成可持续发展位的可持续发展因子的集合不同，形成了不同的“可持续发展位。概念，主要有可持续发展基本位，可持续发展理想位，可持续发展优势位和可持续发展关键位，它们共同成为“可持续发展位”的不同一性。     

气候变化对白洋淀湿地的影响

生态系统对气候变化的影响和响应的敏感性研究是全球变化研究的一个重要内容。近年来,华北地区气候以暖干为主,这种趋势在一定程度上加剧了华北地区的水危机。特定的水文条件是湿地形成与维持的驱动因子,因此湿地生态系统对气候变化尤为敏感。以华北地区内陆湖泊白洋淀为研究对象,通过分析白洋淀过去40年气候、水文与生态系统发展变化过程及湿地生态与影响因子之间的相关关系,确定湿地退化的主导生态因子,探寻湿地退化的驱动机制。从而得出以下结论：1960年以来,白洋淀湿地水位降低,水量减少,面积萎缩,干淀频繁,生物多样性减少;气候变化在白洋淀湿地退化中起决定作用,其中降水对湿地的影响最大。气候变化主要通过改变湿地的水文特征,减少湿地水源补给,增加水分消耗,使湿地退化萎缩。人为因素在一定程度上加剧了这种趋势。     

区域矿产资源开发利用的最优耗竭量问题研究

本文从分析区域矿产资源最优耗竭量的影响因素入手．建立了三个层次的评价指标体系。在充分考虑到可能存在强约束因素作用的基础上，建立了具体的数学评价模型。并就河北省矿产资源的量优耗竭问题进行了具体的实证分析．为合理规划和调整区域矿产资源开发利用战略提供了有益参考。     

Personal monitoring of air pollution exposures

In industrial hygiene and health physics the goal has been to protect the health of the individual. Therefore monitoring the exposure people actually receive has been the principal concern. In regulating public exposures to air pollution, the focus has been much different. Recently, use of personal monitors and alternative means of estimating actual exposures has expanded rapidly. The role of personal monitors in epidemiology, exposure studies, and in supplementing the existing fixed station monitoring network for establishing trends and for regulatory purposes is discussed. The implications for air quality standards in recent findings of personal and indoor exposures is considered. New developments that are needed, and those that are not needed, are outlined.     

Countermeasures for animal products: a review of effectiveness and potential usefulness after an accident.

Over the last decade, there has been considerable progress in the development of countermeasures for preventing or reducing contamination of animal products by radioisotopes of iodine, caesium and strontium. In this paper, recent significant technical improvements are summarised and the current availability of countermeasures and their usefulness in the event of a nuclear accident reviewed. An improved understanding of factors controlling the metabolism of radioiodine and radiostrontium has enabled previously suggested countermeasures to be either optimised or dismissed. For radiocaesium in particular, experience since the Chernobyl accident has enabled effective and feasible countermeasures to be identified and successfully implemented in different situations. It has also been more widely understood that countermeasure effectiveness, although important, is not the only criterion which needs to be determined. In addition, cost and practical considerations such as availability, technical feasibility, acceptability and side-effects need to be taken into account. Evaluation of these factors has shown that some previously recommended countermeasures are unlikely to be feasible.     

CAD and DFM: enablers of sustainable product design

Sustainability has been regarded as an important concept for survival in the contemporary scenario. Modern design engineers are in need of approaches for creating sustainable products. In this context, this paper reports a case study carried out in an Indian modular switches manufacturing organisation. The existing handle of the switch has been modelled using computer-aided design (CAD). Then, the sustainability analysis has been carried out for determining the environmental impact. This is followed by the redesign of the handle using design for manufacturability (DFM) principles. The sustainability has been measured in terms of carbon footprint, energy consumption and air–water impacts. It has been found that the redesigned handle possesses minimal environmental impact. It could be inferred from the results of the case study that CAD and DFM could lead to the development of sustainable product design with minimal impact on the environment.     

ZnO nanophotocatalysts coupled with ceramic membrane method for treatment of Rhodamine-B dye waste water

In the present investigation, hybrid treatment process has been developed for the treatment of synthetic dye wastewater. Photocatalysis and ceramic nanoporous membrane are mainly used for process integration to minimize the fouling and increase the flux. Commercial ZnO powder has been used as a nano-photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine-B dye in the hybrid system. Commercial ceramic nanoporous tubular membranes have been used for the rejection of dye and suspended catalysts. Photocatalysis process alone has shown the 33% of decolorization, whereas ceramic nanofiltration has shown the 50% of decolorization. Integration of photocatalysis and ceramic nanofiltration were shown 96% of dye decolorization over 90 min of operation.     

Evaluation and analysis of heavy metals in iron and steel industrial area

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Heavy metal pollution has attracted more attention due to the toxicity and migration characteristics, which has close relationship with soil...     

Changes in the species composition and abundance of young-of-the-year fishes in the upper Volga stretch of the Kuibyshev Reservoir during the period of 1991 to 2009

The species composition and abundance of young-of-the-year fishes have been analyzed in catches made in the upper Volga stretch of the Kuibyshev Reservoir between 1991 and 2009. It has been found that the juvenile abundance of roach and blue bream has decreased, while that of perch, silver bream, and spined loach has increased, with young-of-the-year juveniles of common rudd, tubenose goby, round goby, and black-striped pipefish appearing in catches. The results of the study show that, against the background of juvenile population decline in many spring-spawning fish species, the abundance and species diversity of young of the year in summer-spawning species has increased during the observation period.     

Will Limits of the Earth's Resources Control Human Numbers?

The current world population is 6 billion people. Even if we adopted a worldwide policy resulting in only 2.1 children born per couple, more than 60 years would pass before the world population stabilized at approximately 12 billion. The reason stabilization would take more than 60 years is the population momentum – the young age distribution – of the world population. Natural resources are already severely limited, and there is emerging evidence that natural forces already starting to control human population numbers through malnutrition and other severe diseases. At present, more than 3 billion people worldwide are malnourished; grain production per capita has been declining since 1983; irrigation per capita has declined 12% during the past decade; cropland per capita has declined 20% during the past decade; fish production per capita has declined 7% during the past decade; per capita fertilizer supplies essential for food production have declined 23% during the past decade; loss of food to pests has not decreased below 50% since 1990; and pollution of water, air, and land has increased, resulting in a rapid increase in the number of humans suffering from serious, pollution-related diseases. Clearly, human numbers cannot continue to increase.     

The Outcome of Northern Fur Seal Harvesting: The Results of Calibration of Mathematical Models Based on Observation Data (the Example of Tyulenii Island Population)

Tendencies in the dynamics of harvested northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) population on the Tyulenii Island have been analyzed in detail. The results show that retardation of reproduction (decrease in the numbers of pups) and decline in the survival of young females (up to 3 years of age) by the late 1980s resulted in a reduction of the total number of females and a significant increase in the proportion of older females. This tendency changed during the later observation period (after 1988–1989) due to increase in the survival of young females: the female population has gradually recovered, with the proportion of young females increasing at the expense of old females (aged over 10 years). The age composition of males has also changed: the proportion of young animals has decreased, while that of large mature males (bulls) has increased. Moreover, the number of bulls continues to increase and has already exceeded the level that formerly provided for the well-being of the population. This, a paradoxical situation has arisen: the numbers of females and bulls are increasing, whereas pup production remains at a low level.