高层住宅建筑火灾应急疏散模拟与策略研究

为探索高层住宅建筑火灾疏散安全性及提升其疏散效率的策略,将某一栋26层装配式住宅为研究对象,采用Revit建立其物理实体模型,结合火灾模拟软件(Pyrosim)和疏散仿真软件(Pathfinder)对高层住宅建筑火灾疏散进行数值模拟,研究不同工况下火灾烟气蔓延特性对安全疏散的影响,并探讨电梯协同楼梯疏散策略的可行性与科学性。结果表明：考虑火灾烟气蔓延影响下,晚上高层住宅内人员将在8 min完成疏散,超过了安全疏散允许时间6 min;电梯协同楼梯疏散时,电梯的最佳停靠层为23层,使用电梯人员比例最佳为80%,疏散总时间约为6 min,相较于仅使用楼梯疏散时,疏散效率提升了约15%,表明电梯协同疏散效果提升显著,可为高层住宅应急疏散提供理论参考。     

高层建筑火灾安全疏散二级灰关联评估

高层建筑内人员集中,垂直疏散距离长,烟气垂直方向扩散快,火灾情况比一般建筑内的复杂,因此需要对其火灾时的安全疏散进行评估.通过比较几种安全评估模型,根据高层建筑火灾的特点,用灰关联评估方法建立了高层建筑火灾安全疏散二级灰关联评估模型,对评估模型标准参考矩阵进行了分析并提出了因素权重的选取方法.该模型通过比较样本矩阵和标准参考矩阵的关联度,划分安全等级,并在评估对象中找出影响安全疏散的关键因素,指出薄弱环节,量化改进方案,然后在改进的基础上评估样本的安全疏散等级,再找出改进措施,直到目标系统样本的安全疏散评估等级达到安全等级.通过实例,验证了该模型的可行性.     

高层建筑火灾最佳疏散路线的确定

高层建筑发生火灾后，在现场情况比较复杂的情况下，尽快地选择一条既安全、疏散时间又短的疏散路线，是室内人员快速、安全撤离火场的重要保障。在应用高层建筑火灾全风网网络模拟软件HRBFS模拟火灾时建筑物内烟流体积分数的基础上，结合当时人员的分布情况，提出了最佳疏散路线的算法。     

垂直升船机初期火灾疏散路径人群流量分配研究∗

为合理分配垂直各疏散路径的人群流量,通过分析垂直升船机的结构特征,确定升船机综合使用电梯与楼梯进行垂直疏散的可行路径,分别计算从电梯向最近出口疏散、经楼梯向上游平台疏散、经楼梯向下游平台疏散等三条路径上的疏散时间,取三者较大值作为升船机垂直疏散时间,并以此时间最小化为目标函数,运用粒子群算法,仿真求解使用楼梯比例及向上游平台疏散比例等流量分配系数。结果表明:停靠高程∈[62,128]m时,楼梯使用比例可适当增大,使用楼梯向上游疏散比例为0;停靠高程∈[128,147]m时,楼梯使用比例可进一步增大;停靠高程∈[147,175]m时,楼梯使用比例可适当减小,使用楼梯向上游疏散比例为1,经流量分配后疏散时间被有效缩短。     

地铁内楼梯口处全尺寸火灾实验与数值模拟

建立了地铁实体模型，开展了地铁火灾实验研究，测量了站台与站厅之间的楼梯处的速度和温度等火灾参数。同时利用火灾动力学模拟程序软件对地铁站台火灾进行了数值模拟，研究了地铁站台和站厅连接楼梯处温度和烟气速度的变化趋势，并与实验结果作了对比分析，验证了数值模拟结果的有效性。研究结果可为有效控制烟气在地铁中的蔓延和组织人员疏散提供技术支持。     

建筑火灾中人员安全疏散时间的预测

作者提出了计算建筑物火灾中人员安全疏散时间的一种工程方法，该方法基于火灾探测的理论和人员疏散的最新研究成果，分别计算出火灾探测系统的响应时间和整个疏散过程所需的时间。这种方法概念清晰，能在一定程度上模拟实际火灾中的人员疏散过程，并且简单易行，可用于实际的火灾安全工程设计和火灾安全咨询     

性能化火灾安全评估应用个案研究

性能化火灾安全评估屉当前火灾科学及其应用研究的热点之一。该方法利用火灾动力学、热化学、安全评估原理学等确定性工程方法，针对各类建筑的结构特点和实际状况，对建筑物的火灾危险进行定性的预测和评估。以某高层建筑的维修工程为例，评估了其维修期间的火灾安全水平。通过对其维修前（满足规范要求）和维修期间（不满足规范要求）两种情况下人员疏散过程的比较，并辅以烟气运动规律的预测，得出了该建筑在施工期间的安全水平。     

基于计算机仿真的火灾时人员安全疏散可靠度分析

火灾中的人员疏散是个复杂的过程,受到诸多因素的共同影响,传统的人员疏散可靠度分析常常忽略这些因素之间的相互作用。为更准确地计算出火灾中人员疏散的可靠度,本文以某地铁车站为例,借助人员疏散仿真软件buildingEXODUS与火灾模拟程序FDS,分别得到人员所需安全疏散时间(RSET)和可利用安全疏散时间(ASET)。在此基础上,构造人员安全疏散极限状态方程,利用一次二阶矩理论求得安全疏散可靠概率。由于能够较好地反映疏散过程中各影响因素之间的相互作用,因此,采用本文提出的可靠度分析方法能够得到更合理的结果。     

杭州过江隧道火灾时人员安全疏散研究

以杭州过江隧道为研究对象,分析了隧道火灾时人员安全疏散准则及影响因素,介绍了隧道内人员安全疏散研究的一种思路和方法。设定包含最不利情况的火灾场景,然后对各种火灾场景下的烟气蔓延及人员疏散进行模拟,得到了各种火灾场景下隧道内的可用安全疏散时间ASET曲线和必需安全疏散时间RSET曲线;比较分析这两条曲线,得到了疏散救援通道的设置参数,给隧道消防设计提供了依据。     

基于改进混合遗传算法的教学楼火灾逃离路径优选研究

为解决教学楼火灾疏散问题,更好地服务于校园火灾应急管理,研究基于改进混合遗传算法的教学楼火灾逃离路径优选。教学楼火灾发生时,确定影响火灾逃离路径优选的权值因子,如楼梯或消防通道长和宽、人流密度、逃离速度、烟雾扩散范围等,动态分析教学楼火灾发展情况,建立教学楼内部空间对象三维网络数据集,有效分析教学楼各楼层空间实体间的顺序、度量、拓扑空间关系,通过图像细化和图像特征点提取算法建立完整的教学楼三维路径模型。采用引入模拟退火拉伸方法的改进混合遗传算法,针对所建立三维路径模型,展开教学楼火灾逃离路径优选。模拟实验研究发现,该方法能从火灾条件、早期生长阶段和火灾发生三个阶段得到最佳的火灾逃生途径。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.