填埋结构对填埋场稳定化的影响

依据准好氧填埋和厌氧填埋的原理,构建了大型模拟填埋场,并定期对渗滤液水质进行监测分析;根据所获得的渗滤液水质变化数据,利用指数法对2种结构的填埋场稳定化进行了评价.结果表明,准好氧填埋比厌氧填埋结构更有利于渗滤液中污染物尤其是NH3-N的去除;准好氧填埋场稳定化速率大于厌氧填埋场;准好氧填埋场在封场25周后稳定化综合指数I<50,达到二级稳定化程度,渗滤液水质达二级排放标准;厌氧填埋场在实验期内稳定化综合指数I>100,稳定化等级为四级,渗滤液水质在三级排放标准以下.     

Comparison between controlled landfill reactor and conditioned landfill bioreactor

Bioreactor landfills allow a more active landfill management that recognizes the biological, chemical and physical processes involved in a landfill environment. The laboratory-scale simulators of landfill reactors treating municipal solid wastes were studied, the effect of solid waste size, leachate recirculation, nutrient balance, pH value, moisture content and temperature on the rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation were determined, and it indicated the optimum pH value, moisture content and temperature decomposing MSW. The results of waste biodegradation were compared with that of the leachate-recirculated landfill simulator and conservative sanitary landfill simulator. In the control experiment the antitheses of a decreasing trend of the organic load, measured as biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, was shown. An obvious enhancement of effective disposal from conservative sanitary landfill (CSL) simulator, to the leachate-recirculated landfill (LRL) simulator and to the conditioned bioreactor landfill(CBL) simulator would be noted, through displaying the compared results of solid waste settlement, heavy, metal concentration in leachate, methane production rate, biogas composition, BOD and COD as well as their ratio.     

Evolution on qualities of leachate and landfill gas in the semi-aerobic landfill

To study the characteristics of stabilization in semi-aerobic landfill, large-scale simulated landfill was constructed based on the semiaerobic landfill theory. Consequently, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen, and the pH value in leachate, as well as the component contents of landfill gas composition (methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) in landfill were regularly monitored for 52 weeks. The results showed that COD and ammonia concentrations declined rapidly and did not show the accumulating rule like anaerobic landfill, and remained at about 300 and 100 mg/L, respectively, after 48 weeks. Meanwhile, the descending rate reached 98.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Nitrate concentration increased rapidly after 24 weeks and fluctuated between 220–280 mg/L after 43 weeks. The pH values were below 7 during the first 8 weeks and after that leachates appeared to be alkaline. Carbon dioxide was the main composition in landfill gas and its concentration remained at a high level through the whole stabilization process. The average contents of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane varied between 19 vol.%–28 vol.%, 2 vol.%–8 vol.%, and 5 vol.%–13 vol.%, respectively. A relative equilibrium was reached after 48 weeks. The highest temperature in the landfill chamber could amount to 75.8 degrees centigrade.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

准好氧填埋工艺中通气管径对垃圾填埋气(LFG)影响研究及空气热力学计算

针对我国土地资源有限、垃圾产生量大的特点,准好氧填埋工艺逐渐成为中小型城市治理固体废物污染的首选技术.该工艺中,进入填埋堆体的空气量对垃圾填埋气(LFG)的产生及组分有重要的影响.为了确定准好氧填埋结构中竖直导气管与渗滤液导排主管直径的合理比例,在涿州市生活垃圾处理场建立了中试装置进行模拟准好氧填埋试验,并设置了直径分...     

中试规模厌氧型生物反应器填埋场的启动

对生物反应器填埋场启动的优化方案进行了考察,以每周回灌渗滤液量分别为1.6,0.8,0.2m3的3个模拟试验柱(记作R1、R2、R3)和1个每周回灌0.1m3清水的对比试验柱(记作R4)为研究对象,分析试验柱进出水水质变化和填埋气体产生情况.结果表明,较高的回灌水力负荷能够加速垃圾中有机质的溶出,提高填埋气体的产生速率.R1~R4的COD_Cr净流出总量之比为6.75:3.74:1.16:1.00,累计气体产生量之比为100.00:7.92:4.78:1.30.启动初期采用较大的回灌水力负荷不利于生物膜的附着生长,可先采用较低的回灌负荷进而逐步提高.较大的回灌量有利于加速填埋场的稳定化,R1在45周时出水水质已呈现“老龄”渗滤液的部分特征,COD_Cr降低到1870mg/L,BOD5/COD_Cr降至0.12.气候条件对回灌渗滤液的污染负荷有重要影响,进水氨氮浓度旱季最高值3475mg/L,雨季最低值1274mg/L.生物反应器填埋场的启动时间宜选择在雨季.     

大型填埋场垃圾降解规律研究

在上海市老港垃圾填埋场建造了一座面积为3000m^2，高度为4m，内填生活垃圾10800t的小型卫生填埋场。对该卫生填埋场进行了40个月的监测，分析了垃圾中的总糖、总炭、挥发性物质和有机碳、生物可降解物含量（BDM）、粗纤维含量与填埋时间的关系。同时，也对1991年至1994每年4月份的填埋单元垃圾组成了分析。通过数学聚合，预测了填埋单元封场后的若干年内垃圾组成，对填埋场稳定化程度和垃圾矿化程度进行了判断。结果表明，该场的稳定化时间大约为22－23年，届时，该场的垃圾基本上达到无害化和稳定化，绝大部分可降解的有机物得到充分降解。     

垃圾渗滤液的深度处理实践

垃圾渗滤液的无害化处理是污水处理的难点,国内目前垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液较多采用三级排放标准,而后进入城市污水处理站进一步深化处理。随国家环保排放要求的日趋严格,研究在原有设施基础上进行深度处理改造,是势在必行的。本文通过介绍太仓垃圾焚烧发电项目渗滤液的深度处理改造实践,对行业内其他垃圾焚烧厂提高排放标准具有借鉴意义。     

电-多相催化反应体系对垃圾渗滤液的降解

以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为导电性粒子电极,以负载金属氧化物的多相催化剂替代绝缘填料,构建电-多相催化氧化体系.采用浸渍法制备一系列含Cu、Ce的γ-Al₂O₃负载型催化剂,与GAC均匀混合构成床体填料,电催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液.考察了催化剂的催化活性,并用SEM和XRD 等手段对催化剂的微观结构、表面形貌进行表征.研究表明,浸渍液金属离子浓度含量Cu 为2%、Ce 为9%时所制得的催化剂活性最高,并且该催化剂性能稳定,经5 次使用后仍具有一定的催化活性.通过正交试验考察影响工艺的主要参数,优化电解条件为槽电压15.0V,pH3,曝气量0.08m³/h,极间距2.0cm.其中槽电压和pH 值对电解效果影响较大.反应过程中体系通过电-Fenton-多相催化共同作用,强化垃圾渗滤液的处理效果.     

Municipal sludge as landfill barrier material

The aim of this research is to find substitute barrier materials for natural clay from two kinds of municipal sludge: waterworks sludge( Sw ) and dredging sludge( Sd ). Laboratory tests were performed firstly to determine their Atterberg limits and hydraulic conductivity.Based on the results, the use of waterworks sludge was recommended. Then, shear strength tests were performed and it was found the shear resistance property of waterworks sludge is strong enough to maintain slope stability. In order to evaluate the possibility of secondary pollution, the heavy metal contents of waterworks sludge was determined and the results indicated that secondary pollution is unlikely happened. Finally, economic analysis proves that reusing waterworks sludge as barrier will reduce the lost a great for both landfill and waterworks. Based on the results, waterworks sludge was proposed to use and a further long-term simulated landfill test was suggested.     

腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理研究

采用铁屑和颗粒活性炭通过原电池反应产生的Fe2 离子取代FeSO4组成腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺,采用该工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理.结果表明,最佳运行条件为pH值为2、H2O2投加量为理论投加量的50%、铁屑投量为30 g(500 mL渗滤液中)、Fe/C质量比为2.5、反应时间为1 h、絮凝pH值为7,其COD去除率可达到60%(其中活性炭吸附占19%),TOC去除率可达47%(其中活性碳吸附占13%),BOD5/COD值从原水的0 35提高到出水的0.69;而传统Fenton工艺在H2O2/Fe2 比值等于5、其它条件与腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺相同的条件下,COD去除率为26%,TOC去除率为19%,BOD5/COD比值从原水的0.43提高到0.69.将腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理,在有机物去除率和提高可生化性方面效果均明显优于传统Fenton工艺.     

垃圾渗沥液中氨氮的电化学氧化

针对目前国内外垃圾渗沥液处理中存在的问题,采用电化学氧化与上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）相结合,研究建立了对香港垃圾渗沥液的二步法处理工艺．本文着重探讨了电化学间接氧化去除渗沥液中氨氮的反应机制及主要影响因素,并通过实验找出了最佳的操作条件：入水初始 pH值为9.0;流速为0.01－0.10cm/s;CI加入量2000mg/L;电流密度 32.3mA/cm²．在此条件下,经过 6h电解后,UASB反应器出水中NH_－N和COD的去除率分别达到100％和87％．对该电化学氧化过程的运行成本进行了评估．     

填埋场覆盖土对典型氯代烃的吸附特性

覆盖土吸附能力的有效评估对填埋场中挥发性氯代烃（VCHs）污染物的控制有重要意义.全面考察了二氯甲烷（DCM）、三氯甲烷（TCM）、1,1,2-三氯乙烷（1,1,2-TCA）、四氯化碳（CT）、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯（c-1,2-DCE）、三氯乙烯（TCE）、四氯乙烯（PCE）和氯苯（CB）8种VCHs在填埋场覆盖层中的吸附特性.结果显示,氯代烷烃和氯代芳烃在覆盖层土壤中吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型（R²=0.65~0.87）,氯代烯烃在覆盖层土壤中吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型（R²=0.87~0.96）.基于拟合结果预测了覆盖土对VCHs的吸附能力,结果表明VCHs的吸附速率随氯取代数的增多而增大;具有相同氯原子取代数目的氯代烃,覆盖土对氯代烯烃和氯苯的吸附量大于氯代烷烃.因此,在填埋场运行管理中,VCHs中浓度较高的氯代烷烃应该是优先治理的污染物之一.覆盖土中VCHs的吸附平衡时间约为20h,吸附速率变化范围为26~250 μg/（g_soil·h）,远高于文献报道中覆盖土对VCHs的最大降解速率.可以推断,强化覆盖土的生物氧化活性可更有效减少VCHs对环境的不利影响.     

典型污染物包覆层中氯仿的沿程生物转化机制

为明晰氯仿（CF）在包覆层中的降解过程,构建了模拟覆盖层系统（SLCS）,并结合高通量测序技术首次系统分析了CF在SLCS中的沿程生物转化机制,结果表明,覆盖层可根据氧气含量分为有氧区（0~20cm）、缺氧区（20~40cm）和无氧区（>40cm）.高通量测序分析表明,有氧区的优势菌为甲烷氧化菌,其中I型菌Methylobacter（甲基杆菌属）及Ⅱ型菌Methylosinus（甲基弯菌属）居多,缺氧区甲烷氧化菌的相对丰度为13%左右,缺氧和无氧区中Anaeromyxobacter（厌氧粘细菌属）成为了优势CF厌氧降解菌.CF在有氧、缺氧和无氧条件下均有效降解.在缺氧和无氧区,CF经厌氧还原脱氯转化为二氯甲烷,部分二氯甲烷在Dehalobacter（脱卤素杆菌属）作用下产生乙酸盐、H₂和CO₂.在有氧区,其余二氯甲烷通过甲烷氧化菌共代谢降解.改变进气口通量发现,SLCS对甲烷的去除率与通量呈负相关关系（R²=0.80）,但甲烷氧化速率与通量呈正相关关系（R²=0.90）.与甲烷类似,SLCS对CF的去除率与进气口通量呈负相关关系（R²=0.86）,但降解速率与进气口通量呈正相关关系（R²=0.89）.此外,进气口通量的增加对CF好氧共代谢降解的促进作用大于厌氧还原脱氯降解.该研究对氯代烃类污染物的降解提供了新的基础,对该类污染物的原位生物修复提供了理论依据.     

Emission of landfill gas in Qingdao, China

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Microbiological indication of municipal solid waste landfill non-stabilization

Accidental collapse resulted from unstable factors is an important technological problem to be solved in sanitary landfill. Microbiological degradation of organic matters in landfilled solid waste are an important unstable factor. A landfill reactor was thus manufactured and installed to examine quantitative and population dynamics of microorganisms during degradation of landfilled solid waste. It was showed that unstable landfill can be reflected and indicated by microbiological features such as rapidly decreased growth amount of microorganisms, no detection of fungi and actinomyces, and changing the dominant population into methanogenic bacteria and Acinotobacter.     

Excavation and characterization of refuse in closed landfill

Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their longterm stabilization process.In this paper,this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse.Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate.In this study,aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,biodegradable matter.The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.     

渗滤液循环对填埋气体产生量影响的实验研究

以上海市生活垃圾组成为依据,通过填埋模拟柱实验研究了不同渗滤液循环方式对新鲜垃圾填埋层填埋气体(LFG)产生的影响.渗滤液循环方式包括:原液循环、厌氧预处理后循环、好氧预处理后循环、原液与陈垃圾柱出水混合后循环.结果表明,原液循环抑制了甲烷化进程,产气速率小,产气期分散.渗滤液经适当预处理后循环均能改善LFG的各项气量指标,表现为产气速率显著提高、产气期集中(本实验条件下约1a);Qt(实际累积产气量)增加,Q有效 Qt值(甲烷浓度大于50%的填埋气体量与实际累积产气量的比值)大于0 80,Qt Qp值(实际累积产气量与计算总产气量的比值)大于0 4.但渗滤液经不同预处理后循环对LFG各项气量指标的优化效果不同,排序为厌氧预处理后循环>原液与陈垃圾柱出水混合后循环>好氧预处理后循环.优化LFG各项气量指标的关键是:①缩短填埋层进入稳定的甲烷化阶段的时间;②减少垃圾中有机物的场外去除量.而渗滤液的预处理程度和方式对这两个因素有直接影响.     

Landfill leachate treatment in assisted landfill bioreactor

Landfill is the major disposal route of municipal solid waste（MSW） in most Asian countries. Leachate from landfill presents a strong wastewater that needs intensive treatment before discharge. Direct recycling was proposed as an effective alternative for leachate treatment by taking the landfill as a bioreactor. This process was proved not only considerably reducing the pollution potential of leachate, but also enhancing organic degradation in the landfill. However, as this paper shows, although direct leachate recycling was effective in landfilled MSW with low food waste fraction （3.5%, w/w）, it failed in MSW containing 54% food waste, as normally noted in Asian countries. The initial acid stuck would inhibit methanogenesis to build up, hence strong leachate was yielded from landfill to threaten the quality of receiving water body. We demonstrated the feasibility to use an assisted bioreactor landfill, with a well-decomposed refuse layer as ex-situ anaerobic digester to reducing COD loading in leachate. By doing so, the refuse in simulated landfill column （2.3 m high） could be stabilized in 30 weeks while the COD in leachate reduced by 95%（61000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L）. Meanwhile, the biogas production was considerably enhanced, signaling by the much greater amount and much higher methane content in the biogas.