中美城市生活垃圾焚烧处置现状和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾管理和处置是当前各国政府面临的共同挑战。为了解中国和美国垃圾焚烧处置现状和发展趋势,对两国垃圾产量、处置技术结构、焚烧技术的应用、焚烧过程二恶英排放进行了调查和比较研究。按照美国经济水平预测,中国垃圾产量将达5亿t,需加强垃圾无害化处置能力建设,尤其是垃圾分类和综合利用。在中国,垃圾焚烧技术将得到进一步推广,需更严格地控制二恶英排放,达到0.1 ng-TEQ/m3的限值。垃圾焚烧能源化利用具有良好的碳减排效果,中国垃圾焚烧碳减排量约为102万t。     

关于生活垃圾焚烧发电厂污染物排放标准分析

本文对新修订的《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB18485-2014)与《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB18485-2001)及欧盟标准进行比较,从焚烧烟气排放标准、运行控制过程要求、渗滤液处理及排放要求等方面进行了分析,以此说明新标准的进步。     

我国生活垃圾焚烧过程的汞排放特征

基于联合国环境规划署(UNEP) 2017年发布的汞排放清单工具包,提出了我国生活垃圾焚烧过程汞排放清单的计算方法。我国生活垃圾平均汞含量为0. 743 mg/kg,2016年生活垃圾焚烧汞输入量为59. 78 t,2010—2016年生活垃圾焚烧过程的汞输入量增长了3. 66倍。采用"DS/SDS+ACI+FF"污控设施的生活垃圾焚烧过程中烟气、渗滤液、飞灰和炉渣的汞分布比例分别为62. 64%、0. 00%、35. 88%、1. 48%;采用"SNCR+SDS+ACI+FF"污控设施的生活垃圾焚烧过程中烟气、渗滤液、飞灰和炉渣的汞分布比例分别为21. 38%、0. 02%、78. 22%、0. 37%,脱硝设施的安装有利于生活垃圾焚烧厂对烟气汞的协同脱除。从2016年开始,大量汞随着飞灰进入固体废物中,生活垃圾焚烧过程汞的输出途径按输出量排序为焚烧飞灰>大气>焚烧炉渣。因此,生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的二次污染防治也应成为今后汞污染防治的关键环节。     

生活垃圾无害化处理大气污染物排放清单

为全面评估中国大陆地区生活垃圾处理大气污染物排放状况,系统收集和整理全国31个省市基础统计信息,采取排放因子法建立了2016年中国大陆地区生活垃圾无害化处理大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2016年,全国生活垃圾填埋处理排放气态污染物的CH₄、VOCs、NH₃、TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5总量分别是3472084.50、185117.10、66.45、54.94、25.99和3.92 t,焚烧处理排放气态污染物的CH₄、SO₂、NO_x、NH₃、VOCs、CO、TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和BC总量分别是25389.10、6419.30、70923.84、221.36、435.33、3025.19、221.36、221.36、2.21和2.86 t.通过对固体废弃物处理源、大气污染物时空分布特征以及对各省市焚烧厂在生活垃圾无害化处理厂数量的占比分析,确定生活垃圾焚烧源和填埋源处理排放的气态污染物总量在2010~2016年期间呈现上升趋势,2016年生活填埋处理是我国最主要的垃圾处理方式,主要集中在中部和西部等人口密度适中和土地资源较多的地区,生活垃圾焚烧处理主要集中在长三角、珠三角和京津冀等地区的发达城市.     

我国生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准的发展与进步

2014年5月,经过修订的《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》颁布实施了,通过在修订过程中采用"风险控制、源控制、过程控制"原则,新版标准在适应生活垃圾焚烧污染控制的实际特性和规律方面表现出显著的进步,同时对我国污染物排放标准体系的创新发展开展了探索性试验。文章通过新旧标准的比较,指出了新标准的进步之处,同时指出,随着我国社会、经济、技术水平的进一步提高,以及对固体废物无害化管理认识的深入,生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准还有进一步发展的空间。     

垃圾焚烧发电过程污染物排放控制方法

垃圾焚烧技术是处理城市生活垃圾的有效手段之一,能够实现垃圾的无害化、减量化和资源化。但由于我国城市生活垃圾成分的多样性、复杂性和不均匀性,在垃圾焚烧的过程中会发生很多不同的、复杂的化学反应。这些化学反应会产生对人体和环境有危害的物质即焚烧气体污染物。尤其是剧毒二噁英,使垃圾焚烧处理技术的发展受到了阻碍。本文着重对垃圾焚烧发电过程中产生的二次污染物的排放及控制方法做了深入的研究探讨。     

垃圾焚烧发电成就新兴环保产业

采用焚烧发电技术处理生活垃圾已。经被国内外广泛采用,其无害化、减量化、资源化程度是其他现有成熟垃圾处理技术无法达到的。垃圾焚烧发电技术有不同的技术流派,且各有所长。就我国的情况而言,选择处理技术首先要考虑是否适应我国的国情,这个国情主要是垃圾特性、政府的财政承受能力和污染物排放标准等。考核一种焚烧技术的优劣,在于其能量和物质转换效率的高低,以及新生成的物质能否进入下一个循环。简言之,就是发电效率和所产生的污染物毒性及量的比较。     

我国城市生活垃圾处理处置全过程大气排放研究进展

2016年我国城市生活垃圾的年清运量突破2×108 t,并且在未来一段时间内仍会呈现上升趋势.虽然近年来我国城市垃圾无害化处理率年均增幅超过10%,但随着城市化进程的不断深入,庞大的垃圾产生量给现有城市垃圾处理系统造成巨大挑战,同时使垃圾处理处置过程中大气温室气体及污染物排放逐渐引起社会关注,如2010年我国垃圾焚烧导致大气污染物NO_x、SO₂、CO、颗粒物的排放量分别为28、12 062、6 500、4 654 t等.充分调研现有垃圾处理处置全过程大气排放的研究,总结我国城市生活垃圾收集、转运到最终处理处置大气排放物种多样、排放分散的现状,结合现有研究覆盖范围有限、研究物种稀少的局限,同时为进一步推进大气排放清单系统化和精细化的进程,提出以下建议和展望:①核算城市和地区垃圾转运过程中的大气环境成本和压缩空间;②进一步完善并扩充垃圾焚烧多种有毒有害大气污染物（如二英、重金属元素及挥发性有机物等）排放特征测试和排放清单的研究;③在完善生活垃圾填埋场温室气体排放时空分布特征的同时,健全生活垃圾填埋场颗粒物及挥发性有机物等典型大气污染物排放清单相关研究.      

城市生活垃圾焚烧烟气污染物减排技术分析研究

目前威胁生态平衡和人类健康的主要因素是大量生活垃圾造成的环境污染,为了解决环境污染问题,需要对城市生活垃圾焚烧烟气污染物的减排技术进行分析。酸性气体、颗粒污染物、重金属元素和二噁英是城市生活垃圾焚烧烟气中的主要污染物。对湿法烟气净化、干法烟气净化和半干法烟气净化三种烟气净化方法进行分析,选择净化效率高的半干法净化烟气中的酸性气体。通过对比袋式除尘器和静电除尘器之间的区别,选择经济合理,技术成熟、除尘率高的布袋除尘器,净化生活垃圾焚烧烟气中的颗粒污染物。     

中国垃圾焚烧发电工程的发展历程与趋势

垃圾焚烧技术在我国得到了快速应用。2018年我国垃圾焚烧量达到1.02亿t,占总无害化量的45%,将很快形成"焚烧为主,填埋托底"的垃圾终端处理格局,也还将继续由"能量回收型"向"资源回收型"发展。垃圾焚烧工程不仅在规模上得到了增长,同时在焚烧技术、烟气净化系统和市场竞争形势上也发生了深刻变化。我国垃圾焚烧行业依然存在较多技术痛点和发展瓶颈,可持续发展面临新的挑战和机遇。未来,建议垃圾焚烧企业和行业应探索中小城市（<50万人口）垃圾焚烧推广和盈利模式,响应矿化垃圾开采及焚烧处置需求,补齐垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处置和资源化利用短板;在"提高发电效率,降低厂用电率"等方面提高技术水平和管理能力,加强"邻利"理念引领;积极布局国际市场,重视与高校科研院所的互动,以推动技术创新和技术转移。     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

不同垃圾焚烧设备中二英的排放特征和I-TEQ指示物的研究

分析了国内3种不同类型的垃圾焚烧设备中二英化合物的排放特征,不同PCDD/F单体与I-TEQ的相关性以及23478-PeCDF与I-TEQ的线性回归分析.得到了不同类型的垃圾焚烧设备中二英同系物的统计学分布特征.结果发现,生活垃圾、医疗垃圾和危废焚烧炉中二英（PCDD/F）同系物分布虽有一定差异,但变化不大,与生活垃圾焚烧炉和危废焚烧炉相比,医疗垃圾焚烧炉中二英同系物的分布稍有区别.在3种焚烧炉的烟道气中体积分数最大的是OCDD和1234678-HpCDF,分别为12.3％～23.0％和15.0％～19.7％;而对I-TEQ贡献最大的则是23478-PeCDF,体积分数为33.1％～34.5％,远远高于其它的PCDD/F单体.通过对不同的PCDD/F单体与I-TEQ的相关性分析发现：23478-PeCDF与I-TEQ的相关性最好,相关系数R²为0.93～0.98;而毒性最大的2378-TCDD与I-TEQ的相关性较差,R²为0.29～0.49;体积分数最大的OCDD与I-TEQ的相关性很差,R²为0.03～0.12;体积分数较大的1234678-HpCDF与I-TEQ也有较好的相关性,R²为0.62～0.87,但依然次于23478-PeCDF.通过23478-PeCDF与I-TEQ线性回归的结果发现：即使I-TEQ的浓度范围为5～6个数量级,23478-PeCDF与I-TEQ也表现出很好的线性关系,对于不同的垃圾焚烧设备,回归曲线斜率为在1.16～1.40之间,相关系数R²在0.94～0.97之间.     

New approach to common removal of dioxins and NOx as a contribution to environmental protection

Meeting environmental limits represents the most important issue in the field of waste processing. Our primary effort consists either in eliminating hazardous emissions or in prevention of their production. However, this is not feasible in most cases therefore the so called secondary methods have to be applied. Technologies based on adsorption of hazardous compounds using activated carbon, deNOx/deDiox technologies as well as technology of catalytic filtration using a special material REMEDIA^® proved itself to be very efficient. The latter technology consists in using a baghouse with bags manufactured from a special material (two layers – membrane from ePTFE and felt with bound in catalyst) called REMEDIA^® which has successfully been used for removal of PCDD/F during recent period. However, it has been found that this technology can partially remove NOx as well. Based on our experience from operation industrial incineration plants it has been proved that even after more than three years' operation the activity of filtration material was not decreased and efficiency of dioxins removal from flue gas ranges from 97 to 99% (Pa?ízek et al., 2008).Based on industrial experience and new findings it has been decided to focus continuing research and development on deNOx experiments by applying SCR using the above mentioned efficient filtration material. This type of material is primarily designed for reduction of PMs and PCDD/F. Experiments with this filtration material should test possibilities for simultaneous reduction of PMs, PCDD/F and NOx. Tests are performed in MSW incineration plant utilizing new experimental unit and under standard conditions. Waste processing capacity of the incineration plant amounts to 15 t/h. Tests result in evaluation of overall reduction efficiency and negative factors that might influence the efficiency. Catalytic filtration is further compared to other types of deNOx methods.Thus we have obtained qualitatively new knowledge about this method the value of which is emphasized by full scale industrial testing.     

城市生活垃圾低污染气化熔融系统研究

为彻底消除城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中的二次污染,对流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融系统进行了研究.我国典型城市生活垃圾流化床气化试验表明,最佳气化温度为600℃左右;对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行熔融特性试验表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰在1 300℃左右、垃圾掺煤焚烧飞灰在1 400℃左右时,能顺利熔融,二分解率99.99%以上,重金属有效固化.结合我国实际,提出了2种气化熔融系统方案:①基于垃圾综合处理的筛上物气化熔融技术方案;②原生垃圾+辅助燃料气化熔融技术方案;并进行相应的热力性能分析,研究表明2种方案都能较好满足气化熔融要求.     

Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.     

垃圾焚烧系统中二噁英类形成机理及影响因素

垃圾焚烧是城市中二噁英类污染的主要来源之一，因此如何控制焚烧二噁英类的形成和排放是目前研究的热点。本文探讨了垃圾焚烧过程中二噁英类的三种形成途径：原始垃圾中存在二噁英类、从头合成、前体物形成。并且进一步分析了二噁英类形成的影响因素(包括反应物、反应表面、催化剂、温度、烟气环境、氯源、水分)，从而为二噁英类的形成和排放控制提供理论基础和依据。     

Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧系统中二英的生成与质量平衡

基于一机械炉排式垃圾焚烧炉,调查了2种工况条件下二(噁)英(PCDD/F)在烟气、飞灰和底灰中的分布,并且计算了PCDD/F的质量平衡.在锅炉出口,工况1(RUNl)和工况2(RUN2)条件下烟气中PCDD/F的含量分别为2.602 ng·m-3和1.236ng·m-3.在酸气中和塔(SDS)和旋风除尘器(CP),PCDD/F有一明显的低温生成机制(260～180℃).与锅炉出口烟气相比,RUN1和RUN2条件下的CP出口烟气PCDD/F总量分别增加了82.2%和17.6%,并且增加的PCDDIF主要分布于PCDF.在布袋除尘器(BF)部分,约90%的PCDD/F被捕获进入BF灰.锅炉灰、CP灰、BF灰和各部分烟气中PCDD/F同系物的分布模式大致相同.高的烟气O2含量导致了较多的PCDD/F生成,但烟气中PCDD/F同系物的分布模式并不随O2含量的变化而改变.以四氯～八氯取代PCDD/F总量计算,RUN1条件下生成的PCDD/F分别有10.4%、3.2%、9.3%、64.1%和13.0%分配进入底灰、锅炉灰、CP灰、BF灰和排放到空气中的烟气,相应的值对于RUN2分别为8.6%、8.0%、9.4%、66.7%和7.3%.     

垃圾焚烧过程中的烟气污染及其控制

在焚烧法被广泛应用于处理城市生活垃圾的同时,焚烧过程中形成的二次污染也越来越受到关注.垃圾焚烧污染物存在形式及数量与焚烧条件和净化系统密切相关.介绍了垃圾焚烧中酸性气体、重金属、二恶英等烟气污染物的形成与危害,并阐述了对各类污染物生成和排放的控制措施.     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.