水利工程群应对干旱能力定量评价研究:方法及案例

水利工程群是由区域上蓄、引、提、调工程及闸坝工程组成的复杂供水系统,是应对区域干旱的关键支撑。针对当前抗旱能力评价概念表达不统一、定量评价方法不完善等问题,对水利工程群应对干旱能力进行界定;从干旱本质和干旱灾害形成的机理出发,定义了干旱应对能力水平指数(HEGdca),并提出基于HEGdca的水利工程群应对干旱能力定量评价方法。以2010年为评价水平年,评价了漳卫河流域给定水利工程条件应对不同程度气象干旱事件的能力。结果表明:以流域多年平均缺水率为衡量标准,漳卫河流域当前(2010年)的水利工程条件整体可以有效应对不超过30年一遇的干旱。评价结果与流域的实际情况相符,可为流域抗旱规划和干旱风险管理提供技术支撑。     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力的评价——以湖南省为例

针对重大冰雪灾害应急管理的复杂性,基于湖南冰雪灾害案例以及国内外自然灾害及其应急管理的相关文献,提出了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价指标结构。运用熵权法和群决策方法确定指标综合权重,采用群决策方法获得专家群体对一级评价指标的综合偏好,形成评价城市的综合评价矩阵,运用灰色综合评价模型求出各个评价城市应急管理能力的排序向量。最后以湖南省冰雪灾害为案例进行了应用。     

政府突发事件应急能力综合评价

应对突发事件的能力是体现政府执政水平的重要标志之一。提出应充分考虑评价对象的属性以及各评价方法的特点，可以采用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法相结合的方法对政府突发事件应急能力进行评价。运用层次分析法建立层次结构模型，确定指标权重，通过模糊综合评价法构建评价模糊矩阵，进行模糊运算，得出综合评定结果。     

基于AHP-PSO模糊组合赋权法的地铁火灾安全韧性评估

为提升地铁火灾系统的安全管理水平,结合韧性理论对地铁火灾系统抵御能力和复原能力进行研究。根据韧性概念建立环境、人员、设备、管理4个方面的安全韧性评估体系,并基于AHP-PSO和改进CRITIC的主客观组合赋权模糊评价法对韧性指标体系及其权重进行确定,构建地铁车站火灾安全韧性模糊综合评估模型,并以上海市人民广场地铁站为例进行模型的应用。结果表明:上海市人民广场地铁站综合评价等级为较高韧性,该评价结果与此地铁站的实际情况基本一致,其中火灾自动报警系统对整体韧性影响最大,并提出建立二级管理的火灾自动报警系统来提高系统安全韧性水平。     

基于组合赋权和未确知测度采空区遗煤自燃风险评价

为了评价采空区遗煤自燃风险的大小,构建了采空区遗煤自燃风险评价模型,该模型基于未确知测度得到单指标测度矩阵,通过改进G1法、改进CRITIC法、离差平方和最大化计算包含主客观因素影响的组合权重,从而确定评价对象的综合测度向量,引入置信度和等级赋值判定评价对象的风险等级和排序。结合建立的模型,从5个方面建立了采空区遗煤自燃风险评价指标体系,确定了指标的未确知测度分布函数,计算得到了评价指标的组合权重和评价对象的综合测度向量,利用置信度和等级赋值判定了4个采空区遗煤自燃的风险等级和排序。评价结果分析显示：评价对象风险等级和排序符合实际情况,评价结果对煤矿防灭火具有指导作用。     

基于可变模糊算法的塔里木河流域干旱风险评价

采用级差加权法确定了4种干旱指标的权重系数,分析了不同干旱指标对干旱的贡献,同时运用可变模糊法评价了塔河流域各县市的干旱等级并分析了塔河流域的干旱时空演变特征。研究结果表明:(1)级差加权法确定的干旱指标权重系数中综合减产成数的权重系数最大,秋季降水距平权重最小。巴州地区的农业生产受春旱影响最大,和田地区夏旱对农业生产影响最大,塔河流域西南部克州地区、阿克苏地区秋旱对农业生产影响大。(2)天山南坡地区各县市轻度干旱、中度干旱发生频率高,巴州地区特大干旱发生频率高,但阿克苏地区重度干旱和特大干旱发生频率低;昆仑山北坡县市干旱程度变化恰好与天山南坡各县市变化相反。     

下垫面条件对流域极端事件影响及综合应对框架

在剖析下垫面条件变化对流域极端水文事件演变影响的基础上,构建了流域极端水文事件综合应对技术框架,并阐述其中的关键研究命题。结果表明,自然植被条件能够提高流域干旱之前土壤含水量并降低干旱过程中土壤蒸发速率,在一定程度上起到减缓干旱的强度和持续时间的作用;水利工程通过调节流域水资源的时空分布,增加可利用水资源量,能够缓解甚至规避流域干旱事件,但同时可能加剧坝址下游地区的干旱程度。自然植被条件将延长降水坡面产-汇流历时、降低洪峰流量,对极端降水洪涝事件具有一定的消减作用;此外,流域水土保持和修建水利工程等下垫面条件改变有利于河道行洪过程,能够起到缓解洪涝事件的作用。基于下垫面条件变化的流域极端水文事件综合应对技术框架包括旱涝事件监测、机理识别、影响评价和综合应对四个方面的内容,其中的关键研究命题主要为下垫面条件变化对流域极端水文事件影响的定量评估、面向流域极端水文事件合理的水土资源配置及其集成管理等。     

地震灾评队员能力评价指标体系构建

构建合理的地震灾评队员能力评价方法,是促进灾评队伍的专业化、职业化,提升震后快速、科学地获得评估结果的一项重要工作。采用地震灾害损失调查评估专家的头脑风暴法确定了地震灾评队员的级别及能力指标划分,根据专家咨询法和专家调查问卷法确定了各级别灾评队员能力指标权重系数,使用二级模糊综合评判法构建了高级、中级、初级、评估员四个级别灾评队员的能力指标体系,并通过与成熟应用的灾害损失调查评估培训系统中的随机抽样队员的对比分析,检验了已建构的地震灾评队员能力指标体系模型,验证了模型的合理性和可靠性。     

广西喀斯特干旱农业区干旱遥感监测模型研究

广西中部喀斯特平原区是广西重要的粮食生产基地,但旱灾已成为该地区经济发展的障碍.利用EOS/MODIS数据,采用植被状态指数(IVC)和温度条件指数(ITC),构建了干旱指数ID的遥感监测模型, 统计分析了ID与农业受旱率的相关系数,从而确定了模型中各参数的权重系数.将该模型应用于2005年秋旱监测,经与旱情实况及前人研究成果进行对比分析,验证了干旱指数ID的有效性.通过对ID随ITC和IVC变化的敏感性评价,结果表明,ITC和IVC都能反映旱情变化,但ITC反映旱情的敏感性高于IVC,以ITC和IVC为因子构建的干旱遥感监测模型适用于广西中部喀斯特干旱农业区的旱情遥感监测.     

基于集对分析的自然灾害应急管理能力评估方法研究

为了提高自然灾害应急管理能力评估的有效性，通过引入集对分析法，建立同异反五元联系数能力综合评估模型，将应急管理中确定与不确定的因素作为一个整体进行处理。在利用专家可信度考虑专家权重的基础上，通过不确定层次分析法确定各级评估指标权重区间，结合集对理论转化为精确权重，建立自然灾害应急管理能力评估模型；采用效应全偏联系数分析各项能力的发展趋势，实现对能力评估的动静态结合。最后，以我国2个不同地区的城市为例对各城市的灾害应急管理能力进行评估，并与调研结果进行对比，结果表明，集对分析法应用于自然灾害应急管理能力评估和趋势分析是科学的、有效的，具有推广应用价值。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。