一株微囊藻毒素降解菌的分离与鉴定

以水华蓝藻细胞中提取的微囊藻毒素为筛选物质,从太湖水华腐烂蓝藻中富集筛选出1株微囊藻毒素降解菌。该菌株革兰氏染色呈阴性,细胞细长杆状,菌落黄色,圆形,不透明,接触酶、氧化酶实验均呈阳性。16S rRNA基因序列的长度为1 416 bp(GenBank登录号为FJ976656)。系统发育树显示,该菌株与微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidam-iniphila)的亲缘关系最近。通过菌株形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将此菌株鉴定为微嗜酸寡养单胞菌,不同于已报道的微囊藻毒素降解菌属种。微囊藻毒素降解实验表明,该菌株5 d内将15.4 mg/L的微囊藻毒素完全降解,降解能力高于假单胞菌。     

光反应器中UV/Fenton光降解湖水中微囊藻毒素的研究

在光催化反应器中,采用UV/Fenton光催化氧化技术,对湖水中微囊藻毒素的光催化降解过程中各影响因子分析表明:微囊藻毒素光催化氧化降解率受光照强度、氧化剂种类及浓度、溶液pH和不同光催化体系等多因素的影响.光促催化氧化体系对MC-LR藻毒素降解具有显著的作用,在紫外光与氧化剂的协同作用下,紫外光照强度越高,越易于促进MC-LR藻毒素快速降解,降解率可到达80%以上.     

水环境中微囊藻毒素检测技术研究进展

随着世界各国对微囊藻毒素的重视,中国也在相关水质标准里新增了微囊藻毒素这项指标.因此,水环境中微囊藻毒素的检测和控制变得非常重要,而检测更是控制的基础.比较详细地综述了目前国内外在微囊藻毒素检测方面的各种不同的研究方法和成果;并在总结这些研究的基础上,展望了微囊藻毒素检测的发展方向.     

微囊藻毒素生物毒性作用机制与调控策略的研究进展

近年来,有关水体富营养化导致微囊藻毒素污染以及对微囊藻毒素生物毒性的调控研究成为全球环境关注的热点。基于对微囊藻毒素结构特性、生成机制、迁移转化规律和污染现状的探讨,归纳总结了微囊藻毒素的典型生物毒性及其毒性作用机制。为有效防控微囊藻毒素环境风险,深入探讨了微囊藻毒素的源消减调控策略、针对微囊藻毒素迁移过程的调控策略及针对微囊藻毒素毒理过程的调控策略。最后,对微囊藻毒素生物毒性作用机制及调控策略的研究进行了展望,为微囊藻毒素污染防治提供理论与技术支持。     

火山石生物滤床对微囊藻毒素的去除

微囊藻水华爆发导致大量微囊藻毒素释放至地表水环境中,严重威胁着饮用水供水安全.通过不同条件火山石自然曝气生物滤床(活性挂膜、灭活挂膜、未挂膜和无填料滤床)对不同形态、构型(MC-LR、MC-RR)的微囊藻毒素的去除实验,探讨其去除效率、途径和机理.结果表明,火山石自然曝气生物滤床对微囊藻毒素的去除是微生物降解和基质吸附共同作用的结果.胞外毒素和胞内毒素的总去除率分别为58％和91％.其中,胞外毒素主要通过微生物降解作用途径去除,占胞外毒素总去除率的(41±4.2)％,胞内毒素则主要通过基质吸附途径去除,占胞内毒素总去除率的(64±5.1)％.生物膜吸附、光降解等其他途径无明显作用.另外,不同构型的微囊藻毒素在火山石自然曝气生物滤床中均能有效去除,MC-LR和MC-RR的去除率分别为68％和54％.     

碳源对铜绿微囊藻生理特性及微囊藻毒素产率的影响

为研究水体中不同碳源对铜绿微囊藻生理特性的影响,以Na2CO3与葡萄糖分别作为铜绿微囊藻生长的无机碳源与有机碳源,将铜绿微囊藻于光照下进行培养,并对其一系列的生理特性与微囊藻毒素产率进行检测。实验结果表明,同等碳浓度下,有机碳源更能促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,经过30 d的培养,铜绿微囊藻在有机碳源中的产量为187.55 g,比其在无机碳源中的产量提高了6.06%;微囊藻毒素在有机碳源中的产量为969.00μg/g,而在无机碳源中的产量却升高至1 193.60μg/g。参与藻毒素合成的3种氨基酸在无机碳源中的浓度要比有机碳源中的浓度高,但是其余几种氨基酸的含量与之情况相反。而有机碳源培养的铜绿微囊藻总可溶性蛋白含量为387.00μg/g,比无机碳源培养的铜绿微囊藻的蛋白含量提高了93.60%。     

微囊藻毒素-LR降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从上海市淀山湖表层水体中筛选分离出了1株降解微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的细菌并研究了其降解特性。根据细胞形态结构、生理生化特征及其16S rDNA基因序列分析,鉴定分离菌株DHU-28(GenBank序列登录号为HM047512)属嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。微囊藻毒素降解实验结果表明,该菌株能在以MC-LR为唯一碳源、氮源的无机盐培养基中生长,6 d内可将初始质量浓度为15 mg/L的MC-LR降解为8.12 mg/L,降解效率达到45.9%。菌株DHU-28的最适生长温度是30℃,最适生长pH为7.0。酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质可以明显促进菌株对MC-LR的降解效率,尤其是加入50 mg/L酵母粉后,6 d降解率达到63.2%。     

微囊藻毒素的产生及其影响因子

介绍了光照、温度、营养元素、pH值等环境因子对微囊藻的生长及其毒素生成的影响.一定强度的光照促进毒素的合成,微囊藻生长在较低的温度或营养元素受限制时,生长速率下降,但毒素产率较高.微囊藻毒素的含量在藻的指数生长后期与稳定期达最大值,毒素产率则在指数生长初期达最大.不同环境因子可能通过不同途径影响毒素的产生,需进一步研究藻毒素的功能及合成途径.     

浙江省蓝藻水华应急与预警监测

蓝藻水华污染可产生多种藻毒素,其中以微囊藻毒素的危害最为严重.通过对近年来国内外关于水体中微囊藻毒素检测技术的系统介绍以及优缺点分析,结合浙江省实情,提出了在浙江省开展蓝藻水华应急与预警监测的初步方案,以有效防范微囊藻毒素给水环境及人类健康带来的威胁.     

白腐菌S.commune降解微囊藻毒素-LR的研究

为研究真菌对微囊藻毒素的降解作用,以白腐菌S.commune为降解菌,微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)为降解目标进行生物降解,考察了白腐菌预培养方式及降解过程中的培养方式、充氧方式、温度、初始pH以及MC-LR初始浓度对降解效果的影响.结果表明,白腐菌可有效降解MC-LR,经液体预培养白腐菌对MC-LR的降解效果好于固体预培养,白腐菌静置培养过程中每天充入纯氧1min有助于MC-LR的降解,白腐菌降解MC-LR的最佳初始pH为4.5,适宜温度为30～35℃.白腐菌对MC-LR的降解能力随MC-LR初始浓度的增加而降低.在最佳条件下,当MC-LR初始质量浓度为1 mg/L时,其完全降解需要2d；当MC-LR初始质量浓度为15 mg/L时,其完全降解需要7d.高浓度MC-LR(30 mg/L以上)会对白腐菌生长产生抑制作用.MC-LR降解中间产物的具体结构尚不清楚,有待未来深入分析研究.     

Anaerobic degradation behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in sludge

Anaerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) was investigated. Results showed that terminal electron acceptors, organic matters, initial concentration, and temperature had great influence on the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs. Anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs could be enhanced by adding sulfate or nitrate while this process could be inhibited by adding organic matters. The maximum removal rate increased 1.24 microM d(-1) for each ten micromoles increase in initial concentration. The decrease in temperature caused a sharp decrease in the removal efficiency of NPEOs. The temperature coefficient (PHI) for the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs was 0.01 degrees C(-1). Nonylphenol (NP), the typical intermediate of NPEOs, could inhibit the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs only at high concentration. However, these environmental factors had no effect on the anaerobic biodegradation pathway of NPEOs. The accumulation of NP and short-chain NPEOs during NPEO biodegradation led to a significant increase in the estrogenic activity during the biodegradation period.     

Biodegradation potential of MTBE in a fractured chalk aquifer under aerobic conditions in long-term uncontaminated and contaminated aquifer microcosms

The potential for aerobic biodegradation of MTBE in a fractured chalk aquifer is assessed in microcosm experiments over 450 days, under in situ conditions for a groundwater temperature of 10 °C, MTBE concentration between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L and dissolved O₂ concentration between 2 and 10 mg/L. Following a lag period of up to 120 days, MTBE was biodegraded in uncontaminated aquifer microcosms at concentrations up to 1.2 mg/L, demonstrating that the aquifer has an intrinsic potential to biodegrade MTBE aerobically. The MTBE biodegradation rate increased three-fold from a mean of 6.6 ± 1.6 μg/L/day in uncontaminated aquifer microcosms for subsequent additions of MTBE, suggesting an increasing biodegradation capability, due to microbial cell growth and increased biomass after repeated exposure to MTBE. In contaminated aquifer microcosms which also contained TAME, MTBE biodegradation occurred after a shorter lag of 15 or 33 days and MTBE biodegradation rates were higher (max. 27.5 μg/L/day), probably resulting from an acclimated microbial population due to previous exposure to MTBE in situ. The initial MTBE concentration did not affect the lag period but the biodegradation rate increased with the initial MTBE concentration, indicating that there was no inhibition of MTBE biodegradation related to MTBE concentration up to 1.2 mg/L. No minimum substrate concentration for MTBE biodegradation was observed, indicating that in the presence of dissolved O₂ (and absence of inhibitory factors) MTBE biodegradation would occur in the aquifer at MTBE concentrations (ca. 0.1 mg/L) found at the front of the ether oxygenate plume. MTBE biodegradation occurred with concomitant O₂ consumption but no other electron acceptor utilisation, indicating biodegradation by aerobic processes only. However, O₂ consumption was less than the stoichiometric requirement for complete MTBE mineralization, suggesting that only partial biodegradation of MTBE to intermediate organic metabolites occurred. The availability of dissolved O₂ did not affect MTBE biodegradation significantly, with similar MTBE biodegradation behaviour and rates down to ca. 0.7 mg/L dissolved O₂ concentration. The results indicate that aerobic MTBE biodegradation could be significant in the plume fringe, during mixing of the contaminant plume and uncontaminated groundwater and that, relative to the plume migration, aerobic biodegradation is important for MTBE attenuation. Moreover, should the groundwater dissolved O₂ concentration fall to zero such that MTBE biodegradation was inhibited, an engineered approach to enhance in situ bioremediation could supply O₂ at relatively low levels (e.g. 2–3 mg/L) to effectively stimulate MTBE biodegradation, which has significant practical advantages. The study shows that aerobic MTBE biodegradation can occur at environmentally significant rates in this aquifer, and that long-term microcosm experiments (100s days) may be necessary to correctly interpret contaminant biodegradation potential in aquifers to support site management decisions.     

鼠李糖脂对不同菌株降解柴油污染物的影响

通过一系列实验分析了鼠李糖脂对柴油污染物生物降解的影响。单菌株柴油降解实验结果表明,在添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后,各菌株细胞表面疏水性均发生不同程度的增加,并且对柴油的降解率均有所提高。在混合菌的柴油污染物降解实验中,发现当向土壤中添加了200 mg/L鼠李糖脂时,对柴油的降解才有较大的提高;而当添加100 mg/L的鼠李糖脂到水体中时,对柴油的降解就有较大的提高,而当鼠李糖脂浓度提高为200 mg/L时,柴油的降解率却没有进一步明显的提高。这说明鼠李糖脂对柴油降解的影响程度不仅与环境介质有关,还与添加的鼠李糖脂浓度有关。进一步分析表明,添加适当浓度的鼠李糖脂不仅可以提高对柴油的降解率,而且可加速其降解速度,缩短生物修复所需时间。     

Spatial uncoupling of biodegradation, soil respiration, and PAH concentration in a creosote contaminated soil

Hotspots and coldspots of concentration and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) marginally overlapped at the 0.5-100 m scale in a creosote contaminated soil in southern Sweden, suggesting that concentration and biodegradation had little spatial co-variation. Biodegradation was substantial and its spatial variability considerable and highly irregular, but it had no spatial autocorrelation. The soil concentration of PAHs explained only 20-30% of the variance of their biodegradation. Soil respiration was spatially autocorrelated. The spatial uncoupling between biodegradation and soil respiration seemed to be governed by the aging of PAHs in the soil, since biodegradation of added ¹³C phenanthrene covaried with both soil respiration and microbial biomass. The latter two were also correlated with high concentrations of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) that are common in gram-negative bacteria. However, several of the hotspots of biodegradation coincided with hotspots for the distribution of a PLFA indicative of fungal biomass.     

Increase in biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate by Closterium lunula using inorganic carbon

The effect and mechanism of inorganic carbon (IC) on the biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by a green microalga Closterium lunula was investigated. The growth of this microalga and the biodegradation of DMP were significantly enhanced when the initial IC was increased. An intermediate product of DMP biodegradation was identified as phthalic acid (PA) that was accumulated and caused a sharp decrease in pH of microalgal culture medium, which inhibited both the growth of microalga and the biodegradation of DMP. A suggested second-order kinetic equation of organic pollutant biodegradation by microalgae (-dC/dt = kNr) fitted well with the experimental data. The increase of IC caused a decline in biodegradation rate constant for organic carbon (k) and an increase in growth (N) by supplying a favorite carbon source and mitigating the decrease of pH. As the net effect, the overall biodegradation rate of DMP was promoted as IC increased, which was dominated by the increase of microalgal growth.     

A kinetic distribution model of evaporation, biosorption and biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the suspension of Pseudomonas stutzeri

Kinetics of distribution of PCBs in an active bacterial suspension of Pseudomonas stutzeri was studied by monitoring the evaporated amounts and the concentration remaining in the liquid medium with the biomass. To determine the biodegradation rate constants of the individual congeners of the PCB formulation Delor 103, a model considering biosorption, evaporation, and primary biodegradation constructed previously was used. Rate constants of biodegradation imply that biodegradation of individual congeners is structure-dependent process. Biodegradability decreases with increasing number of chlorine substituents in the molecule, especially if they are in the ortho and para positions. On the other hand, the increasing number of free ortho and meta positions in the biphenyl molecule leads to better biodegradability. For a simple empirical determination of the influence of the chlorine substitution pattern on biodegradability, the di- and trichlorobiphenyl rate constants of biodegradation were analysed.     

Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: 1. mathematical analysis of controlling factors

Interest in coupled biodegradation and transport of organic contaminants has expanded greatly in the past several years. In a system in which biodegradation is coupled with solute transport, the magnitude and rate of biodegradation is influenced not only by properties of the microbial population and the substrate, but also by hydrodynamic properties (e.g., residence time, dispersivity). By nondimensionalizing the coupled-process equations for transport and nonlinear biodegradation, we show that transport behavior is controlled by three characteristic parameters: the effective maximum specific growth rate, the relative half-saturation constant, and the relative substrate-utilization coefficient. The impact on biodegradation and transport of these parameters, which constitute various combinations of factors reflecting the influences of biotic and hydraulic properties of the system, are examined numerically. A type-curve diagram based on the three characteristic parameters is constructed to illustrate the conditions under which steady and non-steady transport is observed, and the conditions for which the linear, first-order approximation is valid for representing biodegradation. The influence of constraints to microbial growth and substrate utilization on contaminant transport is also briefly discussed. Additionally, the impact of biodegradation, with and without biomass growth, on spatial solute distribution and moments is examined.     

Ecotoxicity of biocomposites based on renewable feedstock - preliminary studies

The aim of the work was to study the biodegradation process of biocomposites prepared from renewable resources and the ecotoxicological assessment of their biodegradation products. Biocomposites from modified starch reinforced with various cellulose fibers were prepared by the extrusion process. Biodegradation studies were carried out according to the ISO respirometic method. Ecotoxicity of biodegradation products was assessed by the luminescent bacteria test. It was found that biodegradation of biocomposites was above 60% within 24 days according to the results of respirometric test. Increase in the amount of natural fiber reinforcement, as well as smaller fiber size increased the biodegradability of biocomposites. On the basis of the preliminary results of the ecotoxicological test using luminescent bacteria it seems that the biodegradation products of the biocomposites studied are ecologically safe.     

Applying Raman spectroscopy to the assessment of the biodegradation of industrial polyurethanes wastes

Polyether-based polyurethanes (PBP) are extremely problematic polymers due to their long persistence in the environment. Moreover, the assessment of PBP biodegradation remains biased due to the inability of conventional methods to determine how their diverse subunits are degraded. To improve our knowledge of PBP biodegradation, we used Raman spectroscopy to identify patterns of PBP biodegradation. Specifically, PBP biodegradation was assessed using a microbial inoculum isolated from an industrial soil in which polyurethanes have been buried for 40 years. During a 28-day biodegradation assay, the PBP biodegradation level reached 27.5 % (w/w), in addition to undergoing profound alteration of the PBP composition as identified by chemical analyses. After microbial degradation, Raman analyses revealed the disappearance of the polymer’s amorphous region, which contains a high polyol content, whereas the isocyanate-rich crystalline regions were preserved. The use of Raman spectroscopy appears to be a particularly useful tool to enhance our assessment of polymer biodegradation.     

Model coupling intraparticle diffusion/sorption, nonlinear sorption, and biodegradation processes

Diffusion, sorption and biodegradation are key processes impacting the efficiency of natural attenuation. While each process has been studied individually, limited information exists on the kinetic coupling of these processes. In this paper, a model is presented that couples nonlinear and nonequilibrium sorption (intraparticle diffusion) with biodegradation kinetics. Initially, these processes are studied independently (i.e., intraparticle diffusion, nonlinear sorption and biodegradation), with appropriate parameters determined from these independent studies. Then, the coupled processes are studied, with an initial data set used to determine biodegradation constants that were subsequently used to successfully predict the behavior of a second data set. The validated model is then used to conduct a sensitivity analysis, which reveals conditions where biodegradation becomes desorption rate-limited. If the chemical is not pre-equilibrated with the soil prior to the onset of biodegradation, then fast sorption will reduce aqueous concentrations and thus biodegradation rates. Another sensitivity analysis demonstrates the importance of including nonlinear sorption in a coupled diffusion/sorption and biodegradation model. While predictions based on linear sorption isotherms agree well with solution concentrations, for the conditions evaluated this approach overestimates the percentage of contaminant biodegraded by as much as 50%. This research demonstrates that nonlinear sorption should be coupled with diffusion/sorption and biodegradation models in order to accurately predict bioremediation and natural attenuation processes. To our knowledge this study is unique in studying nonlinear sorption coupled with intraparticle diffusion and biodegradation kinetics with natural media.