基于3DDDA方法滚石平台防护作用研究∗

采用三维非连续变形分析(3D DDA)方法输出滚石动能和运动轨迹,其结果与现有室内实验和数值模拟方法进行比较,验证了 3D DDA 方法的准确性。通过分析滚石平台对不同坡高、不同坡角、不同折点位置的岩质边坡滚石动能、运动轨迹的影响,研究了滚石平台对滚石运动的影响规律。最后,以西藏高原朗村复杂坡形岩质边坡为工程背景,分析了坡底平台对滚石灾害的防护作用。结果表明:滚石平台可降低滚石动能,改变滚石运动轨迹,减小滚石对坡底防护结构或交通线路等结构物的冲击作用。同时,给出不同边坡特征下滚石运动及相应的平台设计宽度总体规律,为滚石平台设计提供依据。     

基于落石棚洞冲击试验的落石冲击力研究

基于落石棚洞冲击试验,考虑不同落石重量、高度和冲击角度对落石冲击力的影响,分析了落石冲击力在这三个因素影响下的变化规律,发现落石高度与棚洞顶板倾角共同变化时,随着落石高度的增加和棚洞顶板倾角的减小落石冲击力增大,增大幅度达80.02%;落石高度与重量共同变化时,当落石重量较小,落石冲击力随着落石高度增加后的变化幅度较小,反之较大,最大值较最小值的增大幅度达182.10%;棚洞顶板倾角和落石重量共同变化时,落石重量比棚洞顶板倾角对落石冲击力的影响大,增大幅度达48.99%。然后基于正交试验分析发现落石重量是影响落石冲击力最重要的因素,其次为落石高度,最后为棚洞顶板倾角。最后通过回归分析获得了棚洞落石冲击力计算公式,并通过方差分析证明了棚洞落石冲击力计算公式与各因素间的回归关系高度显著,因此该公式可用于落石棚洞设计时冲击力的计算。     

滚石灾害研究现状及发展趋势

滚石是我国西部山区常见的一种地质灾害,它分布范围极广,发生突然,频率高,严重威胁其周围的人类以及各种构筑物.目前,国内外有关滚石的理论研究比较薄弱,以致滚石灾害的防治工作受到严重的影响.基于对国内外大量滚石灾害研究资料的分析,将其研究现状概化为滚石风险分析、滚石运动轨迹、滚石冲击力以及滚石防护等4个方面.据此对滚石研究的发展趋势进行了探讨,以便为滚石灾害的机理研究和治理提供参考依据.     

边坡滚石运动的计算模型

边坡滚石是在山区基本建设中常遇到的一种工程灾害，其防护结构的设计依据主要是边坡滚石的运动轨迹，因而要对这种灾害进行防治，首先要确定滚石的运动轨迹。分析了几种主要形式的边坡滚石运动，考虑控制滚石运动的主要影响因素，从工程的角度建立了一套计算边坡滚石运动轨迹的计算公式，并对影响滚石运动的碰撞恢复系数、滚动摩擦系数等重要参数进行了讨论。     

台风灾害下城市应急策略对城市应急能力的影响

以台风灾害为背景,分析影响城市应急能力的主要因素,建立了城市应急能力及城市应急弹性的基础模型和拓展模型;通过对不同强度的台风采取不同的城市应急策略,研究了城市应急策略对应急能力和应急弹性的影响;针对连续性台风灾害,比较了混合应急策略与单一应急策略对城市应急能力恢复的影响。结果表明:应对不同强度的台风灾害,城市最优应急策略存在一定差异;调试应急资源和应急系数可以优化应急策略;城市应急弹性能够反映城市应急能力;在连续性灾害中,混合应急策略优于单一应急策略的采用,而且混合应急策略在顺序上的调整不会影响应急成本,但会改变城市应急能力。     

基于Multi-Agent的城际灾害应急管理信息和资源协同机制研究

以Multi-agent System理论为基础,从Multi-agent的角度分析了城际灾害应急管理系统的结构,构建了基于Multi-agent的城际灾害应急管理系统.借助Multi-agent技术的优点,运用黑板理论和模型,对城际灾害应急管理的信息协同机制进行了研究.在信息协同机制分析的基础上,设计了一种城际灾害应急管理资源协同机制.研究表明:基于Multi-agent的城际灾害应急管理信息和资源协同机制,能够很好地促进城际灾害应急管理系统中的信息共享和资源优化配置,产生协同效应,提高城际灾害应急管理的水平,保障城市安全与稳定.     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力的评价——以湖南省为例

针对重大冰雪灾害应急管理的复杂性,基于湖南冰雪灾害案例以及国内外自然灾害及其应急管理的相关文献,提出了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价指标结构。运用熵权法和群决策方法确定指标综合权重,采用群决策方法获得专家群体对一级评价指标的综合偏好,形成评价城市的综合评价矩阵,运用灰色综合评价模型求出各个评价城市应急管理能力的排序向量。最后以湖南省冰雪灾害为案例进行了应用。     

基于未确知测度模型的秦岭华阳古镇景区暴雨防灾减灾能力评价

旅游景区灾害的防治关系着景区收入和游客的生命财产安全。如何建立评价指标体系,有效评估景区的防灾备灾、应急处置和救援救助等灾害综合管理能力,是目前我国灾害管理中迫切需要解决的问题。以秦岭华阳古镇景区为研究对象,以暴雨灾害为切入点,以防灾减灾能力科学评价为研究内容,构建了景区暴雨灾害防灾减灾评价三级指标体系;采用相似权法,确定了各级指标权重;通过建立未确知测度模型,定量化评价了景区暴雨灾害防灾减灾能力。得到如下结论:华阳古镇景区2011,2013,2014年的防灾减灾能力分别为较低、中等、较高,其暴雨防灾减灾能力逐年增强,计算结果与实际基本吻合,说明该评价指标体系能较客观地反映景区暴雨灾害防灾减灾能力,具有一定的可行性;监测预警能力对景区防灾减灾能力的影响程度最大,景区在未来的防灾减灾管理中,应以监测预警作为重点工作。     

国内外城市灾害应急能力评价的研究进展

灾害应急能力评价是20世纪末刚刚兴起的一个研究领域，是城市灾害应急管理的重要手段。简要介绍了灾害应急能力的基本概念、评价意义、发展历史和国内外的最新研究进展。在此基础上，分析了目前应急能力评价存在的问题，并提出了今后应急能力评价的发展方向和建议。     

灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征探讨

从风险管理、危机管理和应急管理三个概念定义及其演变特征入手,分析了灾害防御能力与应急管理能力的关系。在此基础上对灾害防御能力进行定义,并对其结构体系和功能体系的内涵和外延进行剖析。在功能体系上认为灾害防御能力是多种能力要素相互作用过程,也是多阶段控制能力的过程。最后对灾害防御能力的特征进行研究,认为灾害防御能力是不同主体能力的合力和动态变化的过程。本文对灾害防御能力基本定义和特征的探讨有助于科学理解灾害风险防御能力的评估和综合防灾减灾能力建设。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。