基于Mein-Larson入渗模型的浅层降雨滑坡稳定性研究

降雨入渗模型与边坡稳定性方法有机结合是研究降雨诱发滑坡稳定性的有效方法。在深入分析降雨入渗基本理论的基础上,将Mein-Larson入渗模型与基于饱和土、非饱和土以及近似非饱和土的无限边坡稳定性分析方法有机结合,综合考虑了高强度短历时和低强度长历时两种降雨情形,拓展并改进了基于Green-Ampt入渗模型的饱和土和近似非饱和土无限边坡稳定性模型,并依托典型边坡实例对各评价模型的计算结果和适用性等进行了对比分析。     

前期有效降雨对滑坡启动影响分析

降雨是诱发边坡失稳破坏的主要原因。以坡地水文模型为基础,结合无限边坡稳定计算模型,研究降雨条件下边坡启动的临界降雨条件。以都江堰市为研究区域,研究前期降雨、边坡体地下水位和渗流时间的关系,再结合滑坡启动的临界降雨模型,定量分析前期有效降雨对滑坡启动的影响。     

降雨诱发型残坡积土滑坡形成机理分析

以马家村滑坡为例,用有限元方法分析了降雨入渗条件下残坡积土斜坡的暂态非饱和渗流场,用极限平衡方法分析了残坡积土斜坡的渗流稳定性。分析了斜坡结构、临空面、降雨对斜坡变形与稳定性的影响,分析了降雨诱发残坡积土滑坡的过程。降雨诱发残坡积土滑坡的机理为:降雨入渗使残坡积土斜坡中形成软弱带;坡脚开挖使斜坡坡面出现拉张裂隙;降雨使坡面裂隙中充满水,导致斜坡土体饱和,抗剪强度降低,同时产生动水压力,不利于斜坡的稳定;当斜坡的下滑力大于抗滑力时发生滑动。     

降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响的敏感性分析

研究降雨入渗对滑坡的影响,选择降雨强度、降雨持续时间、坡比、坡高、岩土体渗透系数5个参数,采用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析方法,建立灰色关联模型,进行降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响的敏感性分析。结果表明,降雨强度和降雨持续时间是主要影响因素,降雨强度对边坡稳定性的影响最大最敏感。通过分析,发现进行边坡优化设计和滑坡灾害防治处理时,应对边坡场地周边的降雨强度和降雨持续时间的统计资料予以足够的重视。     

基于多传感器数据融合分析的路堑滑坡模型试验研究∗

以成都天府国际机场高速公路 TJ04 标段 K17+700~K17+900 段滑坡为典型代表,通过地质分析及室内模型试验相结合的方法,运用数据融合及统计学概率运算方法,对降雨作用下路堑边坡的变形破坏过程进行研究。 结果表明：(1)通过地质分析认为 K17+700~K17+900 段滑坡形成主要原因是地表水入渗及滑坡前缘路基开挖 ; (2)通过模型试验研究已开挖路基在降雨条件下的变形特征,得出其变形机理为：降雨入渗→边坡局部溜坍→地表水入渗加剧→土体含水率上升→孔隙水压力增大→边坡失稳→整体牵引式滑移;(3)通过传感器数据融合及统计学概率分析得出,随着降雨历时增长,含水率的变化曲线与累计降雨量之间呈正相关,相关系数为 0.600 15 具有显著相关性,孔隙水压力的变化曲线与含水率之间正相关,相关系数为 0.921 74 具有高度相关性,说明雨水入渗是土体含水率与孔隙水压力增长的直接原因。     

降雨条件下边坡裂缝的演化机制及对边坡稳定性影响——以云南省双柏县丁家坟滑坡为例

边坡的失稳与降雨有着密切的关系。以云南省双柏县丁家坟滑坡为例,阐述了降雨条件下边坡裂缝的演化是由于受到地表横向径流和边坡临空条件的影响。这些形成的裂缝又给地表水入渗提供了主要通道,使地表水易到达边坡体内部的软弱结构面,大大降低了边坡体的稳定性。     

降雨条件下拟建川藏铁路典型段潜在滑坡三维稳定性动态识别研究∗

拟建川藏铁路是国家中长期规划网中的重要一线,具有重大的国防和经济意义。铁路横穿青藏高原东缘地形急变带,沿线发育崩塌、滑坡等众多山地灾害。以川藏铁路比选线邦达机场至然乌段作为主要研究区段,在对该段已有滑坡灾害进行野外调查和遥感解译的基础上,将降雨入渗斜坡稳定性分析模型(TRIGRS)中的降雨入渗模块和三维斜坡稳定性分析模型(Scoops3D)有机结合起来,对川藏铁路典型段的潜在滑坡进行系统的三维搜索及识别,分析天然状态下潜在滑坡的分布范围和50年一遇极端降雨情景下研究区段斜坡稳定性的动态变化。研究结果表明:(1)在天然状态下,高风险潜在滑坡主要集中分布于拟建怒江大桥附近,低风险潜在滑坡主要分布于冷曲河两岸陡峻斜坡和拟建怒江大桥附近;(2)在50年一遇极端降雨情景下,潜在滑坡区的分布范围较天然状态下均显著增大,高风险和低风险潜在滑坡在拟建怒江大桥附近和沿冷曲河两岸陡峻斜坡均有密集分布;(3)极端降雨情景下模型计算的潜在滑坡分布结果与历史滑坡灾害的分布特征基本是一致的。     

全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨关系分析∗

降雨是滑坡诱发的主要因素,当前我国防灾工作理念从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变、从减少灾害损失向减轻灾害风险转变,因此明晰降雨诱发机理并建立合理的预警机制,对做好地质灾害防灾减灾工作至关重要。针对降雨型全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性问题,以青岛崂山风景区全风化花岗岩返岭滑坡为实例,进行了不同含水率原状土剪切试验与大型物理相似模型试验。揭示了边坡的降雨响应规律,探究了全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨关系,并拟合相关量化公式。同时采用ABAQUS 建立边坡流固耦合三维数值模型,基于强度折减法验证了公式的合理性。研究结果表明：（1）降雨型全风化花岗岩滑坡的破坏模式分为浸润侵蚀→表层变形→破坏加深→整体失稳4个阶段,变形期间坡体存在“ 鼓状凸起”与“片状溜滑”现象,最终发生推移式破坏;（2）边坡对降雨入渗的响应规律在水平及竖向空间上存在差异,降雨强度越大,含水率与孔压增速越大;（3）基于试验结果推导了滑坡含水率、安全系数与降雨强度、降雨持时之间的影响关系公式,数值模拟验证误差率较小,能够较好的描述全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨之间的定量关系。研究结果为类似强~全风化花岗岩地区滑坡的预警与防治提供参考。     

降雨作用下地震损伤斜坡破坏机理研究

地震导致斜坡岩体产生裂隙,岩体裂隙的存在为不稳定斜坡再次发生灾害提供了条件。降雨渗入到损伤斜坡裂隙中,使斜坡岩体强度降低,进而诱发大规模地质灾害。根据损伤力学理论,考虑岩体损伤与降雨入渗流的作用,基于FLAC~(3D)自定义损伤本构的二次开发,利用C++开发环境建立裂隙岩体的损伤本构模型。结合都江堰三溪村滑坡的成灾特征,运用开发的损伤本构模型,分析降雨入渗过程中斜坡内孔压场的分布规律及其破坏机理。分析结果表明:在降雨初期,斜坡到达完全饱和之前,有效应力变化幅度很大,斜坡内不同岩性岩体交界面位置的孔隙水压力值较大;地形陡峭的浅层岩体最先达到剪切破坏状态,随着降雨入渗时间增加,屈服范围逐渐向斜坡内部扩大,并且在斜坡的后部出现拉伸屈服破坏。降雨入渗强度在降雨前期对斜坡内的有效应力影响较大,当斜坡到达完全饱和之后,对有效应力的影响很小。     

加卸载响应比理论应用于堆积层滑坡预报

加卸载响应比理论是一种用于研究非线性系统失稳前兆和进行失稳预报的新理论,目前主要用于地震预报方面.对将该理论应用于探索滑坡前兆和滑坡中期预报作了探讨.降雨是影响斜坡稳定性的外部因素中最常变化的因素,也常是滑坡的诱发因素.针对降雨在堆积层滑坡孕育、发生过程中的关键作用,以降雨变化作为加卸载手段,建立了降雨型堆积层滑坡的加卸载响应比预测模型,并以新滩滑坡为例进行了预报.结果表明,文中提出的加卸载响应比方法可作为滑坡预报的手段,且在某些方面它比常规预报方法更具优势.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.