共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 68 毫秒
1.
Johannes Stökl Robert Twele Dirk H. Erdmann Wittko Francke Manfred Ayasse 《Chemoecology》2007,17(4):231-233
Summary.
Ophrys flowers mimic the female produced sex pheromone of their pollinator species to attract males for pollination. The males try
to copulate with the putative female and thereby pollinate the flower. Using electrophysiological and chemical analyses, floral
volatiles released by O. iricolor as well as the female sex pheromone of its pollinator species, Andrena morio are investigated. Overall, 38 peaks comprising 41 chemical compounds, were found to release reactions in the antennae of
male A. morio bees. Analyses using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of alkanes and alkenes with 20 to
29 carbon atoms, aldehydes (C9 to C24) and two esters. Almost all of those compounds were found in similar proportions in
both, the floral extracts of O. iricolor and cuticle surface extracts of A. morio females. The pattern of biologically active volatiles described here is very similar to that used by other Ophrys species pollinated by Andrena males. 相似文献
2.
An unusual pollination strategy is pollination by sexual deception in which orchids sexually attract male insects as pollinators. One gap in knowledge concerns the pattern and extent of pollinator movement among these sexually deceptive flowers and how this translates to pollen and gene flow. Our aim was to use mark and recapture techniques to investigate the behavior and movement of male Colletes cunicularius, an important bee pollinator of Ophrys. Our study site was located in northern Switzerland where a large population of the bees was nesting. Within two plots, (10×40 m), we marked bees with different colors and numbered tags. Seventeen percent of the 577 marked bees were recaptured over a period of 1 to a maximum of 11 days. However, the number of recaptures dropped dramatically after 3–5 days, suggesting an average lifetime of less than 10 days. Mark-recapture distances varied from 0 to 50 m, with a mean of 5 m. Our findings show that individual male bees patrol a specific and restricted region of the nesting area in search of mates. This mark-recapture study provides the first clues about the potential movement of pollen within populations of Ophrys orchids. We predict that orchid-pollen movements mediated by bees will be similar to the mark-recapture distances in this study. Parallel studies within orchid populations, including direct studies of pollen movement, are now required to better understand how pollinator mate-searching behavior translates to pollination success and pollen movement within sexually deceptive orchid populations.Communicated by R.F.A. Moritz 相似文献
3.
We studied mate attraction by females of the praying mantid, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis, testing honest signaling of mate availability versus deceptive signaling to attract males for sexual cannibalism. We experimentally
varied female diet and mating history and measured the rate of attraction of a wild population of males to caged females.
Honest signaling theory predicts that virgin females will attract males at the greatest rate whereas deceptive signaling predicts
that hungry females (which are more likely to cannibalize males) will attract more males, particularly among non-virgin females.
Our results show that hungry females did not attract more males than well-fed females. Indeed, the opposite was true: hungry
females attracted significantly fewer males. Moreover, hungry females were no more likely than well-fed females to attract
males subsequent to mating, and mated females attracted males at a lower rate than did virgin females. We also observed female
T. aridifolia sinensis and male Mantis religiosa arriving at the caged females and we discuss the significance of these observations. The results refute the hypothesis of
deceptive signaling and show that mate attraction signals of female T. aridifolia sinensis are honest indicators of female mate availability and a lower risk of sexual cannibalism. 相似文献
4.
Manfred Ayasse Wolf Engels Gunter Lübke Timo Taghizadeh Wittko Francke 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(2):95-106
The present paper reports on behavioral experiments and gas chromatographic analysis of chemical communication in the mating
biology of the primitively eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) malachurum. In a dual-choice experiment, a female made odorless was significantly less attractive than an untreated one. Attraction in
L. (Evylaeus) malachurum is therefore mediated by a female-produced sex pheromone. Further bioassays showed that unmated gynes are more attractive
to males than mated ones. Males are able to differentiate between the two groups of females as little as 3 h after mating.
Biotests with different samples obtained from attractive gynes showed surface extracts to be most attractive. Behavioral tests
with synthetic copies of the compounds identified as cuticular constituents of virgin gynes were highly attractive to males;
the volatile bouquets consisting of n-alkanes, n-alkenes and iso- pentenyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids were the most
attractive samples. Isopentenyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids were the key compounds in inducing male inspections as well
as stimulating pounces and copulatory attempts. Virgin and nesting gynes differed clearly in the relative and absolute amounts
of the volatiles on the cuticle. The total amount of volatiles was significantly higher in virgin gynes and decreased in breeding
queens. Hydrocarbons were the dominant group of compounds in both groups of females. The relative amounts of the wax-type
ester, hexadecyl oleate, iso- pentenyl esters, and a hitherto unidentified steroid were higher in attractive virgin gynes,
while the relative proportions of hydrocarbons and lactones dominated in nesting queens. The site of sex pheromone production
in attractive young L. (Evylaeus) malachurum gynes remains unknown. Head glands or Dufour's gland secretions may be involved. Another possible source of the `active principle'
found among the cuticular lipids could be glandular cells of the epidermis. The significance of modulation of female sex pheromone
composition is discussed in terms of a reduction in mating expenditures.
Received: 30 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 24 July 1998 相似文献
5.
In bumblebees all species of the subgenus Psithyrus are social parasites in the nests of their Bombus hosts. In the bumblebee B. terrestris we investigated how colony size influences survival rates of nest entering females of the social parasite Psithyrus vestalis. Furthermore, we studied whether the host worker’s dominance status and age are reflected in its individual scent and whether
Psithyrus females use volatiles to selectively kill host workers. The survival rate of Psithyrus vestalis females drops from 100%, when entering colonies with five workers, to 0% for colonies containing 50 host workers. Older host
workers, born before the nest invasion, were selectively killed when Psithyrus females entered the nest. In contrast, all workers born after the nest invasion survived. The host workers’ dominance status
and age are reflected by their individual odours: newly emerged workers produced a significantly lower total amount of secretions
than 4-day-old workers. In chemical analyses of female groups we identified saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aldehydes,
and unsaturated wax-type esters of fatty acids. In a discriminant function analysis different worker groups were mainly separated
by their bouquets of hydrocarbons. Killed workers release significantly more scent and of a different chemical composition,
than survivors. Survivors alter scent production and increase it beyond the level of the killed workers within 1 day of the
invasion. The Psithyrus female clearly maintains reproductive dominance utilizing these differences in the odour bouquets as criteria for killing
workers that compete for reproduction. 相似文献
6.
Post-mating odor in females of the solitary bee, Andrena nigroaenea (Apoidea, Andrenidae), inhibits male mating behavior 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We investigated odor changes and their behavioral significance in the solitary, ground-nesting bee Andrena nigroaenea. We used gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection and performed behavioral tests with males in the field using
natural odor samples and synthetic compounds. We found that only cuticle extracts of young females elicited copulation attempts
in the males. We demonstrated that among the 17 compounds which triggered electroantennographic responses, all-trans-farnesyl hexanoate and all-trans-farnesol were significantly more abundant in unattractive cuticle extracts of A. nigroaenea females. Dufour’s gland extracts of these females also contained greater amounts of both compounds. In bioassays using synthetic
farnesyl hexanoate and farnesol we found that these compounds inhibit copulation behavior in the males. Farnesyl hexanoate
is probably synthesized in Dufour’s gland and used by females for lining brood cells. We interpret the semiochemical function
of farnesyl hexanoate and its precursor farnesol to have evolved secondarily. As an outcome of sexual selection, it facilitates
the discrimination by males of receptive females from nesting and thus already mated individuals. The dual function of these
compounds represents an elegant parsimony in the chemical communication system of this insect.
Received: 19 January 2000 / Revised: 29 May 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000 相似文献
7.
Marco Tasin Anna-Carin Bäckman Marie Bengtsson Nélia Varela Claudio Ioriatti Peter Witzgall 《Chemoecology》2006,16(2):87-92
Summary. Host plant volatiles which attract insect herbivores for egg-laying are of principal interest with respect to insect ecology
and evolution. Direct applications concern population monitoring and control through behavioural manipulation. Identification
of behaviourally active plant secondary metabolites is essential also for plant breeding for insect resistance. Grapevine
moth females Lobesia botrana are attracted by upwind flight to green grape berries Vitis vinifera. The headspace of grape berries was collected on air filters. A solvent extract of these filters, released from a sprayer,
attracted females in the wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that volatile cues mediate attraction of grapevine moth females
to grape berries, and that headspace collections capture the essence of this odour signal. The air filter extracts were examined
by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection, and the compounds eliciting a consistent antennal response
in L. botrana females were identified by mass spectrometry. The headspace collection apparatus was calibrated for collection efficiency
of the active compounds. Their recovery rate ranged from 35 % for methyl salicylate to 83 % for (E,E)-α-farnesene. A synthetic ten-component blend was then formulated. The blend consisted of compounds eliciting an antennal
response, formulated in a blend ratio corrected for differences in collection efficiency. Subsequent wind tunnel tests showed
that female attraction to this synthetic ten-component blend was not significantly different from attraction to grape berries,
or to headspace collections of the same berries. At a release rate of 35 ng/h of the most abundant compound (E)-β-caryophyllene,
20 % of the test females approached the source of sprayed headspace collections and the ten-component synthetic blend, respectively.
In comparison, 100 g of green berries, releasing the main compound (E)-β-caryophyllene at a rate of ca. 4.7 ng/h, attracted
10 % of the females by upwind flight followed by source contact. 相似文献
8.
Gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionisation and electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and gas chromatography
with mass spectrometry analysis (GC–MS) of abdominal extracts of adult male Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kuster (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) revealed the presence of electrophysiologically and behaviourally active compounds to its
conspecific males and females. Isopropyl dodecanoate (3), isopropyl (Z)-9-tetradecenoate (5), isopropyl tetradecanoate (6), isopropyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate (7) and isopropyl hexadecanoate (8) were detected in male abdominal extracts only. Analysis of collected
male headspace volatiles revealed the presence of six EAD-active compounds (3), (5), (6) and isopropyl tridecanoate (4) plus
two unidentified compounds (1) and (9). Synthetic compounds (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) showed EAD activity with antennae of
both sexes in contrast to synthetic (8) which showed EAD activity with female antennae only. Male and female antennae of D.
haemorrhoidalis reacted with high receptor potentials to isopropyl (Z)-9-dodecenoate (2), although this compound itself was detected in neither male nor female abdominal extracts or headspace
volatiles. Petri dish bioassays indicated that male abdominal extracts and compounds (2), (3), (5) and (6) aroused and attracted
conspecific male and female beetles significantly (P < 0.05) compared to female extracts. These results suggested the presence of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in D. haemorrhoidalis. Field assays with any of the described compounds, however, did not result in attraction of this beetle in significant numbers. 相似文献
9.
Till Tolasch 《Chemoecology》2008,18(3):177-180
Summary.
Ectinus aterrimus (L.) is a fairly common European click beetle species which develops mainly in forests. In pheromone gland extracts of female
E. aterrimus, examined using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS), one single compound was present. This was identified as 7-methyloctyl
9-methyldecanoate by comparison with a synthetic sample. Field trapping trials revealed a highly significant attraction of
male E. aterrimus towards this ester. The structure of the compound differs remarkably from the pheromones of the closely related Agriotes spp., which exclusively use terpene esters. 相似文献
10.
Summary. Male locust borers, Megacyllene robiniae
(Förster), responded to females only after contacting them
with their antennae, indicating that mate recognition was
mediated by a contact sex pheromone. GC-MS analyses of
whole-body extracts of males and females determined that the
profiles of compounds in the extracts were qualitatively similar,
but differed considerably in the ratios of compounds
between sexes. Biological activities of reconstructed blends
of the most abundant straight-chain (nC23, nC24, nC25, nC26),
methyl-branched (3me-C23, 3me-C25), and unsaturated
(Z9:C23, Z9:C25, Z9:C27 compounds in extracts from females
were assessed in arena bioassays, assessing four distinct steps
in the mating behavior sequence of males (orientation, arrestment,
body alignment, mounting and attempting to couple the
genitalia). Males were unresponsive to freeze-killed, solventwashed
females treated with blends of straight-chain and
methyl-branched alkanes, but responded strongly to females
treated with the blend of alkenes. Further trials determined
that the complete sequence of mating behaviors, up to and
including coupling the genitalia, was elicited by Z9:C25 alone.
Z9:C25 comprised 16.4 ± 1.3% of the total hydrocarbons in
whole-body hexane extracts of females and was co-dominant
with two other hydrocarbons that were not active. In contrast,
in solid phase microextraction (SPME) wipe samples from
several areas of the cuticle, Z9:C25 appeared as the single
dominant peak, comprising 34.6 – 37.8% of the sampled
hydrocarbons. Our data indicate that Z9:C25 is a contact sex
pheromone of M. robiniae, being the most abundant hydrocarbon
on the surface of the cuticular wax layer of females
where it is readily accessible to the antennae of males. 相似文献
11.
Population differentiation in female sex pheromone and male preferences in a solitary bee 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nicolas J. Vereecken Jim Mant Florian P. Schiestl 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(5):811-821
Population differentiation in female mating signals and associated male preferences can drive reproductive isolation among
segregated populations. We tested this assumption by investigating intraspecific variation in female sex pheromone and associated
male odour preferences among distant populations in the solitary bee Colletes cunicularius (L.) by using quantitative gas chromatography and by performing field bioassays with synthetic blends of key sex pheromone
compounds. We found significant differences in sex pheromone blends among the bee populations, and the divergence in odour
blends correlated positively with geographic distance, suggesting that genetic divergence among distant populations can affect
sex pheromone chemistry. Our behavioural experiments, however, demonstrate that synthetic copies of allopatric female sex
pheromones were cross-attractive to patrolling males from distant populations, making reproductive isolation by non-recognition
of mating signals among populations unlikely. Our data also show that patrolling male bees from different populations preferred
odour types from allopatric populations at the two sites of bioassays. These male preferences are not expected to select for
changes in the female sex pheromone, but may influence the evolution of floral odour in sexually deceptive orchids of the
genus Ophrys that are pollinated by C. cunicularius males. 相似文献
12.
Summary. Varroa reproduction is closely synchronized to the development of its host. In this study we present a
new bioassay for field and laboratory tests to evaluate host
factors triggering Varroa oogenesis. Female mites deprived of feeding activated oogenesis when perceiving larval
volatiles. In laboratory assays the living L5-larva and pentane
extracts of the larval cuticle had a clear activating
effect. Wax and larval food did not elicit Varroa oogenesis. The activating components apparently are in the polar fraction
of the cuticular volatiles. The consequences of this
regulative mechanism for the host parasite relationship and
prospects for further research are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Cesar Rodriguez-Saona Therese M. Poland James R. Miller Lukasz L. Stelinski Gary G. Grant Peter de Groot Linda Buchan Linda MacDonald 《Chemoecology》2006,16(2):75-86
Summary. We investigated the volatile emissions of Manchurian ash seedlings, Fraxinus mandshurica, in response to feeding by the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, and to exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Feeding damage by adult A. planipennis and MeJA treatment increased volatile emissions compared to unexposed controls. Although the same compounds were emitted
from plants damaged by beetles and treated with MeJA, quantitative differences were found in the amounts of emissions for
individual compounds. Adult virgin female A. planipennis were similarly attracted to volatiles from plants damaged by beetles and those treated with MeJA in olfactometer bioassays;
males did not respond significantly to the same volatiles. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD)
revealed at least 16 antennally-active compounds from F. mandshurica, including: hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 3-methyl-butylaldoxime, 2-methyl-butylaldoxime, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, hexyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, and E,E-α-farnesene. Electroantennogram (EAG) dose–response curves using synthetic compounds revealed that females had a stronger
EAG response to linalool than males; and male responses were greater to: hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 3-methyl-butylaldoxime, 2-methyl-butylaldoxime, and hexyl acetate. These results suggest that females may
use induced volatiles in long-range host finding, while their role for males is unclear. If attraction of females to these
volatiles in an olfactometer is upheld by field experiments, host plant volatiles may find practical application in detection
and monitoring of A. planipennis populations. 相似文献
14.
X. Fu J. Tabata T. Takanashi S. Ohno S. Tatsuki Y. Ishikawa Y. Huang H. Honda 《Chemoecology》2004,14(3-4):175-180
Summary. The sex pheromone of Ostrinia orientalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was analyzed by gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD), GC–mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays. Three EAD-active
compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone
gland extract, and identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc),
(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc). The titers (ratio) of 14:OAc, Z11-14:OAc and
E11-14:OAc in 3-day-old virgin
females were 0.49 ng (10), 4.86 ng (98) and 0.10 ng (2),
respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the 98:2 blend of
Z11- and E11-14:OAc, but not Z11-14:OAc alone, elicited
the same male behavioral responses as virgin females and
crude gland extracts. 14:OAc was inactive by itself, and did
not show any synergistic effect on the binary blend.
Field trapping experiments also confirmed the attractiveness
of the binary blend to O. orientalis
males. Based on
these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of
O. orientalis
is a 98:2 mixture of Z11-14:OAc and
E11-14:OAc. This sex pheromone is very similar to that of the Z-type European corn borer,
O. nubilalis. The present
finding raises the question of whether O. orientalis
, which is indistinguishable from O. nubilalis
based on external morphology,
is a biologically distinct species independent from
O. nubilalis. 相似文献
15.
Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C11–C19), methyl esters (C14–C18), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C6–C12), and monoterpene alcohols (C10). 相似文献
16.
Angelo Canale Salvatore Giacinto Germinara Adriano Carpita Giovanni Benelli Gabriella Bonsignori Cesare Stefanini Alfio Raspi Giuseppe Rotundo 《Chemoecology》2013,23(3):155-164
In the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, females attract males by producing 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (olean), the main component of the sex pheromone secreted by rectal glands. It has been recently demonstrated that males are able to produce (Z)-9-tricosene (muscalure) in rectal glands, a compound that selectively attracts females. In this study, a male grooming reaction that may transfer the male-borne compounds from rectal to urotergal glands was observed, suggesting that urotergal glands could be involved in B. oleae sexual communication. GC/MS, EAG, GC/EAD analyses and behavioural assays were carried out to compare the role of male rectal and urotergal glands during courtship. In both male glands, olean and muscalure amounts were age dependent. Extracts of rectal glands contained higher amounts of olean and/or muscalure than urotergal ones. Extracts of rectal and urotergal glands of males and females elicited EAG responses in both sexes. GC/EAD showed that female EAG response to male rectal extracts was mainly due to olean and muscalure. Synthetic compounds evoked EAG dose-dependent responses in both sexes, and the EAG response to muscalure was higher as compared to olean. Rectal and urotergal glands from old males were able to attract females, while urotergal glands from young males attracted only males. Overall, our results add knowledge to the mating system of B. oleae, giving first evidences on the electrophysiological activity of muscalure towards both sexes, as well as on the involvement of male urotergal glands in the chemical sexual communication of this pest. 相似文献
17.
Kai Lindström Colette M. St. Mary Christophe Pampoulie 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(1):46-51
Male parental care is typically thought to come at a cost to mate attraction and future mating success. However, it has also
been hypothesized that paternal care may be under sexual, as well as natural, selection, such that good fathers actually attract
more mates. Here we show experimentally that in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, females prefer to mate with males that provide higher levels of parental care. We manipulated male behavior using (1) different
nest sizes and (2) an application of low-O2 water in the nests, and found that females consistently preferred males with elevated levels of care in dichotomous mate
choice tests. This complements our earlier study in which we showed that males increase the amount and quality of care they
provide in the presence of females. Our results demonstrate that male care may have evolved as a result of sexual selection
rather than natural selection alone, and furthermore, that male care may not necessarily be in conflict with mate attraction. 相似文献
18.
Summary. Africanized honey bees (AHBs) of Brazil and Mexico have proven to be tolerant to Varroa destructor mites. In contrast, European honey bees (EHBs: Apis mellifera carnica) at the same tropical study site are highly intolerant to these ectoparasites. A lower attractiveness of Varroa-tolerant AHB larvae has been hypothesised to be an important trait in reducing the susceptibitlity of AHBs to these mites.
Thus, selection for EHB brood that is less attractive to mites is thought to be one possibility for limiting mite population
growth and thus increase the tolerance of EHBs to the mite.?In Ribeir?o Preto, Brazil, European A. m. carnica bees and AHBs were tested with respect to their rate of brood infestation and brood attractiveness to Varroa mites. For the comparison of brood infestation rates, we introduced combs with pieces of EHB and AHB brood into honey bee
colonies (18 repetitions). The relative infestation rate of EHB brood was significantly higher compared to AHB brood.?The
preference behaviour of single Varroa mites was tested in a laboratory bioassay where either living host stages were offered or host extracts were presented on
dummies. By these tests we could confirm the preference of Varroa females for certain developmental host stages and for their corresponding extracts. In contrast to the within-colony results,
Varroa mites in the laboratory bioassay showed a slight preference for AHB compared to EHB larvae.?The gas chromatographic analysis
revealed differences in the chemical spectrum of extracts obtained from different larvae. In accord with the results of the
bioassays, we could detect stage-specific odour differences in larval cuticular compounds, including methyl esters and hydrocarbons
that have been described as kairomones. None of these substances, however, revealed significant race-specific differences.
Therefore, the quantity and composition of certain cuticular compounds seem to be responsible only for the recognition of
a suitable host stage by Varroa females. The different infestation rates in the colonies, however, seem to be caused neither by race-specific differences
in attractiveness of bee larvae nor by an extended attractive period of EHB larvae: both AHB and EHB larvae become attractive
approximately 21 h before capping of the brood cell, and thus have the same window of time when they can be parasitised.?Therefore
differential Varroa-infestation rates are not related to larval attraction but probably are determined by other race-specific and colony-related
factors.
Received 11 June 2001; accepted 19 November 2001. 相似文献
19.
Summary. Previous studies indicated the presence of antennally-active compounds in extracts of eggs laid by female cabbage root flies,
Delia radicum, that stimulated oviposition by conspecific females. We confirmed that previously laid D. radicum eggs stimulated oviposition by other D. radicum females, in a dose-dependent manner. Methanol extracts of conspecific eggs stimulated oviposition by females D. radicum, whereas egg extracts of D. antiqua and Psila rosae had no effect. Electrophysiological recordings from the tarsal sensilla of D. radicum females indicated that neurones of the C5 sensillum responded to the egg extracts from both D. radicum and D. antiqua, but not P. rosae. Chemical analysis revealed that the extract of eggs from D. radicum contained the thia-triaza-fluorene compound, 1,2-dihydro-3-thia-4,10,10b-triaza-cyclopenta[.a.]fluorene-1-carboxylic acid
(CIF-1), an oviposition stimulant found previously only in cruciferous plants. Another potentially active component has yet
to be identified. 相似文献
20.
Sexual cohabitation as mate-guarding in the leaf-curling spider Phonognatha graeffei Keyserling (Araneoidea, Araneae) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
The leaf-curling spider Phonognatha graeffei incorporates a twisted leaf into the central hub of its orb-web that is used as a retreat. This species is unusual among orb-weaving
spiders because males cohabit in the leaf retreat with both immature and mature females, mating with the former shortly after
the female molts. Cohabitation appears to be a form of mate-guarding because cohabiting males respond agonistically to rival
males that venture onto the web, and their behaviour depends upon the reproductive status of the female; males defending immature
females are more aggressive than those defending virgin, adult females. Males copulate with previously mated females for significantly
longer than with virgin females. Females may cannibalise cohabiting males, which occurs independently of whether the female
has been deprived of food. Females that cannibalise a single male do not have a higher fecundity than non-cannibalistic females.
Received: 2 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1996 相似文献