合肥市颗粒物时空分布特征及其气象成因研究

利用2014—2015年合肥市颗粒物浓度及气象观测资料,对合肥市颗粒物浓度时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系进行了分析。结果表明:2015年,合肥市PM10、PM2.5日均浓度均呈现"一增一减"趋势;PM10与PM2.5日均浓度分布季节差异明显,呈现"V"型特征;在空间分布上,PM2.5的浓度主城区高于周边地区,PM10浓度北部整体高于南部;PM10与PM2.5浓度与降水量、相对湿度、风速和风向均有一定相关性。     

四川省秸秆集中露天焚烧时期颗粒物污染特征研究及防控建议

着重探讨秸秆焚烧时期颗粒物污染特征,包括颗粒物污染的时空变化特征、PM2.5与PM10的相关性分析等,反映了秸秆焚烧时期的污染状况,并提出了秸秆焚烧的几点针对性防控措施建议。     

柳州市2009-2014年空气污染变化

近年来,城市空气污染日益严重,已成为公众广泛关注的环境问题之一。柳州是中国西部的工业重镇、广西有名的工业城市,位列国家划定的113个大气污染防治重点城市之中,是广西第一个开展PM2.5监测的城市。本研究于2009—2014年连续6年对柳州市大气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度进行在线观测,获得了污染物的长期时间和空间分布特征。结果显示,SO2浓度呈逐年下降趋势,并于2011年达标之后显著下降,2014年相比2009年下降了50.0%;NO2浓度一直在低于标准以下波动(24.6~35.1μg/m3);PM10浓度呈逐年增长趋势,并从2011年开始超标,2014年相对于2009年增长了69.3%。各污染物浓度都具有显著的季节变化:冬季秋季春季夏季。SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度冬季相比夏季分别提高82.9%、56.3%、66.9%和133.6%。冬季SO2和秋冬季PM10超标,PM2.5除7月外全线超标。PM2.5/PM10的比值冬季也高于夏季,表明冬季更易富集细颗粒。各污染物浓度也表现出不同的空间分布。九中各污染物的浓度都最高,可能与其离柳州钢铁公司距离较近有关。SO2除九中外,其他站点均达标。NO2全部达标。PM10市监测站和九中超标。PM2.5所有站点超标严重。本研究结果表明,柳州市煤烟型污染得到有效控制,但颗粒物污染,尤其是细颗粒物污染日益严重。     

城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系研究

随着城市化和工业化发展,大气颗粒物对城市空气环境造成了严重污染,选取西安市作为研究区,分析不同时间和空间尺度下城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系。通过GIS软件、Fragstats4.2软件和SPSS软件对西安市2014年土地利用数据和2014年整年的大气颗粒物监测数据进行分析,结果显示,西安市土地利用类型分布较为集中;西安市大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征为浓度从市中心至城郊呈梯度递减趋势,在整体上呈现西北高于东南的倾向,大气颗粒物污染物浓度峰值基本都集中出现在建设用地范围内(PM10:102.7μg/m^3;PM2.5:99.7μg/m^3);相关性结果证实了城市景观格局与大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征。研究结果为中国西部内陆城市大气颗粒物污染控制、土地利用规划以及生态建设提供参考。     

2020年第一季度枣庄市PM2.5源解析的分析研究

为了评估分析枣庄市不同来源污染物排放强度削减与大气环境质量变化之间的关系,使用统计方法和正定矩阵因子分解法对枣庄市2020年第一季度大气污染变化特征和污染来源进行了解析,探究了枣庄市大气固体悬浮微粒浓度变化影响机制。结果表明:2020年第一季度PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2浓度较2019年同期显著下降,但枣庄市采暖季内社会活动造成的正常排放仍高于大气环境容量;受新冠疫情影响,2020年较2019年PM2.5源因子浓度削减最大的为机动车源(46.5%)和工业源(17.9%),应长期采取机动车减排、产业结构调整等措施,科学规划“十四五”大气污染防治。     

2015-2018年衡阳市城区环境空气污染特征分析

本文利用2015~2018年衡阳市城区空气质量监测数据,分析环境空气污染特征及变化趋势。研究结果表明:2015~2018年衡阳市城区环境空气以PM2.5、PM10、O3污染为主,其中PM2.5和PM10年均值浓度呈下降趋势,O3年均值浓度呈不规则波动变化;年内时空变化上,O3呈现夏、秋季浓度高和冬、春季浓度低的特点,PM2.5和PM10呈现出夏季浓度低、冬季浓度高的特点。针对衡阳市空气污染物特征,提出了衡阳市城区空气质量改善的对策建议。     

我国大气细颗粒物污染防治目标和控制措施研究

我国面临着严重的细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染问题,PM2.5对人体健康、能见度、气候变化、生态系统等均产生了不良影响。本文旨在提出我国PM2.5污染防治目标和控制措施,为从根本上改善空气质量提供科学依据。首先,本文提出了2020年和2030年我国PM2.5污染防治目标。其次,采用能源和污染排放技术模型,分情景预测了我国未来一次大气污染物排放量的变化趋势。基于情景预测结果和此前研究建立的一次污染物排放与PM2.5浓度间的非线性关系,确定了2020年—2030年与PM2.5浓度改善相适应的全国和重点区域大气污染物减排目标。最后,利用能源和污染排放技术模型,提出了实现大气污染物减排的技术措施和对策建议。研究表明,2030年全国二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一次PM2.5和挥发性有机物的排放量应分别比2012年至少削减51%、64%、53%和36%,氨排放量也要略有下降。对于污染严重的重点区域,必须采取更严格的控制力度。要实现上述减排,应加快能源结构调整,推进煤炭清洁高效集中可持续利用,建立"车-油-路"一体的移动源控制体系,并强化多源多污染物的末端控制。     

乌鲁木齐市区PM2．5污染特征及其溯源与追踪分析

重点研究乌鲁木齐市大气中PM2.5的污染特征，分析其质量变化浓度与各种气象影响因素的相关性．利用美国空气资源实验室的HYSPLIT模型对颗粒物进行备季节代表月份的溯源和追踪分析，为正确认识乌鲁木齐市区大气PM2.5污染状况提供重要基础数据，为以后的对比研究和制定相应的污染控制措施提供参考依据。结果表明：（1）PM2.5质量浓度的最高值出现在1月，受采暖期的影响，冬季PM2.5质量浓度全年最高。（2）PM2.5的质量浓度与温度呈负相关性，与气压的呈正相关性；在无降水的前提下，PM2.5的质量浓度与相对湿度呈正相关。（3）春、夏、秋三季PM2.5来源主要是阿拉山口、阿勒泰北部及南疆，冬季则主要来自于南疆。到达乌鲁木齐的颗粒物主要向河西走廊及阿拉山口方向移动。     

“十二五”南充市城区空气质量变化及污染成因浅析

"十二五"期间,南充市城区空气质量于2014年之后有所改善,2015年达标率为74.37%,同比上年上升7.61个百分点;城区酸雨污染状况不断改善,酸雨频率和酸度逐年下降。城区主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),根据污染源排放情况,结合2016年3~4月细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))源解析结果,PM_(2.5)的来源主要为机动车尾气、二次无机源、燃煤、工业工艺源、扬尘、生物质燃烧等,严格控制机动车尾气和VOCs排放应为今后首要工作任务。     

成都市大气消光系数及PM2.5质量浓度在不同湿度条件下的关系研究

大气消光系数可以表征污染程度的大小,其本身与相对湿度密切相关。对2013年6月~2014年5月的逐小时地面观测的大气消光系数、相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度数据进行统计与相关分析,以了解成都市大气污染的时间分布特征以及相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度对其影响,在此基础上分析细颗粒物的吸湿增长特性。结果表明:(1)成都市消光系数具有明显的季节特征,消光系数大小依次为冬季秋季夏季春季。消光系数日变化在不同季节表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)当相对湿度小于80%时,PM2.5浓度与消光系数显著正相关,可直接利用污染物浓度代表污染的严重程度。(3)平均单位质量消光系数随相对湿度的变化表现出随机性,但整体呈现正相关。就平均而言,相对湿度每增加一个单位,平均单位质量消光系数增加0.013%。(4)由于成都市相对湿度对消光系数影响较大,因此在评定污染程度时用空气质量指数进行评定比用能见度评定更具科学性。     

Spatial variations in selected metal contents and particle size distribution in an urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan

Spatial variations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were investigated for distribution of metals and particle size fractions in the urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan. The metals Na, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Co, and the particle fractions <2.5, 2.5-10, 10-100 and >100 microm were included in the study. TSP samples were trapped on glass fibre filters using high volume samplers and quantification of metals was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry employing HNO(3) based wet digestion. At the urban site, Na was dominant at 2.384 microg/m(3) followed by K, Fe and Zn with 0.778, 0.667 and 0.567 microg/m(3) as mean concentrations, respectively. The metal levels for the rural site ranged from 0.002 microg/m(3) for Cd to 1.077 microg/m(3) for Na. However, compared with the urban site, mean Pb concentration showed an almost two-fold enhancement, i.e., 0.163 Vs. 0.327 microg/m(3). Metals and particle size source identification was done using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Five sources were traced out for the urban site: industrial, soil, automobile emissions, metallurgical industries and excavation activities. For the rural site, four sources were recorded: agricultural, automotive emissions, excavation activities and metallurgical units. Collectively, for both the sites, PM(10-100) emerged as a major contributor to TSP, followed by PM(2.5-10), PM(<2.5) and PM(>100) in that order. The metals showed in general positive relationship with fine particulate fractions (PM(2.5-10), PM(<2.5)), and negative correlation with coarse fractions (PM(10-100), PM(>100)). Comparison with the corresponding data from various Asian sites revealed that the levels of Na, K, Fe, Mn, Co and Ni for the present study were lower than those reported for grossly polluted cities of the world.     

西宁市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

在西宁市7个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源。结果表明:扬尘、煤烟尘和土壤风沙尘是造成该市TSP和PM10污染的主要源类。扬尘是造成该市颗粒物污染的首要因素,控制城市扬尘污染是城市环境空气颗粒物达标的关键。     

大气细粒子(PM2.5)监测技术进展

大气细粒子(PM2.5)的污染对人和生态环境等影响巨大,迫切需要进行PM2.5质量浓度的监测;本文介绍了PM2.5国内外监测研究进展、监测网络应用情况以及监测技术;重点介绍了几种先进的技术:β射线法、振荡天平法和光散射法,并详细描述了各种监测设备的原理及结构,提出最好采用PM2.5在线监测仪进行日常监测。     

Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality

Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM(10) removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM(10) removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM(10) was a cost-effective policy for abating PM(10) based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM(10) in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures.     

大连市环境空气中PM_（2.5）含碳组分浓度特征研究

2013年9~12月对大连市环境空气中的PM2.5、有机碳和元素碳进行连续监测。研究结果表明,有机碳约占PM2.5质量的14.0%,元素碳约占6.9%,有机碳和元素碳的总质量约占PM2.5的21%。一半以上的天数有机碳与元素碳比值超过2.0,说明大连存在二次污染。有机碳与元素碳具有显著的正相关性,相关系数约为0.93,表明有机碳和元素碳可能有相同的污染来源。较大降水能有效降低PM2.5、有机碳和元素碳的浓度,风速与PM2.5、有机碳和元素碳的浓度呈负相关,雾霾天气时,有机碳和元素碳的浓度明显增加。     

Policy evaluation of vehicle exhaust standards in Japan from 1995 to 2005 based on two human health risk indices for air pollution and global warming

Measures for vehicle exhaust emissions aimed at reducing either air pollution or global warming could have counterproductive effects on one another. Increasing diesel passenger vehicles, which generally have lower CO₂ emissions than gasoline counterparts, leads to increasing particulate matter (PM) emissions, while gasoline has lower PM emissions than diesel. It is said that stringent limits on PM emission factors discourages improved CO₂ emission factors. Without including both effects in a risk evaluation, one cannot evaluate whether the total risk is reduced or not. Hence, we evaluated representative exhaust emission measures based on risk evaluation for both air pollution and global warming. Considering consumer choice between diesel and gasoline passenger vehicles and emissions standards adopted in Japan from 1995 to 2005, we built five cases for vehicle policy evaluation. For each case, we estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as an index of human health risk caused by lung cancer linked to inhalation exposure of elemental carbon in PM as well as due to global warming linked to CO₂. The results of our risk evaluation reveal that the case adopting the 2005 new long-term Japanese emission standard reduces the human health risk caused by lung cancer due to air pollution by 0.6 × 10³ DALY, but would increase the risk due to global warming by 31.9 × 10³ DALY compared with the case of adopting EURO 4, for the same conditions of passenger vehicle choice from 1995. These results suggest that the characteristics of Japanese emissions standards are mainly designed to reduce air pollution.     

气温和湿度在泸州市城区对臭氧浓度预测的运用研究

气温和湿度均为影响臭氧生成的要素,通过分析泸州市国控点数据,找出气温和湿度与臭氧浓度的关系,从而建立气温和湿度为变量的臭氧浓度预测模型.选取2019年泸州市主城区的气温和湿度数据,将气温按日最高温(Tmax)、日最低温(Tmin)和日平均气温(Tmean)划分,将湿度按四季划分,分别统计其与臭氧浓度的相关性.发现臭氧浓...