PAC和PAM复合混凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

确定PAC和PAM复合混凝剂对垃圾渗滤液进行处理的最佳工艺条件.向垃圾渗滤液中投加混凝药剂,以COD和浊度作为考察指标,根据单因素和正交试验确定其最佳的工艺条件.试验研究表明,在室温条件下,pH=5.5,PAC的投加量为1 000 mg/L、PAM投加量为15mg/L、混凝反应1 min(快速搅拌结束后)投加PAM,对...     

太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝法深度处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

针对经生物处理后难以进一步生物降解的垃圾渗滤液,提出采用太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝法进行深度处理.比较了直接混凝法、太阳光下Fenton氧化法及其联合处理技术对垃圾渗滤液COD_(Cr)的处理效果.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液进行直接混凝处理的效果不理想.COD_(Cr)的去除率仅为17.8%;太阳光可有效地催化Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液COD_(Cr)的去除效果,但要其COD_(Cr)低于国家二级排放标准则需消耗H_2O_2的浓度大于600 mmol/L.导致其处理成本较高;而采用太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理技术.垃圾渗滤液低于国家二级排放标准只需投加H_2O_2的浓度为170 mmol/L,比单纯采用太阳光下Fenton 氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液可节约H_2O_2用量2.53倍以上.     

垃圾渗滤液特性分析及Fenton预处理研究

利用Fenton—混凝沉淀法预处理广西某垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液,对Fenton试剂以及混凝沉淀进行了单因素分析,分别研究了垃圾渗滤液在不同的n[Fe2+]/n[H2O2]、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、反应时间、PAC投加量等条件下的处理效果。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液经Fenton—混凝预处理,对COD、色度、SS处理效果好,对NH3—N去除效果不明显;渗滤液的可生化性有所提高,可进行后续生化处理。     

紫外氧化法降解废水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

采用UV/Fenton法氧化降解废水中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,原水质量浓度为40 mg/L,考察了H2O2加入量、硫酸亚铁加入量、pH值、氧化时间、反应温度对降解率的影响,通过单因素及优化实验确定了最佳工艺条件:H2O2量(30%)为10 mL,硫酸亚铁量为50 g/L,pH值为5,氧化时间为45 min,反应温度为25℃。对优化实验验证,降解后废水质量浓度为0.4 mg/L,去除率达到99%。     

铁炭微电解法深度处理制浆造纸废水的研究

采用铁炭微电解法对制浆造纸工业中生化处理后的废水进行深度处理研究,考察了废水的初始pH值、反应时间、铸铁屑、活性炭以及H2O2投加量对微电解反应效果的影响.得出的最佳反应条件为:溶液初始pH值为3.0、活性炭投加量8.0 g/L、铸铁屑40.0 g/L、H2O2 7.17 mmol/L以及反应时间60 min.适量H2O2的加入对铁炭微电解反应有明显的强化作用,可使CODcr的去除率增加13.71%.强化微电解反应后再采用8.0 g/L的Ca(OH)2混凝处理,总CODcr和色度去除率分别达到75%和95%.以强化的铁炭微电解与Ca(OH)2混凝联用深度处理后,水质可以达到国家造纸工业水污染物排放一级标准(GB 3544-2001).     

UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

在紫外光照下,利用H2O2和草酸铁络合物对垃圾渗滤液进行了处理,探讨了紫外光照时间、pH值、fenton试剂、草酸铵对垃圾渗滤液中CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明:UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法对垃圾渗滤液CODCr去除率有较好的效果,当操作条件是:pH取3,反应时间为1 h,H2O2投加量为1.4 mL,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比(摩尔比)为5∶1,草酸铵投加量为5.5 mL时,CODCr的去除率达到了78.8%.     

UV-Fenton氧化预处理聚醚废水研究

采用UV-Fenton氧化法对聚醚废水预处理,通过正交和单因素试验探讨了H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、p H值及光照时间各因素对废水COD去除率的影响,确定p H值为3、H2O2投加量40 m L/L、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)=9、光照时间90 min为最佳反应条件,COD去除率可达70%以上,经氧化预处理后废水的BOD/COD值由0.19提至0.37,可生化性较大提高,可满足后续生化处理的要求。     

电-Fenton法中H2O2生成量影响因素研究

研究电压、pH值、支持电解质、极板间距对电-Fenton法产生H2O2量的影响,确定本实验的最佳状态值.实验以调节电压、pH值、支持电解质、极板间距因素为主,并以草酸钛钾比色法来确定各因素在最佳状态下的产H2O2量.结果表明,在电压15 V、pH值为3 左右、支持电解质投加量为10 g/L、极板间距10 cm时产生H2O2的量最合适,产生H2O2的量能够满足电-Fenton法处理难降解有机物废水的要求.     

三氯异氰脲酸在深度处理中低浓度垃圾渗滤液中的应用

探讨以三氯异氰脲酸作氧化剂的化学氧化法深度处理中低浓度垃圾渗滤液的效果和实际应用的可行性。实验结果表明,该法设备简单、处理效率高、效果好;最佳处理工艺条件是:三氯异氰脲酸投加量10.0 g/L、反应时间30 min、反应温度20℃、初始pH=7.0、搅拌速率100 r/min。此时,NH_3-N和COD的去除率为95.87%和86.41%,剩余NH_3-N和COD含量分别为21.1 mg/L和55.2 mg/L,均达到国家规定的垃圾渗滤液排放标准。氧化反应完成后,采用曝气法脱除渗滤液中的余氯,成本低,实际应用可行。三氯异氰脲酸的工程应用成本约为66.5元/t。     

Fenton试剂氧化-活性白土吸附联合处理垃圾渗滤液

垃圾渗滤液是一种高浓度有机废水,为了降低其有机质含量,通过Fenton试剂-活性白土联合吸附法,研究了在不同反应条件下垃圾渗滤液中TOC和NH+4-N的去除率。结果为:在pH=4.5,H2O2投加量为260 mmol/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为13,反应50 min,沉淀90 min时,Fenton氧化效率最高;在pH=3.5,吸附剂投加量为140 g/L,吸附时间为50 min,出水渗滤液的TOC值最小,去除率为82.85%。通过GC-MS分析发现,富含烷烃类有机物或者苯酚类有机物的废水,最好采取物理吸附,而不是化学吸附。经过氧化-吸附过程处理垃圾渗滤液,出水水质达到排放标准。     

工艺安全管理系统中的工艺危害分析方法比较

简要介绍了工艺安全管理系统,其中工艺危害分析是工艺安全管理系统中的核心要素。对通常采用的故障假设/检查表、故障类型及影响分析、事故树分析、危险与可操作性研究、保护层分析五种分析方法进行了比较,得出了它们的优点、缺点、适用范围及应用时机。故障假设/检查表分析法比较容易使用,适用于工艺的初次评估;故障类型及影响分析、事故树分析适用于高危险性工艺中的工段、组件或单元操作的分析;危险与可操作性研究可以非常系统、全面的对工艺进行分析,是最有效的工艺危害分析方法。保护层分析方法是一种半定量的风险评价方法,它通过分析系统中各个防护层的失效概率来评估潜在事故的危险性,并与可接受标准进行比较,从而实现对防护系统防护性能的判断。通过对分析方法的比较可以指导化工企业选用合适的分析方法来进行工艺危害分析。     

Joint analysis of process and operator performance in chemical process operational safety

Independent studies of case histories by the Health and Safety Commission in the UK and by a Honeywell led industrial consortium world-wide showed that human errors represent the major cause of failure in process plant operation. In contrast to this discovery the majority of previous studies on computer aided systems for fault detection and diagnosis has focused on the process side. This paper presents a methodology, which can involve human factors into the development of systems for automatic identification and diagnosis of abnormal operations and develops methods and techniques that can be used to simultaneously capture, characterise and assess the performance of operators as well as of the process. A joint process–operator simulation platform is developed which is used as a test-bed for carrying out the study. The process part is a simulator, which simulates in high fidelity the dynamic behaviour of the process that is subject to the influence of various disturbances and operators’ interventions. The operator module is developed as a real-time expert system, which emulates operator’s behaviour in interpretation of received signals, and planning and execution of decisions. The interaction between the two modules is managed through an interaction module, which handles the real-time exchange of data using Dynamic Data Exchange. The interaction module also contains the toolkits for analysing the dynamic behaviour of the joint process–operator system. The method and system are illustrated using a simulated case study.     

设计初期化工过程本质安全化设计策略

该文提出了一种在设计初期进行化工过程本质安全化设计的策略。首先进行危险物质与危险能量两类共计11种危险类型的危险辨识。针对辨识出的危险类型,通过与相应的临界条件比较进行快速的危险评价,对于不可接受的危险必须采取本质安全化措施,可接受的危险可有选择性地进行本质安全化设计。在设计初期可以使用的本质安全化原则主要是消除、最小化、替代和缓和,针对11种危险类型可以应用不同的本质安全化设计模型,以使实际进行本质安全化设计时更加简单与快捷。该文把提出的本质安全化设计策略应用到一个甲苯硝化制硝基甲苯的工艺,形成了多种本质安全化措施,可以用来在设计初期消除或减少危险。     

Enhancing regional process safety management

As industrial operations expand, major incidents continue to affect people, damage facilities, and impact the environment. In the last 20 years, about 50% of these incidents occurred in facilities that had implemented some form of Process Safety Management (PSM) and 50% came about in smaller facilities that did not include such planning (Demichela et al., 2004). The objective of this article is to use PSM principles to create practical recommendations at the regional level, to complement those previously developed for singular facilities. This article compares Strathcona County Emergency Service (SCES) in Alberta with Technical Standards & Safety Authority (TSSA) in Ontario, with respect to safety, facility licensing, permit requirements, risk assessment procedures and land use planning aspects to determine PSM enhancements for SCES. Furthermore, for a better overview, two supplemental provincial organisations in Alberta, namely Alberta Boiler Safety Association (ABSA) and Safety Codes Council (SCC), were also considered. We proposed that SCES could develop more detailed facility-specific licensing procedures, auditing, and inspection. SCES could also provide details of accredited organisations that carry out inspections and audits on their behalf. When reviewing the quantitative risk assessment processes for SCES and TSSA, we recommend that SCES should update their probability data sources used in their cumulative risk assessment study. Based on the authors’ experience and gathered data, the use of additional facility practices such as safety management system, internal audits, and checklists can enhance incident prevention.     

The history of process safety

It is my pleasure to present these thoughts on the history of process safety and my involvement in the development of that history.     

A comparative analysis of process safety management (PSM) systems in the process industry

The root cause of most accidents in the process industry has been attributed to process safety issues ranging from poor safety culture, lack of communication, asset integrity issues, lack of management leadership and human factors. These accidents could have been prevented with adequate implementation of a robust process safety management (PSM) system. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a comparative framework which could aid in selecting an appropriate and suitable PSM system for specific industry sectors within the process industry. A total of 21 PSM systems are selected for this study and their theoretical frameworks, industry of application and deficiencies are explored. Next, a comparative framework is developed using eleven key factors that are applicable to the process industry such as framework and room for continuous improvement, design specification, industry adaptability and applicability, human factors, scope of application, usability in complex systems, safety culture, primary or secondary mode of application, regulatory enforcement, competency level, as well as inductive or deductive approach. After conducting the comparative analysis using these factors, the Integrated Process Safety Management System (IPSMS) model seems to be the most robust PSM system as it addressed almost every key area regarding process safety. However, inferences drawn from study findings suggest that there is still no one-size-fits-all PSM system for all sectors of the process industry.     

新型单级自养脱氮与反硝化除磷耦合工艺

反硝化除磷菌(Denitrifying Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms,DPAOs)在缺氧段需要硝氮(NO-3-N)作为电子受体进行吸磷,而氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)和厌氧氨氧化细菌(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)恰好能够产生NO-3-N,基于此原理,将反硝化除磷菌与氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌进行联合培养,建立单级自养脱氮与反硝化除磷耦合工艺。该耦合工艺通过3个阶段的培养,在低碳氮磷比的条件下实现COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)、氨氮及磷酸盐的同步高效去除(90%)。同时探讨了反硝化除磷细菌在不同碳源的条件下,各个化学指标(如挥发性脂肪酸、聚羟基脂肪酸等)的变化趋势及微生物群落多样性的变化情况。     

Quantitative risk assessment integrated with dynamic process simulation for reactor section in heavy oil desulfurization process

A new methodology for quantitative risk assessment (QRA) integrated with dynamic simulation and accident simulation is proposed. The objective of this study is to discover inherent risks that are undetectable by conventional risk analysis methods based on steady-state conditions. The target process is the reactor section in the heavy oil desulfurization (HOD) process, which is likely to pose vast potential risks due to the high operating conditions of pressure and temperature. First, a dynamic simulation of a shut-down procedure was performed to observe the behavior of process variables using Aspen HYSYS V10, which is a commercially available process software. Based on the results of the dynamic simulation, several blind spots indicating a higher operating pressure than that in the steady-state simulation were identified. To assess the risks of the detected blind spots, a QRA was performed using the commercial software of SAFETI V8.22, which performs risk calculation based on consequence and frequency data. As a result of applying the proposed method to the HOD process, the risk assessment outcome was identified as intolerably risky unlike that of steady-state conditions, thereby indicating that dynamic simulations can serve as a method to spot inherent risks that are undetectable in steady-state conditions. In addition, mitigation procedures that reduce the risk of the process to a tolerable level are performed, thereby enabling a safer and more reliable process.     

Rail ruminations for process safety improvement

Process safety practices have undergone multiple refinements over the past few decades, but major accidents continue to occur. Most organizations strive to improve performance by strengthening existing methods or by adopting new and/or different approaches. Central to these continual improvement efforts is the practice of applying lessons learned as a means to drive out potential risk exposures. Often, lessons learned may be transferred from other industries; indeed, high-performing organizations regularly benchmark practices outside of their immediate industry.In pursuit of continual process safety improvement, this paper examines risk management practices in the Rail Industry, and explores how methods intended for managing passenger and public rail safety may be transferred to drive continual improvement of process safety. Rail safety has its roots in engineered safety solutions; modern practices have additionally embraced the human aspects of safety performance. A selection of approaches for rail safety assessment and risk management are described in three areas considered fundamental to safety management: management of systems, management of technology, and management of human elements. In light of these examples, the authors provide views regarding how the field of process safety management may leverage the rail experience.     

Developing a process equipment failure knowledge base using ontology approach for process equipment related incident investigations

Process equipment failures (PEFs) are one of the most important causes of process incidents occurrences. To investigate and prevent the PEFs, in addition to having the previous data, it is necessary to have some resources of the PEFs domain knowledge. Nowadays, PEFs data are usually retrieved from existent databases. Customary databases present only previously stored data of equipment failures but, for carrying out a comprehensive PEFs management it is necessary to have access to the PEFs desired knowledge and not only stored data. This paper aims to offer a knowledge base for the PEFs through adopting an ontological approach and then to use the proposed knowledge base for further applications particularly, process incident investigation activities. Through adding semantic search capability, the proposed knowledge base could upgrade the data presenting feature of the common databases into a knowledge presenting feature. Using this approach, the user would be able to extract the desired knowledge of the PEFs along the virtual stored data of occurred cases. The knowledge extraction process and the data mining of occurred incidents are both necessary for the PEFs investigation.