地震灾区河谷滑坡检测的遥感分析——以北川县滑坡为例

震区滑坡易堵塞河道形成高危型堰塞湖,一旦坝堤溃决,将释放巨大能量,造成严重的地震次生水灾。本文利用多源遥感数据,旨在研究一种检测河道滑坡的快速有效的方法,迅速判断出滑坡位置,为救援减灾提供重要信息。首先,对于灾前CBERS-02B星CCD数据,通过归一化水体指数(NDWI)来提取灾前水体信息主要为河道;由于灾后震区天气状况恶劣,故采用Radarsat-1SAR数据。利用水体在SAR影像上的特性,经过多次试验后使用阈值法来提取河道范围。再对两幅影像提取结果中的河道区域进行交集运算,检测出河道范围内的变化部分。通过上述方法提取的河道信息较为模糊、零散,这些模糊、零散并非都由滑坡堵塞河道造成,而是受噪声影响,在此对河道交集影像做膨胀处理,达到突出滑坡信息的目的,进而得以提取河道真实堵塞范围。最后进行人机交互判读,提取滑坡区域。实验以四川省北川县滑坡灾害为例,证明了本文方法的高效性与可靠性。     

基于遥感与GIS的滑坡灾害风险区域评估方法——以江西省广昌县为例

滑坡是我国南方丘陵地带常见的地质灾害之一,了解和分析滑坡的孕灾环境和致灾因子对灾害的预警以及灾后救助具有重要的意义。结合对ALOS遥感影像的分析,采用多因子聚合方法,并运用地理信息系统空间分析方法,建立了基于遥感的滑坡风险评估模型。以江西省广昌县为例,运用该模型提取出滑坡风险区域并将其划分等级,评价结果与野外调查情况基本相符。     

基于地形因子分割、分类的面向对象滑坡快速识别方法

由地震诱发的滑坡灾害具有数量多、分布面积广、危害大的特点。传统的高精度的专家手动解译不能满足大范围发生的滑坡灾后快速评估的要求,基于计算机的滑坡识别技术具有快速、准确的优势。随着灾后影像数据分辨率的不断提高,面向对象技术比基于像素的技术更具优势。但是在滑坡对象分割、分类中对影像光谱、纹理信息的过度依赖造成了分割不够客观、分类算法复杂等问题。基于震后Worldview 2m分辨率的多光谱数据,提出了一种考虑地形因子的滑坡分割、分类算法。这种算法基于简单的规则集并充分考虑了滑坡发生的机理特点进行分割、分类,具有快速、简便的特点,而且能达到很高的分类精度(98.14%)。这种方法较以往仅考虑影像光谱、纹理信息的面向对象滑坡识别技术具有很大的提高,可以在实际灾害发生时用于大面积、大数量的山地滑坡灾害的快速损失评估。     

传感网络的滑坡灾后多源遥感图像特征提取方法

为解决传统遥感图像特征提取过程抗扰性较差的问题,该文提出基于传感网络的滑坡灾后多源遥感图像特征提取方法,通过对滑坡灾害环境因素及特征数值信息的分析,判断滑坡灾害的影响程度;根据其影响程度对多源遥感图像进行特征采集和分类,对特征提取过程中常见的噪音干扰进行去除处理,实现对滑坡灾后多源遥感图像特征的提取。     

滑坡泥石流的多源遥感提取方法

针对汶川地震灾区内滑坡泥石流多发的现象,分析了基于光学遥感数据和SAR数据的滑坡泥石流提取方法.光学遥感数据使用多期影像变化检测和灾后SAR数据使用特征提取的方法,可以分别有效地对滑坡泥石流信息进行提取.结果显示,文中使用的方法可为滑坡泥石流多源遥感监,测提供方法参考.     

泸定6.8级地震公路地质灾害链效应分析

省道S217是2022年9月5日泸定6.8级地震中灾毁最为严重的公路,沿线灾害链生效应明显。通过实地踏勘,收集地质资料和前人研究成果,总结了公路沿线崩塌群、滑坡、泥石流次生地震地质灾害的分布规律及特征,并从灾害链的角度对地震诱发次生地质灾害进行剖析,归纳出地震—震裂山体—崩塌(滑坡)、地震—崩塌(滑坡)—堰塞湖—水流(冲刷)—泥石流、地震—滑坡—崩塌等灾害链模型,且通过对灾害链成灾机理和发展趋势的分析判断：部分灾害链已趋于稳定,但仍有部分灾害正在发展、或将形成隐患。为此,针对灾害链的孕灾环和激发环,建议通过监测、控制、消除激发环和改变新孕灾环的方式实现断链,提出了相应的断链措施,为灾后重建提供参考。     

福建省滑坡灾害风险管理决策系统构建

依据自然灾害风险管理理论,结合致灾因子危险性和承灾体易损性构建简易的福建省滑坡灾害风险评估模型。利用1990-2013年福建省滑坡灾害的数据资料,构建滑坡灾害的数据库,编制以县域为单位的福建省滑坡灾害分布图、时间变化图和风险分布图。研究表明:福建省滑坡灾害年内变化大、年际波动上升、地区差异大;综合考虑致灾因子和承灾体的影响,福建省滑坡灾害风险高值主要分布在沙县和漳平市等闽中地区,与福建省滑坡灾害的空间分布相似。据此构建福建省滑坡灾害风险管理决策系统,提出增强民众防灾减灾意识、合理规划布局、加强监控预警、完善工程措施和风险规避等风险管理模式。为福建省滑坡灾害风险的评价与管理提供依据和方法。     

单体滑坡灾害风险预测

以重庆市万州区农机技校滑坡为例，讨论了单体滑坡灾害的风险预测方法。提出采用Monte-Carlo方法预测滑坡发生的概率，利用能量守恒原理和谢德格尔公式推算滑程；结合滑坡裂缝的展布方位，预测出滑坡灾害发生后的影响范围；根据承灾体自身特点和相对于滑坡所处的位置，确定出滑坡灾害影响范围内承灾体的易损性；利用GIS对空间数据的图形叠加功能，将滑坡危险性和灾害易损性叠加，并在考虑库区水位动态变化的基础上，动态预测滑坡灾害导致的经济损失，定量预测滑坡灾害风险大小。结果表明，该滑坡在坝前145m水位和50年一遇暴雨工况下可能的经济损失值最大为10260万元；而在滑坡危险性最大的工况下，滑坡灾害风险不一定最大。所得结果可为滑坡灾害防治工程或土地规划立项提供依据，使政府决策部门在防灾减灾工作中更有针对性。     

山洪灾害雷达遥感灾情评估技术研究与应用

雷达遥感的全天时、全天候和高分辨率等特点为洪涝(山洪)、泥石流等自然灾害的灾情评估提供了可能。但目前遥感洪涝监测和评估多局限在洪水影响区域的提取上,较少开展灾后耕地、居民地损失的评估。在前人研究的基础上,探讨了一种基于雷达后向散射成像原理提取受灾耕地(主要是绝收耕地)和倒损房屋区域的方法,继而实现了灾害信息的准确提取和农作物受灾、因房屋倒损而受灾人口的评估。经与GPS地面调查数据验证,表明该方法简单、可行,具有一定准确性,能用于福建等山区山洪、泥石流等灾害的灾后评估,为政府灾情评估、灾后恢复重建工作提供辅助决策支持。     

IKONOS数据在翠华山滑坡研究中的应用

利用IKONOS数据对翠华山地区崩滑性滑坡进行了研究.基于IKONOS立体像对提取DEM,利用 DEM及控制点GCP正射全色数据与多光谱数据,将多光谱数据进行自然彩色变换,采用乘法变换与全色数据进行融合,将遥感数据与DEM数据叠加生成三维遥感影像图,进行滑坡体及承灾体解译,结合野外调查,为滑坡研究提供直接的依据.研究结果表明,利用IKONOS数据进行滑坡研究具有无比的优势.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.