单双离子体系中酵母菌对Pb2+的吸附动力学

为了探讨单双离子体系中灭活面包酵母菌吸附Pb2+的动力学,对不同温度、初始浓度的Pb2+单离子体系和不同初始浓度的Cu2+ -Pb2+、Ni2+ -Pb2+双离子体系中灭活面包酵母菌对Pb2+的动力学吸附过程进行了研究.结果表明,不同试验条件下酵母菌吸附Pb2+的动力学过程符合准二级吸附模型.在10℃、20℃和30℃下,随环境温度增高,吸附趋于平衡的时间缩短;而在Pb2+初始浓度为0.5mmol/L、1.0mmol/L和2.0mmol/L的条件下,随初始浓度增大,趋于平衡的时间增长.双离子体系的动力学吸附过程中,相同浓度的Cu2+和Ni2+作用下,Cu2+对Pb2+吸附的影响明显大于Ni2+.研究表明,酵母菌对Pb2+的吸附是一个快速高效的过程,Cu2+、Ni2+等重金属离子的加入明显影响了酵母菌对Pb2+的吸附.     

灭活面包酵母菌对溶液中铅离子的吸附研究

为研究灭活面包酵母菌对溶液中Pb2 的吸附效果和机理,在实验室进行批量实验,通过AAS、SEM/EDS等手段对实验结果进行分析.实验室条件下面包酵母菌吸附Pb2 的最佳条件为:pH值4.0～5.5,菌体质量浓度4.0 g/L,初始Pb2 浓度1.0 mmol/L,吸附温度30℃.酵母菌实验最大吸附量为45.07 mg/g,吸附效率为92.45%.不同温度下的动力学分析表明,其吸附过程是一个快速过程,且较低温度时吸附平衡过程迟滞.实验结果很好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,计算得面包酵母菌在10℃、20℃和30℃时的最大吸附量qmax分别为71.53 mg/g、72.10 mg/g和75.82 mg/g.SEM/EDS分析发现Pb2 被吸附到面包酵母菌表面,与细胞壁上有机物结合后以颗粒物形式附着在细胞表面.并随着溶液中Pb2 初始浓度的增加而增多.研究表明,灭活酵母菌是一种快速高效的Pb2 生物吸附剂.     

铜离子模板胺化聚氯乙烯树脂的合成与吸附性能

为制备对金属离子具有良好吸附性能的新型树脂,以聚氯乙烯为大分子骨架,采用以Cu2+为模板的三乙烯四胺进行胺化,合成支载铜离子模板胺化树脂.模板树脂结构经红外光谱验证.研究模板树脂的吸附性能,结果表明,试验条件下树脂对Cu2+、Hg2+、Zn2+、Co2+、Pb2+的吸附容量分别达3.593 mmol/g、0.168 mmol/g、1.121mmol/g、0.692 mmol/g和0.722 mmol/g.树脂对Cu2+的吸附量随温度的升高而增大,并符合Langmuir吸附等温式.同时,树脂对Cu2+有一定选择吸附性能,当Cu2+分别与Co2+、Zn2+、Cd2+共存时,树脂对Cu2+的选择性吸附系数为4.27、25.71和3.22.本研究为废水中Cu2+的选择去除提供了试验依据.     

固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)废弃菌柄对溶液中Cd2+的吸附

为开发廉价实用的吸附材料,利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)固定香菇废弃菌柄作为生物吸附剂吸附溶液中的Cd2+,吸附过滤后的溶液用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)测定Cd2+的浓度.结果表明:对溶液中Cd2+的吸附7 h达到平衡,平衡吸附昔为0.200 8 mg/g;模拟二级方程能很好地拟合吸附过程,决定系数R2为0.994 6;Cd2+适宜的吸附pH值范围为4～7,比自由态香菇粉广;随着Cd2+初始质量浓度的增加,溶液中Cd2+的吸附量逐渐增加;与Cd2+共存于同一溶液中的Cu2+或Pb2+明显降低了Cd2+的吸附率;分别用Langmuir、Fre-undlich、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)和Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型对Cd2+的吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明Langmuir吸附模型能很好地拟合溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程,R2达0.9981.微观形态研究表明.PVA-SA香菇小球吸附Cd2+后粗糙多孔的表面变得密实,表面有Cd沉积和Cd晶体存在.红外光谱(FTIR)研究发现,在PVA-SA香菇小球吸附Cd2+的过程中香菇细胞壁上的-OH、-CO、-CO-NH及PVA发挥了作用.用10 mmol/L的HCI作为解吸剂,3次解吸后PVA-SA小球对Cd2+的吸附率仍可以达到64.17%,表明香菇废弃菌柄的PVA-SA固定技术在重金属生物吸附的实际应用中是可行的.     

Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)在胡敏酸上的吸附和竞争吸附

研究了金属离子Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+在胡敏酸上的单一吸附和两两组分竞争吸附.结果表明,总体胡敏酸对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附明显强于Cd2+.Freundlich方程对Pb2+、Cd2+单一金属离子吸附等温线的拟合呈极显著关系,Langmuir方程为胡敏酸吸附Cu2+的最佳拟合方程.Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的两两组分竞争吸附表明,胡敏酸对3种离子均具有"选择性吸附",竞争能力从大到小依次为Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+.     

木莲木屑去除溶液中重金属的研究

采用批量实验方法并引入23析因实验设计,研究NaOH预处理的木莲(manglietia fordiana)木屑去除水体中的铜、铅、镉的能力及特性,并通过分析pH、初始重金属浓度、吸附剂投入量对吸附的影响来探寻最佳吸附条件。研究结果表明,木莲木屑表面具有丰富的活性基团如羟基、氨基、羧基等,可能是其与重金属离子进行离子交换的主要作用位点;它对单金属溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附能力强,在pH 5、初始重金属浓度1.574 mmol/L、木屑投入量10 g/L(+,+,-)的条件下达到最大吸附量,分别为0.262 0,0.263 6和0.216 6 mmol/g;木莲木屑成本低、量大、易获取、去除能力高,对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+具有较好的吸附特性,为其进一步在重金属废水处理中的应用提供基础数据。     

水稻、油菜秸秆对水中镉的吸附特性

为了解水稻秸秆和油菜秸秆对废水中Cd2+的吸附特性,研究了吸附时间、初始离子质量浓度、秸秆投加量、初始pH值和振荡速率对溶液中Cd2+去除率与吸附量的影响,通过动力学、热力学模型拟合和扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析,探讨其吸附机理.结果表明:水稻和油菜秸秆具有良好的Cd2+吸附效果,pH值为4～7时,Cd2+吸附率均可达到50％以上;在投加量为10 g/L、初始pH值为6、振荡速率为150 r/min、温度为25℃的条件下,处理200 mg/L含Cd2+废水时,水稻和油菜秸秆对Cd2+的去除率分别达到66.5％和68.2％,吸附平衡时间约为90 min;其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好,等温吸附模型符合Langmuir方程,在25℃下油菜秸秆和水稻秸秆的最大吸附量理论值分别为14.28 mg/g和13.76 mg/g;结合SEM和FTIR分析推断,两种秸秆吸附Cd2主要发生在吸附剂表层,吸附过程以化学吸附为主.研究表明,油菜秸秆和水稻秸秆是具有潜在利用价值的Cd2+吸附剂.     

活化剩余污泥对Pb2+的吸附热力学研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水干污泥为原料,以浓硫酸为活化剂,制备活化剩余污泥吸附剂,采用正交试验法考察了Pb2+初始质量浓度、初始pH值、吸附温度、活化剩余污泥投加量对活化剩余污泥吸附性能的影响.结果表明,活化剩余污泥对Pb2+的最佳吸附条件为pb2+初始质量浓度60 mg/L、初始pH值5、活化剩余污泥投加量100mg、吸附温度288 K,影响从高到低的各因素为Pb2+初始质量浓度、吸附温度、初始pH值、活化剩余污泥投加量.采用Langmuir、Freundlich、D-K-R吸附等温方程对不同温度下的吸附平衡试验数据进行拟合.Langmuir吸附等温方程可以较好地描述活化剩余污泥对pb2+的吸附平衡过程.其吸附过程吉布斯自由能△G为-3.35 ～-0.32 kJ/mol,焓变△H和熵变△S均为负值,表明活化剩余污泥对pb2+的吸附是自发的、以物理吸附为主的放热反应.     

玉米叶吸附剂对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能研究

研究了玉米叶对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能,借助正交和单因素试验探讨各因素对吸附率的影响,利用红外光谱研究吸附机理,并采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型对吸附数据进行拟合.结果表明:金属初始质量浓度和体系pH值是影响吸附的重要因素;玉米叶吸附铅离子的最佳pH值为5.0,金属质量浓度和吸附剂投加量最佳比值为80 mg/L:0.170 g,在25℃时玉米叶对铅离子的吸附较快,180min后达到吸附平衡;吸附数据更加符合Freundlich和Temkin等温吸附模型,由Langmuir等温吸附模型可知玉米叶最大吸附量为103.266mg/g,吉布斯自由能△Ge为负值,该过程吸热且自发进行.红外光谱分析表明,参与作用的官能团为羟基、羧基、酰胺或脂肪族C-x(x代表Cl、Br、I).     

细菌纤维素负载纳米Fe3O4的制备及其吸附Cd2+的研究

为提高细菌纤维素(BC)处理含重金属离子废水的效果,以BC和纳米Fe3O4为原料,采用共混沉淀法制备了新型的BC负载纳米Fe3O4吸附剂(NFBC).同时将制得的NFBC用于吸附重金属离子Cd2+研究,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间等因素对吸附效果的影响,并进一步模拟吸附动力学和吸附等温线,初步分析了吸附机理.结果表明:利用纳米Fe3O4比表面积大和表面原子配位不足的特点,将其负载于BC表面,提高了对Cd2+吸附,去除率可达70％,单位吸附量最大为27.97 mg/g; pH值是影响NFBC对Cd2+吸附效果的重要参数;吸附动力学符合二级反应动力学,吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,并具有良好的线性,说明NFBC对Cd2+是典型的单分子层吸附;在外加磁场作用下,纳米Fe3O4粒子超顺磁性有助于吸附剂能快速有效地从液相分离,克服了BC粉末难于有效分离的不足.     

Fe(II)-Ce(IV)共沉淀产物对水中As(V)的去除研究

对Fe(III)单独沉淀、Fe(II)单独沉淀、Ce(IV)单独沉淀、Fe(III)-Ce(IV)和Fe(II)-Ce(IV)共沉淀5种制备体系产物去除As(V)性能进行了比较,结果显示Fe(II)-Ce(IV)体系最优.进一步优化评价Fe(II)-Ce(IV)制备体系中铈的加入量.基于经济-性能平衡的考虑,优选得到了Fe(II)-Ce(IV)体系中Ce(IV)加入量为0.03 mol/L的吸附剂Fe(II)-Ce(IV)03(简称FC),其饱和吸附容量达到85 mg/g.动力学测试表明,FC去除As(V)过程符合准二级反应动力学过程.在pH=4～7范围内,吸附容量受pH值影响不明显.对FC材料造粒后的吸附剂颗粒进行再生寿命评价,批量试验结果显示其能够重复利用7次.颗粒柱试验结果表明,在空间流速(SV)分别为10 h-1、20 h-1、30 h-1时,出水砷穿透前(>10 μg/L)分别对应4 000、2 400、2 160倍的倍柱体积处理量.对FC材料进行的表征测试显示,FC呈无定形结构,其质子位密度为9.97个/nm2,质子化常数pK1=3.09,pK2=-10.02.     

Biosorption of zinc(II) on rapeseed waste: Equilibrium studies and thermogravimetric investigations

The removal of heavy metals from aqueous effluents so as to avoid their toxic, bioaccumulation and biomagnification effects to humans and environment is usually realized by means of physical, chemical treatment, and biological processes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of rapeseed waste from biodiesel production as a biosorbent for Zn(II) ions.The ability of the rapeseed waste for Zn(II) biosorption exhibited a maximum at pH 4.5–5. The removal efficiency of Zn(II) from solution with an initial concentration of 72 mg L⁻¹ varied from 39% to 89% for an increase of the rapeseed waste dose from 2 to 30 g L⁻¹. The amount of Zn(II) retained on the tested rapeseed increased with increasing metal ion concentration, but the Zn(II) sorption percentage decreased. The equilibrium data are fitted to the Langmuir isotherm better than to the Freundlich isotherm. The kinetics of Zn(II) biosorption process follows a pseudo-second order model. The thermal stability of the rapeseed before and after Zn(II) biosorption was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the zinc loaded rapeseed exhibits a better initial thermal stability than the original rapeseed, presumably due to the cross linking generated by the intermolecular complexation of Zn(II) ions. In both cases, the thermal decomposition takes place according to some reassembling kinetic models, in two phases with order n reactions. The results of this study strongly suggest the possibility to use rapeseed as an effective biosorbent for Zn(II) ions removal from aqueous effluents (municipal/industrial wastewaters).     

Study of flotation conditions for cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solutions

Flotation conditions for cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solutions were investigated. Precipitate flotation techniques “of the first kind” (PFFK) and “of the second kind” (PFSK) were tested, using potassium ethyl xanthate (KEtX) as a precipitating agent for cadmium(II). The surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) were used as collectors for PFFK. The effects of KEtX and collector concentrations, induction time, bubbling time, solution pH and some foreign ions on cadmium(II) removal were studied. Under optimum conditions, cadmium(II) could be removed by PFFK by ∼93% and >99% using SDS and HDTMA, respectively. By PFSK, removal of about 64% for cadmium(II) was obtained. The two developed precipitate flotation methods were also tested for simultaneous removal of cadmium(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) from distilled water and tap water. The effectiveness of PFFK suggests its employment for metal-polluted wastewaters.     

Absorption kinetics of NO from simulated flue gas using Fe(II)EDTA solutions

The absorption of NO encountering flue gases in aqueous solutions of Fe(II)EDTA was determined using a semi-batch stirred tank with a plane gas–liquid interface at 50 °C. The concentrations of NO, SO₂ and O₂ in the feeding stream were 300–800 ppm, 500–2200 ppm and 0–20%, respectively. The pH value of the Fe(II)EDTA solutions varied from 3 to 11. The concentrations of Fe(II)EDTA were maintained between 0.01 and 0.05 M. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of operating parameters on the NO absorption rate, the reaction kinetics of the reactants in gas and liquid phases, and the effect of competition between various reactants on the mass transfer rate in the NO removal system. Results indicate that the average reaction rate constant is 3.70 × 10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. Adding NaOH does not increase the absorption capability of Fe(II)EDTA. The presence of O₂ decreases the NO absorption rate with Fe(II)EDTA. The absorption rate of NO with Fe(II)EDTA decreases at low concentrations of SO₂, but increases at high concentrations.     

Simultaneous photocatalytic treatment of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and SDBS in aqueous solutions: Evaluation of removal efficiency and energy consumption

Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of poisonous Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions, coupled with photocatalytic oxidation of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were studied with a trace amount of commercial titania nanoparticles and by means of a direct-photo-irradiation reactor. The co-presence of metal ions and SDBS causes metal ions reduction as well as SDBS oxidation to enhance and energy efficiency to improve. XRD, XPS and FTIR analysis were used to characterize TiO₂ particles before and after usage with the aim of evaluating the mechanism of reactions. The effect of major operating parameters, pH and temperature, was investigated. Under conditions of [Cr(VI)]₀ = [Ni(II)]₀ = 5 mg/L, [SDBS]₀ = 10 mg/L, [TiO₂] = 40 mg/L, pH 6 and T = 35 °C; the removal efficiencies of 55.4%, 71.2% and 57.2% were obtained, respectively, for Cr(VI) and Ni(II) reduction, as well as for SDBS oxidation, after 110 min operation. The relevant kinetic model jointed with the Arrhenius equation was introduced. Pseudo-first-order reactions are relevant. Energy consumption (electrical and thermal) evaluations revealed that operations at higher temperatures provide significant cost reduction. Meantime, a criterion was proposed for a consistent assessment of this kind of processes.     

Biosorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution using Chrysanthemum indicum: Kinetics,equilibrium and thermodynamics

The present study investigates the adsorption potential of Chrysanthemum indicum flower in its raw (CIF-R) and biochar (CIF-BC) form for the removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized for their surface area using BET analysis, surface morphology and elemental composition with SEM-EDAX and for the presence of functional groups by FTIR analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters, viz. pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, stirring speed, presence of interfering ions and temperature on the adsorption of Co(II) ion using both the adsorbents. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of Co(II) ion was ascertained to be pH 5 for both adsorbents, adsorbent dose of 4 g/L and 3 g/L, equilibrium time of 60 min and 45 min, respectively, for CIF-R and CIF-BC. The maximum adsorption capacity of CIF-R and CIF-BC was found to be 14.84 mg/g and 45.44 mg/g, respectively, for the removal of Co(II) ion. The mechanism of adsorption was studied using different models of adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. It was inferred that Co(II) adsorption on both CIF-R and CIF-BC followed pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model with the process being spontaneous and endothermic in nature.     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(II)：实际火灾环境计算

目前各国规范给出的计算火灾下有匀质防火保护的钢构件温度的公式都是基于标准火灾环境得到。标准火灾只包含升温段而实际火灾包括升温段和降温段。考察了将现有公式用于实际火灾环境计算的有效性。通过工况分析,考察了不同火灾、不同厚度、不同截面和不同防火涂料情形下的钢材温度。通过与有限元分析的结果比较,我国规范推荐的公式给出的钢材温度与有限元结果符合最好。研究同时表明欧洲规范中使用的避免升温早期负钢材温度增量的方法,即升温段当计算得到的钢材温度为负值时取增量为0,会引起最高钢材温度和降温段钢材温度的偏高,不适用于实际火灾环境计算。综合而言,我国规范最适用于实际火灾环境计算。