衡阳市大气降尘中重金属污染特征及风险评价

利用2015—2017年衡阳市城区大气降尘中砷、镉、铅的监测数据,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、健康风险评价法对3种重金属的污染特征及风险进行了评价。结果表明:地累积指数法评价污染程度表现为镉铅砷;潜在生态危害程度表现为镉铅砷,镉均为极强生态危害程度,铅以轻微及中等生态危害程度为主,砷以轻微生态危害程度为主;非致癌风险指数大小顺序为砷铅镉,砷、镉的致癌风险指数远低于非致癌风险指数,砷的致癌风险指数大于镉。     

杭州城区河道底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

对杭州城区34条河道45个点位河道底泥进行采样,分析了pH及汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍等重金属含量,并进行污染及潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,监测点位的底泥为中性偏碱性,重金属含量分布不均,且范围波动很大,部分河道底泥重金属中汞、铅、镉、铬、锌、镍等有不同程度的超标,少数河道镉、铬、锌污染严重;按《农用污泥中污染物控...     

某冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特性分析及评价

采用污染指数法对冶炼厂周边的土壤及稻谷进行重金属（Zn、D、Cu、Pb、Cd和As）污染评价，结果显示冶炼厂周边土壤中除重金属铅、铬和砷外，其他重金属都超过了土壤环境质量标准，六种重金属平均综合污染指数达到2．89；对于稻谷样本中重金属含量，锌和铬含量满足评价标准要求，铜、铅、镉和砷含量超标，其超标倍数范围分别为4．68～6．35、5．45～36．75、0．05～1．5和1．59—5．67。说明冶炼厂周边土壤及稻谷已受到重金属不同程度上的污染。而重金属污染的相关性分析表明冶炼厂周边的土壤中存在多种重金属不同程度、不同组合的复合污染类型，农田生态系统存在复合污染的趋势。     

水库型与河流型水源地保护区土壤重金属污染评价与研究——以广安市为例

为摸清广安市城市集中式饮用水水源地一、二级保护区周边土壤环境状况,采用单项污染指数评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对广安市河流型、水库型两种典型饮用水水源地保护区土壤污染状况进行评估,并简要分析周边环境敏感点。结果表明:水库型水源地29个、河流型水源地44个土壤检测样品均未检出镉,铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬、汞、砷均检出,变异系数分别在16.6%~62.1%和15.3%~56.6%之间,说明水源地周边土壤环境受到外界的干扰显著;水库型、河流型水源地土壤中铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬、汞、砷污染指数均小于1,表明两处水源地均未受到已检重金属污染;水库型、河流型水源地内梅罗综合污染指数范围分别为0.16~0.68、0.14~0.44,全部点位内梅罗综合污指数评价等级均为Ⅰ级,表明这两处的饮用水水源地周边土壤是清洁安全的。     

基于GIS的耕地土壤重金属污染与农业功能定位研究——以山东省聊城市为例

按8km×8km的网格将聊城市耕地分为137个采样点，调查砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌等重金属的污染状况。采用国家土壤环境质量标准、农产品安全质量标准和绿色食品产地环境条件作为评价标准，采用单因子指数和综合指数为评价方法进行污染评价。研究表明，聊城市土壤污染强度依次为铜〉镍〉锌〉砷〉铬〉镉〉铅〉汞，但均未超标。以GIS为操作平台显示聊城市重金属空间分布状况，并对区域耕地进行了功能的定位。聊城市西南部土壤质量最优，适宜种植绿色食品；无公害蔬菜和安全粮食种植区在各县市均有不同程度的分布。     

农村土壤环境质量监测与评价研究——以广东省某村庄为例

以广东某村庄为实例,介绍了农村土壤环境质量监测和评价方法。对该村庄菜地、基本农田、曾经污灌农田和怀疑受污染的农田土壤进行了12个样品砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、硒、锌等元素全量和六六六、滴滴涕等有机氯农药含量监测,并分别采取单因子指数法和综合污染指数法分析了该村土壤污染状况。该村土壤中铜、镉、砷、硒、锌和铅超过GB 15618—1995二级标准和环保部《全国土壤污染状况评价技术规定》评价标准,主要以铜、镉和砷污染为主,其超标率分别为75.0%、58.3%和58.3%;重污染土壤样品数占总监测样品数的41.7%,受中度污染的土壤样品数占25.0%,受轻度污染土壤样品数占8.3%,处于警戒水平的土壤样品占25.0%。不同类型土壤污染程度各异,其中曾经污灌的土壤和怀疑受污染的土壤铜、镉、砷、锌、硒、铅含量较高,基本农田土壤次之,菜地最低。     

长沙水利枢纽工程蓄水后的湘江长沙段重金属污染评价

2014年8月~2015年5月对工程蓄水后的湘江长沙段水体中砷、汞、铅、镉4种主要重金属的污染状况进行了水质监测,并运用改进后的内梅罗指数法进行水体中的重金属污染综合评价。评价计算结果显示,同为饮用水源一级保护水域的黑石铺和杜甫江阁断面水体中汞含量超标率均达到100%,所有断面总超标率为66.7%。多个断面重金属镉监测浓度超过1ug/L,最高浓度为1.469ug/L。工程蓄水前后,水体重金属镉含量基本持平,砷、汞、铅含量均出现不同程度的上升,汞为湘江长沙段污染最严重的重金属。在各个监测断面中,坪塘、黑石铺和杜甫阁断面水质重金属污染严重,其余断面分时段出现轻度污染。     

有机菌肥对铅、镉、锌污染土壤和水体联合修复研究

为了研究液体有机菌肥在矿区周边农田污染土壤重金属去除效果，以重金属污染为研究对象，开展液体有机菌肥吸附混合液重金属试验和土壤重金属浸出毒性吸附实验，分析液体有机菌肥对重金属离子去除作用。结果表明：随着液体有机菌肥用量的增加，水体重金属铅、镉和锌含量浓度呈显著下降，液体有机菌肥容易吸附铅，吸附量高达到1667mg/kg,其次是镉和锌。在1%质量比添加量下，经过液体有机菌肥修复后的土壤镉、锌和铅含量下降率分别是29.62%、23.94%和11.66%,土壤重金属TCLP浸出毒性去除率效果显著。有机菌肥处理可改善土壤环境，对土壤和水体的铅、镉、锌重金属有一定修复作用。     

萍乡市农用土壤重金属含量及其分布特征分析

以江西省萍乡地区农用土壤为研究对象,分析研究了萍乡市农用土壤中重金属的含量、分布特征。结果表明:萍乡地区农用土壤中重金属的平均含量均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但其中锌、镍、铬、铜、镉、砷、铅、锰、汞的含量均超过了江西省土壤重金属相应元素的背景值。从空间分布来看,在全市5个县区布置的29个测点中,有14个测点的重金属含量超标;其中上栗县有8个测点超标,明显多于其他县区,出现了不同的污染特征。     

徐州云龙湖底泥重金属污染评价

本文测定了云龙湖底泥中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)4种重金属元素含量。运用了累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价:4种重金属中Cu为中度污染,Pb为轻度污染,其余2种均未构成污染。云龙湖底泥中重金属污染的潜在生态风险表现为轻微的程度,生态风险顺序是Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn。     

GOLD-MINING EFFECTS ON HEAVY METALS IN STREAMS,CIRCLE QUADRANGLE,ALASKA1

Placer gold mining, which extracts gold from buried or exposed alluvia, is often conducted on or near streams. Such mining has the potential to adversely affect water quality. Other heavy metals associated with the gold (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper) may be freed to enter streams. Mercury may also enter streams if miners are using it to recover fine particles of gold. These heavy metals are toxic and thus may be harmful to the aquatic life of the streams receiving effluent or runoff from placer mines. In 1982 we sampled two streams intensively - one heavily mined and one unmined - for total recoverable arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Only mercury was not significantly higher in concentration in the mined streams. In 1983 we sampled two stream pairs three times, and 10 other sites at least once, for total and dissolved arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Mercury and cadmium were not significantly elevated in mined streams, but the concentrations of total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, and dissolved arsenic and zinc were significantly higher in streams below active placer mining sites than in these that were not being mined or those that had never been mined. Additionally, total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper and dissolved arsenic and copper became elevated after mining began in 1983 on a previously unmined stream.     

Potential risks of copper, zinc, and cadmium pollution due to pig manure application in a soil-rice system under intensive farming: a case study of Nanhu, China

Heavy metal (copper [Cu], zinc [Zn], and cadmium [Cd]) pollution of soils from pig manures in soil-rice ( L.) systems under intensive farming was investigated, taking Nanhu, China, as the case study area. Two hundred pig manures and 154 rice straws, brown rice samples, and corresponding surface soil (0-15 cm) samples were collected in paddy fields from 150 farms in 16 major villages within the study area. The mean Cu and Zn concentrations in pig manures consistently exceeded the related standard. About 44 and 60% of soil samples exceed the Chinese Soil Cu and Cd Environmental Quality Standards, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd in brown rice did not exceed the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard. There was a significant positive correlation between total Cu and Zn contents in soil and application rate of pig manures. Strong correlation was observed between the extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil and the Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in the brown rice. The spatial distribution maps of Cu and Zn concentrations in brown rice, straw, and extractable soil Cu and Zn concentration also showed similar geographical trends. Further analyses on heavy metals loading flux and accumulation rates from pig manure applied suggested that Cu and Cd contents in soil currently have already exceeded the maximum permissible limit, and Zn, if still at current manure application rates, will reach the ceiling concentration limits in 9 yr. This study assists in understanding the risk of heavy metals accumulating from pig manure applications to agricultural soils.     

Risk-Based Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data: Application to Heavy Metals in North Carolina Surface Waters

The state of North Carolina's Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) conducts routine water quality monitoring throughout the state to assess the health of aquatic systems. The current study reports the results of a retrospective (1990–2000) ecological risk assessment of six heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc) in 17 North Carolina basins that was conducted to estimate the risk of heavy metal toxicity to freshwater organisms and assess the sufficiency of NCDENR's monitoring data to identify water-quality-related ecological threats. Acute and chronic ecotoxicological thresholds (ETs) were calculated for each metal based upon the 10th percentile of species sensitivity distributions and were normalized for water hardness. Statewide probabilities (expressed as percentages) of a random sample exceeding acute or chronic ETs among the six metals ranged from 0.01% to 12.19% and 0.76% to 21.21%, respectively, with copper having the highest and arsenic and mercury the lowest risk. Basin-specific probabilities varied significantly depending upon water hardness and presumably watershed development. Although the majority of specific sites where data were collected were at low risk for metal toxicity, some specific sites had a high probability of toxic events associated with one or more metals. Analytical detection limits for metals were frequently higher than estimated chronic ET, limiting the ability to assess the risk of chronic toxicity in soft-water basins. Results suggest risk-based criteria may be useful for assessing and validating the sufficiency of monitoring programs and prioritizing management goals.     

会理污灌区重金属污染的调查,评价及防治对策

本文调查、评价了会理县锌矿污灌区内水、土、作物的重金属污染状况。调查结果表明：污灌区内土壤、作物重金属污染严重,尤以镉污染突出。作物中镉含量与距污染源距离呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．９９５）。镉在水稻植株各部位的分布,以根系含镉量最高,茎叶次之,谷粒最少。评价结果表明农灌水的污染程度不大,土壤中Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ污染是土壤污染的主要表现,水稻的污染较玉米更为严重。Ｃｄ已对人体健康构成潜在危害。本文还针对污染区的重金属污染提出了相应的防治措施     

土壤重金属污染及其修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染物有汞、镉、铅、锌等,主要来源于交通运输、工业污染和农业污染。土壤重金属污染会导致农作物减产甚至死亡,对人体健康也会产生极大危害。目前土壤重金属污染修复的技术主要包括工程修复法、物理化学修复法、化学修复法和生物修复法。植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色、生态、高效的修复技术具有良好的发展前景。     

DISSOLVED HEAVY METALS IN SHALLOW GROUND WATER IN A SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of dissolved heavy metal concentrations in shallow ground water were measured at 126 sites within an urban watershed in southeastern Michigan. A total of 1,140 samples were collected from the first saturated zone, and the mean concentrations of 11 heavy metals (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, and zinc) were obtained and compared to their corresponding mean concentrations within surface soil. The results suggest that former and current land use processes have resulted in significant adverse impacts on the study region. Levels of Cr 20 to 30 times the maximum contaminant level (MCL) have been detected in the ground water beneath industrial sites. In addition, Cd and Pb have been found at levels exceeding their MCLs where surface soils are clay‐rich, and in sandy soils at more than 10 times their MCLs. The high levels of Cr in ground water strongly suggest that the chromium is in a hexavalent form, and this likelihood is supported by current studies. Given the hydraulic connection between the watershed's surface waters and the Great Lakes, these findings raise significant ecological and public health concerns.     

西溪湿地底泥质量现状与生态风险初步评价

为了解西溪湿地底泥质量现状,2012年9月采集保护区内不同干扰类型的底泥样本,测试了底泥中重金属和POPs中PCBs、OCPs和PAHs的含量,并对湿地底泥污染进行了生态风险初步评价。结果表明,底泥中未检出PCBs和OCPs,但检测出14种EPA优控PAHs,总PAHs的浓度范围为115.9～217.8 ng·g^-1,低于潜在生态风险的效应区间低值ERL,其中列入中国＂水中优先控制污染黑名单＂的7种PAHs均有检出并且其总量占∑PAHs 1/2左右（平均为50.08%）;底泥中8种重金属含量平均值低于《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,但Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni含量在多个位点已超过一级标准;分别采用土壤背景值和国家一级标准为参比值对湿地底泥中重金属进行单因子污染风险指数评价,发现分别有7种和4种元素的污染指数大于1;综合分析不同干扰类型的底泥质量,发现底泥疏浚能有效降低有机质含量、全氮和PAHs含量,但对全磷、重金属含量则无明显效果,封闭水体的干塘措施能显著减少污泥量和有机物含量。研究结果表明,西溪湿地底泥中高环PAHs和重金属污染水平可能对西溪湿地生物具有潜在的生物毒性作用及不利的生态影响效应,其疏浚底泥农用则无生态风险。     

成雅高速公路两侧大气颗粒物中重金属分布规律研究

本文以成雅高速公路为研究对象，采集公路两侧大气颗粒物样品，通过微波消解——火焰原子吸收法测定大气颗粒物中铅、镉、铜、锌的含量。研究表明，成雅公路两侧距路肩200m范围内大气颗粒物已受不同程度的铅、镉、铜、锌污染，其中重金属含量Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Cd，并获得成雅高速公路两侧大气颗粒物中重金属污染的分布规律。     

Geochemical properties and pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Daechung Lake,Korea

In order to examine the forms, sources, and pollution of heavy metals—arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)—in Daechung Lake, Korea, sediment samples were collected in November 2014. Daechung Lake was constructed to supply water for human consumption, agricultural use, and industrial use as well as to generate electric power. The lake is stratified in the summer and surrounded mostly by agricultural and mining areas. Our results indicate that the heavy metals (except As and Cd) displayed similar concentrations at all of the sampling stations. As and Cd were high in locations where fine sediments had built up. Based on the enrichment factor of the metals, the sediments collected from all of the sampling stations were highly polluted by As and Cd. Therefore, deposition of heavy metals in Daechung Lake is possibly controlled by grain size and anthropogenic activity, such as drainage from abandoned mines, agricultural activities, and/or the release of wastewater. The most dominant forms for all of the metals were oxide and silicate forms. This suggests that the sediments of Daechung Lake are not highly sulfidic. However, the sediment samples were collected after the collapse of seasonal stratification. Therefore, future studies should include elucidation of major sources for As and Cd and the collection of sediments during months of stratification.     

Assessment of Presence of Heavy Metals and Other Pollution Burden Parameters and Their Effect on Water Quality in Benin City,Edo State

An assessment of the heavy metal content and biological pollution burden of an abattoir dumpsite, an automobile carwash, the Ikpoba River, and a private water borehole located near the abattoir dumpsite was conducted in Benin City in Southern Nigeria, during the rainy and dry seasons. The water samples’ pH was lower than the permissible values, with the river water displaying color and possessing a slight odor. Iron concentrations exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water at all four of the sampling stations in the study area, although not in samples collected from the control station, station 5, a public water borehole that is located some distance away. Lead values were higher than drinking water standards in the samples collected from stations 1 through 4, with some exceptions during the rainy season. Copper, nickel, arsenic, chromium, and aluminum were detected in three out of the four sampling stations located within the study area. However, these metals were detected at levels that were within regulatory limits. The detection of three metals (iron, lead, and zinc) within the study area at levels exceeding drinking water limits suggested that a complete cycle of movement of pollutants into the sampling stations had occurred. Significant biological presences were also detected, as the Ikpoba River water had a standard plate count (SPC) of 130 most probable number (MPN) and a 22 MPN presumptive coliform count (PCC) or 22 MPN. However, Escherichia coli (E. coli) confirmatory tests recorded less than 2 MPN in both seasons. The study has shown that the quality of water in the river may be compromised by effluent discharges from the dumpsite and the carwash channel. Therefore, this situation requires more stringent enforcement of local environmental laws and maintenance of safe distances between domestic and industrial waste sources and domestic or private water wells.