2017年九寨沟地震地质灾害发育分布规律研究

2017年8月8日,四川阿坝州九寨沟县发生M_s7.0地震。通过现场详查及无人机影像,共获得九寨沟景区内地质灾害点167处。在此基础上,分析地震地质灾害类型;并利用GIS技术在地形地貌、地质、地震构造等方面对地质灾害的分布进行统计分析。研究发现:(1)灾害类型以崩塌、浅表层滑坡为主,其中崩塌最为发育,具有沿沟谷和道路两侧呈线状分布的特点。(2)地震地质灾害多集中在坡度为30°～60°、坡向S、高程2 400～2 600 m及高差200～250 m范围内,具有较为显著"放大效应"和"背坡面效应"。(3)地层岩性、坡体结构与地质灾害的发育类型有关,其中崩塌灾害主要发育于灰岩等硬岩地层及顺向、斜向坡;在距离发震断裂0～6 km范围内灾害分布最多,随距离增加而减少,具有"距离效应"。(4)灾害点的发育分布与地震烈度等级呈正相关关系;且地震灾害的发育分布受人类工程活动影响较大,随着与公路距离的增加而减少,在公路0～500 m距离内占比最大。     

基于加权信息量模型的藏东南地区滑坡易发性评价

藏东南地区位于青藏高原中东部,地形和地质构造都极为复杂,是我国地质灾害发育最为严重的地区之一。在区域地质灾害调查和相关因素分析的基础上,对藏东南地区滑坡发育特征进行了分析。滑坡影响因素相关性分析结果表明:研究区内滑坡多发育于较坚硬—较软弱层状砂板岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、页岩岩组,较硬层状砂岩、灰岩岩组,松散堆积物岩组内,以及地形坡度大于45°,高程2 500~4 000 m区域内;滑坡发育密度受断裂影响大,随着断裂密度的增大,其与河流、道路距离的减小而增大。根据上述分析结果,综合选取地层岩性、坡度、坡向、地面高程、断裂密度、河流和公路7个因素作为评价因子,采用基于GIS的加权信息量评价模型对研究区滑坡易发性进行评价,并将研究区划分为极高易发、高易发、中易发、低易发和不易发等五个等级,通过成功率曲线(AUC)方法检验,评价结果具有较高的准确性。其中,极高易发区主要沿嘉黎断裂、怒江断裂和澜沧江断裂等区域大型活动断裂带和主干河流两侧分布;高易发区主要分布在主干河流两侧极高易发区边界向两侧扩展的区域;中易发区主要位于大江、大河及深切峡谷的支流两岸,及断裂密度相对较大的区域;低易发区主要在水系发育程度较低、断裂密度较小的区域分布;不易发区主要分布在断裂不发育、人类工程活动微弱的高山地带以及地形相对平缓的区域。此评价结果对藏东南地区滑坡发育特征和重大滑坡灾害防治规划具有重要的指导作用。     

“4·14”玉树地震断裂带对震后地质灾害影响作用分析

玉树"4·14"地震发生后,地震造成山体松动、沟道堵塞,引发了许多滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害。地质灾害的空间分布受地形地貌、地层岩性和人类工程活动等因素的影响,然而对于地震引发的地质灾害,其空间分布则主要还是受发震断裂的控制。选取巴塘河-结古镇地质灾害集中发育区进行了研究,发现玉树地震断裂对地质灾害发育有以下影响作用:(1)地震断裂两侧地质灾害发育分布存在一定的差异,地震地质灾害的强发育区是在断层两侧2500 m范围内,而500 m范围内地质灾害最为发育。(2)玉树地震引发的地质灾害主要分布于7度以上烈度区。(3)玉树地震滑坡、崩塌的优势主滑方向为东北—西南,近似垂直于发震断层走向。     

广元市次生地质灾害分布特征及影响因素分析——以朝天区为例

四川省广元市朝天区是汶川8.0级地震的重灾区之一,由地震触发的崩塌、滑坡等次生地质灾害对人民群众生命财产安全构成巨大威胁。基于实地调查,对震后地质灾害隐患点进行了统计分析,指出了地震地质灾害的分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了深入分析。区内地震地质灾害点多分布在海拔800 m以上的陡坡或陡崖部位,并沿龙门山断裂带、嘉陵江水系及交通路线呈线状或带状分布。地震地质灾害的发生是内外力共同作用结果,其中地震力和断裂构造带对地质灾害发生起着决定性的作用,而地层岩性对灾种起关键性的作用,滑坡多发育在页岩、片岩、板岩、千枚岩等软岩分布区,崩塌多发育在灰岩、砂岩等硬岩分布区。     

基于GIS技术的汶川8.0级地震诱发地质灾害危险性评价——以四川省安县为例

通过汶川8．0级地震后对绵阳市安县地震诱发地质灾害的应急调查和遥感解译，共获得地质灾害点187处。在此基础上，利用GIS技术对地震诱发地质灾害分布与发震断裂距离、坡度、岩性、水系等因素的关系进行统计分析。结果表明，地震诱发地质灾害在区域上沿断裂带呈带状分布和沿水系呈线状分布的特点；地震诱发的地质灾害与地形坡度有很大的关系，绝大部分的灾害点集中在15°-45°的范围内；地震诱发的地质灾害与地形有很好的对应关系，北部高山地区地质灾害数量明显高于南部平原区；滑坡多发生在千枚岩、泥页岩等软岩中且多为土质滑坡，而岩浆岩等硬岩中多发生崩塌。     

“5.12”汶川地震诱发滑坡特征参数统计分析

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了Ms 8.0级大地震,震后遥感影像解译与调查结果表明,在约48 700km2的区域内,地震诱发了不少于48000处的滑坡灾害。基于GIS空间分析方法,分别使用滑坡面积与滑坡数量这两个统计参数,对滑坡的地层岩性、坡度、滑向、高程、所在烈度区、上下盘位置和与发震断裂的距离等共7个参数进行了统计分析。统计结果表明,汶川地震滑坡多发育在(1)砂岩、粉砂岩、千枚岩与灰岩地层中;(2)坡度为30°～50°,尤其是35°～45°范围内;(3)沿着垂直于发震断裂SEE方向运动;(4)高程为800～2000m,尤其是1000～1600m范围内;(5)Ⅷ～Ⅺ烈度区范围内;(6)发震断裂的上盘:(7)距离发震断裂40km,尤其是10km的区域内。     

四川省北川县暴雨泥石流的发育与汶川地震的响应特征

2008年9月24日,在汶川8.0级地震主要震区北川县境内爆发了区域性的泥石流灾害,造成了重大的灾情。为探明震区内暴雨泥石流发育与地震的响应特征,以北川县为例,在对该区域内震后暴雨泥石流特征调查的基础上,对境内72条暴雨泥石流沟的发育特征与断裂带相对位置及不同地震烈度区的对应关系进行了分析。结果表明,汶川地震后,北川县境内的暴雨泥石流数量具有典型的"上下盘效应",主要集中分布在断裂带(北川—映秀)的上盘;同时,泥石流的发育密度与地震烈度也表现出显著的"正烈度效应"关系,主要表现为泥石流发育的密度随地震烈度的增加而增大。研究结果对解释地震对泥石流发育及分布的影响具有重要的作用,可为震区泥石流的防灾减灾及风险控制提供科学依据。     

2015年尼泊尔M_s8.1地震震害分布与地质构造关系研究

2015年4月25日尼泊尔廓尔喀县发生了M_s8.1地震,震源机制解表明为低角度逆冲型地震,造成了大量建筑物倒塌与滑坡等次生灾害发生。现场震害调查结果显示震区建筑物主要分为自建框架结构、砖混结构、砖木结构和片石结构等4种类型。地震烈度圈形状呈芒果形,长轴走向NWW向,出现两个宏观震中,最高烈度达Ⅸ度。基于高分影像解译出的589组地震滑坡点密集成带,与地形地貌、地震烈度以及余震特征较为一致,主要分布在高喜马拉雅与低喜马拉雅交界区域,基本沿主中央逆冲断裂(MCT)展布,地势落差大。地震滑坡统计结果显示震区坡度30-50°、坡向150-180°范围内山区是滑坡灾害最敏感的区域。     

鲜水河流域地质灾害时空分布规律及孕灾环境研究

鲜水河是青藏高原隆起过程中沿鲜水断裂带形成的年轻河流,流域内新构造运动活跃、气候变化异常,是我国地质灾害高易发区,共发育各类地质灾害627处,具有显著的"线—带—片"空间特点;季节性、周期性等时间特点。基于1973年炉霍7.9级地震以来的调查资料,结合近5年来对流域内各县进行的1:5万地质灾害详查工作,对孕灾环境条件进行深入研究,得出的主要认识有:(1)地形地貌是地质灾害孕育的物理条件。高程控制人类居住与活动范围,控制气候、植被等垂直分带。斜坡坡度、坡型、坡体与岩体结构、沟谷微地貌控制不同类型、规模、稳定性或易发性的地质灾害。(2)地层岩性是地质灾害孕育的物质基础。不同的地层岩性、土石组成、内部结构、分布、物理力学特性,控制不同类型地质灾害。(3)地质构造、地震、活动断裂是地质灾害孕育的内动力条件。褶皱控制地形地貌,地质构造结构面控制岩土体变形破坏的空间位置和边界,地质构造控制山体斜坡地下水分布和运动规律,活动断层控制岩土体持续变形破坏时间。(4)降雨是地质灾害孕育的外动力诱发条件。降雨增加斜坡体自重、浸润斜坡的软弱结构面、降低斜坡稳定性,为泥石流形成提供水动力作用,是泥石流流体的重要组成。     

陕西省吴起县斜坡几何形态与地质灾害相关性研究

根据陕西省延安市吴起县地质灾害详细调查成果,对区内73处地质灾害隐患点的调查数据进行了统计分析。总结了吴起县滑坡、崩塌特征,探讨了吴起县斜坡坡型、坡度、坡高和坡向对滑坡、崩塌发生的控制作用,得出了斜坡几何形态与滑坡、崩塌的相关性规律。结果表明:吴起县地质灾害隐患点中,凸型和直线型坡更容易形成滑坡或崩塌,凹型和阶梯型坡相对稳定。当斜坡的坡度在30°~40°、坡高在40~70 m时,主要发育滑坡;当斜坡的坡度大于60°、坡高在30~50 m时,主要发育崩塌;且滑坡、崩塌的平均高度约为各自所处斜坡坡高的3/4。滑坡、崩塌灾害阳坡较阴坡发育,其坡向主要分布在90°~180°、240°~270°之间。分析结论为该县防灾减灾工作提供了一定的参考价值。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。