川南山地林分变化对土壤物理性质和抗蚀性的影响

以川南天然林(TRL)及其转变成的毛竹林(MZL)、檫木林(CML)、柳杉林(LSL)、杉木林(SML)和水杉林(SSL)为对象,研究不同林分土壤物理性质和抗蚀性差异,以主成分分析法(ZCFM)和隶属函数法(LSHM)分别计算的土壤抗蚀性综合值Ⅰ(KSX-Ⅰ)和Ⅱ(KSX-Ⅱ)评价林分变化对土壤抗蚀性的影响,探索简便易行的土壤抗蚀性综合评价方法。结果表明,天然林转变为人工林后土壤物理性质和抗蚀性变差,呈现出有机质和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径、团聚度、孔隙度及物理稳定性指数降低,而结构体破坏率、不稳定团粒指数、容重、分散率及侵蚀系数增加。各林分土壤KSX-Ⅰ和KSX-Ⅱ均呈现出TRLCMLSSLLSLMZLSML的规律变化。土壤抗蚀性指标间相关性均达到显著(p0.05)水平;土壤KSX-Ⅰ和KSX-Ⅱ之间呈显著相关关系(p0.05),且两者均与各抗蚀性指标间呈显著相关(p0.05)。说明天然林植被变化后会使土壤抗蚀性降低,影响原有植被水土保持功能,应该加强天然林及其生态功能保护;ZCFM和LSHM均可作为计算土壤抗蚀性综合值的有效方法,但考虑到计算过程的难易度,后者更简便易行。结果为土壤抗蚀性综合评价新方法的建立提供了参考。     

利用方式对岩溶山地土壤团粒结构的影响研究

岩溶山地是典型的脆弱生态环境，土壤资源存在先天不足性，其退化恢复受土地利用方式的影响大。以重庆市北碚、黔江、金佛山为代表，研究了6种典型土地利用方式对岩溶山地土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明：＞0．25mm水稳性团聚体为灌草坡＞原始林地＞次生林地＞果园＞弃耕地＞耕地；林地、草坡的土壤表层团聚体的水稳性较高且水稳性团聚体以＞2mm为主，而果园、弃耕地、耕地土壤团聚体的水稳性较低且＞2mm的水稳性团聚体较少。水稳性团聚体(尤其是＞2mm的水稳性团聚体)以及团聚的水稳性主要受有机质的含量影响，目前有机质是这一地区土壤结构形成的最为重要的胶结物质；林地、草坡开垦后，土壤有机质分解加快或补充减少是土壤团聚体水稳性下降及数量减少的主要原因。坡耕地退耕后，土壤团聚体可得到恢复。     

降雨过程中红壤团聚体粒径变化对溅蚀的影响

为揭示团聚体粒径动态变化对溅蚀的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,以第四纪粘土、泥质页岩发育红壤为研究对象,研究了酒精预湿润后的2~5 mm团聚体在降雨过程中粒径动态变化及溅蚀率的变化。试验结果表明：在60 mm/h雨强下,团聚体受雨滴机械打击破碎主要发生在降雨的最初阶段,团聚体＞0.25 mm百分含量（P＞0.25）及平均重量直径（M）均随降雨时间（T）增加呈幂函数减小,溅蚀率（Dr）随降雨时间（T）增加呈幂函数增加,而溅蚀率（Dr）随团聚体平均重量直径（M）减小呈幂函数增大。为揭示不同土样在降雨溅蚀过程中溅蚀率的变化规律,利用团聚体稳定性特征参数-机械破碎指数（R）及降雨时间（T）,建立了不同团聚体稳定性土样溅蚀率随降雨时间变化的经验方程,且方程可决系数较高（R2=0.82）,揭示出团聚体稳定性越好,其破碎过程越缓慢,溅蚀率越小。研究结果为红壤区土壤侵蚀的防治及侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路     

石漠化区生态治理措施对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

探究石漠化环境不同生态恢复措施下土壤团聚体粒径组成、稳定性水平及有机碳变化特征,为石漠化生态治理模式优化配置提供理论依据.以农耕地为对照,选择石漠化治理中具有代表性的人工核桃林、黑麦草地、刺梨地和天然恢复的灌草地为研究对象,分析不同恢复环境中0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳储量变化.结果 表明:相比农耕地,核桃、黑麦草和天然灌草样地内水稳定性大团聚体含量增加,微团聚体含量减少,灌草地和核桃林地团聚体MWD、GMD分别显著高于农耕地,表明利用方式转变为灌草地和核桃林后团聚体稳定性提高,土壤结构得到改善.农耕地利用方式转变后,人工核桃林、黑麦草地和天然灌草地各级团聚体有机碳含量及储量增加,其中以灌草地尤为明显,同时核桃林、黑麦草地和天然灌草地三者有机碳储量增量主要源于＞5和2～5 mm两个粒级团聚体贡献.总体而言,相比人工林草治理措施,天然灌草地在增强土壤团聚结构稳定性和促进有机碳积累方面更优.     

改良剂对湿地土壤团聚体及抗悬浮能力的影响试验

以巢湖十五里河河口湿地土壤为研究对象,选用PAM(J)、PAM+生物炭(SJ)和PAM+泥炭(NJ)为土壤结构改良剂,研究改良剂对淹水条件下培养后土壤水稳性团聚体数量、土壤抗悬浮能力和土壤磷释放的影响。结果表明,四种处理(CK、NJ、J和SJ)0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量大小顺序为:J(58.73±0.57%)SJ(48.27±3.58%)NJ(34.47±2.02%)CK(2.31±0.15%)。在室内风浪扰动模拟实验中,扰动后上覆水体悬浮物浓度(SS)和水体磷浓度的大小顺序均是:CKNJJSJ,且CK显著大于NJ、J和SJ。添加PAM(J)、PAM+生物炭(SJ)和PAM+泥炭(NJ)不仅能显著提高0.25 mm研究区湿地土壤水稳性团聚体的含量,也能显著增强风浪扰动下淹水土壤的抗悬浮能力,进而显著降低淹水后土壤磷释放能力,其中以添加PAM+生物炭组合提升淹水后湿地土壤抗悬浮和降低磷释放能力的效果最佳。     

城乡交错带土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

以长沙市南郊山地丘陵区为研究对象，选择7种不同土地利用方式（次生林地、经济林地、杉木人工林、采伐迹地、撂荒地、苗圃地、坡耕地）研究了城乡交错带不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：7种土地利用方式下，土壤颗粒组成主要集中在1～0.05 mm和＜0.001 mm两个粒级范围内，土壤质地以重壤土和轻粘土为主。随着人为干扰程度的减弱，土壤砂粒（1.0～0.05 mm）、土壤粉粒（0.05～0.01 mm）百分率逐渐下降，＜0.01 mm的土壤物理性粘粒百分率增加。自然、半自然状态利用方式的林地（次生林地、经济林地、杉木人工林地）土壤总孔隙度、含水量普遍较高，土壤密度低于坡耕地、苗圃地、撂荒地、采伐迹地，而土壤pH值、有机质含量及氮、磷、钾含量普遍高于坡耕地、苗圃地、撂荒地、采伐迹地     

汉江与嘉陵江源区黄土的风化成土强度及其在土壤系统分类中的归属

以汉江源区(李家河村)和嘉陵江源区(杨家山村)黄土剖面为研究对象,对其粒度、元素组成、团聚体等进行分析与对比,探究两地土壤成土强度与系统分类归属.结果表明两江源区的土壤风化成土特征级类明显不同:(1)两地土壤团聚体主要分布在0.25～1 mm范围内,但汉江源区(LJH)土壤上部的大团聚体含量R0.25值(83.73％)、平均重量直径MWD值(2.17)和几何平均直径GMD值(1.11)均大于嘉陵江源区(YJS)的土壤(其R0.25值为69.81％,MWD和GMD值分别为1.06、0.47),团聚体稳定性更强,而剖面中下部则相反,土体稳定性弱于后者;(2)嘉陵江源区土壤的风化程度仅达到低等向中等强度过渡阶段,与其相比,汉江源区土壤的钾钠比值和残积指数较高、硅铝铁率和淋溶系数较低,钙、钠等易溶元素风化淋失更强,产生的富铝黏土矿物更多,达到中等风化强度,故后者风化成土强度远大于前者;(3)在土壤系统分类中,汉江源区黄土母质发育的土壤可归为斑纹简育湿润淋溶土,嘉陵江源区土壤可归为普通钙积干润淋溶土.     

长期施肥对小麦—玉米轮作红壤抗蚀性的影响

为探讨不同施肥处理对红壤旱地土壤理化性状和抗蚀性影响，以长期定位施肥试验小区为研究对象，研究了CK（荒草地）、T1（不施肥）、T2（施有机肥）、T3（施氮磷钾肥）和T4（氮磷钾肥与秸秆配施）5种处理的土壤理化性状及土壤抗蚀性。结果表明：（1）荒草地开垦后，土壤容重降低，土壤孔隙度和含水量升高；相较于不施肥，施肥提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理性质作用更为明显;（2）衡量不同施肥处理土壤抗蚀性的2个最佳指标为>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和结构破坏率;（3）使用主成分分析综合指数表示不同处理土壤抗蚀性依次为：T2>CK>T3>T4>T1，荒草地开垦后，耕种会降低土壤抗蚀性，但施肥能略微提升土壤抗蚀性，而施有机肥提升最为明显。研究结果可为区域内农业生态系统持续发展及农田水土保持工作提供依据。     

鄂东南崩岗不同层次土壤分形特征及抗蚀性研究

崩岗是鄂东南地区极其严重的土壤侵蚀类型,影响范围广,破坏性强。选择鄂东南通城县花岗岩崩岗不同层次土壤进行研究,主要分析崩岗剖面土壤颗粒分形维数、可蚀性、渗透性及水稳性,并通过回归分析等方法建立其与土壤性质之间的拟合关系。结果表明:鄂东南通城县崩岗土层表土层、红土层、斑纹层以及碎屑层的性质存在较大差异,土壤颗粒分形维数D由表土层至碎屑层呈减小的趋势,土壤可蚀性K值由表土层至碎屑层呈增加的趋势,水稳性指数则呈现减小的趋势,渗透性则表现为红土层小而表土层和碎屑层大的规律。同时,相关性分析以及多元线性回归分析显示,崩岗剖面土壤颗粒分形维数、可蚀性、渗透性以及水稳性之间关系密切,抗蚀性与土体性质之间的相关性显著。研究旨在明确了崩岗发生的内在因素,为阐述崩岗的发生机理提供了依据。     

苏南和皖北平原地区乡村聚落分形特征对比分析——以镇江丹阳市和宿州埇桥区为例

聚落规模和空间结构的研究历来是地理学的研究热点,分形理论越来越多地被应用于聚落的定量研究,而相对于城镇体系分形研究,乡村聚落体系的分形研究是一块"短板"。为定量对比分析苏南地区与皖北地区的聚落体系的分形特征,以ArcGIS9.3软件为平台,在县域尺度上选取镇江丹阳市和宿州埇桥区平原地区团聚状聚落体系为研究对象,通过计算豪斯道夫维数对比分析了聚落体系规模分布的分形特征差异,通过计算关联维数和集聚维数,从聚落要素的空间相关性和聚落随机集聚的向心性两方面,分析了聚落体系空间结构的分形特征差异,对聚落体系的空间集聚性的多级分形特征差异作了重点探讨。结果表明:丹阳市和埇桥区规模分布分形的判定系数R2分别为0.966和0.962、空间结构的相关系数R2在0.990左右,表明苏南地区和皖北地区团聚状聚落体系在规模分布和空间结构上都具有比较明显的分形特征,表现出自相似结构,且皖北地区聚落体系处低水平发展阶段;苏南地区和皖北地区团聚状聚落体系的空间集聚性存在多级分形的特征,苏南地区的城市的集聚性强于皖北地区,而镇(乡)和中心村的集聚性(分维数D平均值为2.162和2.029)则明显小于皖北地区(分维数D平均值为1.916和1.592);平原地区聚落体系的分形特征与其城市化阶段密切相关。因此,在以后的工作中可以利用分形思想进行聚落体系规划,有效地利用地理空间资源,优化区域聚落体系结构。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

我国南方地区50 a冬季降水和相对湿度特征分析

根据中国地面气候日值数据集资料，利用气候趋势系数、气候倾向率等方法，研究了我国南方地区冬季50 a降水和湿度的时空变化特征，并运用基尼系数对降水均匀性的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明：降水和相对湿度分布皆自西北向东南递增，最大中心位于长江以南附近内陆区域，最小值基本位于高原。降水强度整体呈现增加趋势，在沿长江附近区域以及云南部分地区增强明显，最大气候倾向率为1.0 mm/d/10 a左右，有明显的突变时间，为1979年；降水量呈微弱的增加趋势，其中云贵和川渝局部区域降水量呈减少趋势，为-3 mm/10 a左右，没有明显的突变时间；降水日数在长江以南局部区域及云贵区域显著减少，其中云南的西南地区为最小气候倾向率-10 d/10 a，明显突变时间为1980年；相对湿度表现出一定的局地增减趋势，长江以北（南）主要呈微弱增加（减少）趋势，云南南部减小趋势显著；相对湿度和降水呈明显的正相关，其中与降水量和降水日数相关系数高达0.784、0.753。降水量基尼系数的空间分布与降水分布相似，只是降水分布的大（小）值中心为基尼系数小（大）值中心，不同年代及冬季不同月份的降水量基尼系数大（小）值区域范围有所增减。总的来看，我国南方冬季中部和东部大部分区域为降水均匀区，西南高原区域为不均匀区。 关键词： 南方地区；冬季；降水；相对湿度     

Kinetics of dissolution of Chernobyl fuel particles in soil in natural conditions

Kinetic of fuel particles dissolution under natural environmental conditions has been investigated using the data on (90)Sr speciation in soils collected from 1995 to 1997 within the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 50 km zone. The dependency of fuel particles dissolution constants on the soil acidity (pH = 4-7) has been obtained on the basis of large and statistically reliable experimental data. Results show that between 2 and 21% of (90)Sr activity is associated with weathering resistant fuel particles. Therefore, these particles would not influence the radiological situation in the near future. The map of the main agrochemical characteristics and the map of the fuel particles dissolution constants have been created for the 30-km zone territory. According to the prognosis of dynamics of fuel particles dissolution in the investigated zone, a radiological situation along the fuel paths of radioactive fallout in present time reached a stable state. An increasing in absolute contents of (90)Sr mobile forms in neutral soils will be observed in the next 10-20 yr. However, the difference between the maximum level of mobile forms contents and their existing contents will not exceed 20%.     

Concentration and characterization of plutonium in soils of Hubei in central China

To study the Pu concentration and isotope ratio distributions present in China, the ^239+240Pu total activities and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in core soil samples from Hubei Province in central China were investigated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The activities ranged from 0.019 to 0.502 mBq g⁻¹ and the ^239+240Pu inventories of 45 and ∼55 Bq m⁻² agree well with that expected from global fallout. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the soil ranged from 0.172 to 0.220. The ratios are similar to typical global fallout values. Hence, any close-in fallout contribution from the Chinese nuclear weapons tests, mainly conducted in the 1970s, must have either been negligible or had a similar ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratio to that of global fallout. The top 10 cm layer of the soil contributes ∼90% of the total inventory and the maximum concentrations appeared in the 2-4 cm or 4-6 cm layers. It is suggested that climatic conditions and organic content are the two main factors that affect the vertical migration of plutonium in soil.     

Predictions of in situ solid/liquid distribution of radiocaesium in soils

Previous work has demonstrated that plant uptake of radiocaesium (RCs) is related to the activity concentration of RCs in soil solution, which is linked to the soil/soil solution distribution coefficient, K(D). The solid-liquid distribution of RCs is generally studied in soil suspensions in the laboratory and there are few reported measurements for in situ soil solutions. From a data set of 53 different soils (contaminated with either 134CsCl or 137CsCl) used in pot trials to investigate grass uptake of RCs, we analysed the variation of in situ K(D) with measured soil properties. The soils differed widely in % clay (0.5-58%), organic matter content (1.9-96%) and pH (2.4-7.0, CaCl2). The K(D) varied between 29 and 375,000 L kg-' (median 1460 L kg(-1)). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the log K(D) and pH (p < 0.001), log %clay (p < 0.01) and log exchangeable K (p < 0.001) (overall R2 = 0.70). The in situ K(D) values were further compared to K(D)S predicted using an existing model, which assumes that RCs sorption occurs on specific sites and regular ion-exchange sites on the soil solid phase. Sorption of RCs on specific sites was quantified from the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) measured for each soil and the soil solution concentrations of K+ and NH4+. The in situ log K(D) correlated well with the predicted K(D) (R2 = 0.85 before plant growth, R2 = 0.83 after plant growth). However, the observations were fivefold to eightfold higher than the predictions, particularly for the mineral soils. We attribute the under-prediction to the long contact times (minimum 4 weeks) between the RCs tracers and our experimental soils relative to the short (24 h) contact times used in RIP measurements. We conclude that our data confirmed the model but that ageing of RCs in soil is a factor that needs to be considered to better predict in situ KD values.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Exposure of workers in mineral processing industries in Brazil

The mining, milling and processing of uranium and thorium bearing minerals may result in radiation doses to workers. A preliminary survey pilot program, that included six mines in Brazil (two coal mines, one niobium mine, one nickel mine, one gold mine and one phosphate mine), was launched in order to determine the need to control the radioactive exposure of the mine-workers. Our survey consisted of the collection and analysis of urine samples, complemented by feces and air samples. The concentrations of uranium, thorium and polonium were measured in these samples and compared to background data from family members of the workers living in the same dwelling and from residents from the general population of Rio de Janeiro. The results from the coal mines indicated that the inhalation of radon progeny may be a source of occupational exposure. The workers from the nickel, gold and phosphate mines that were visited do not require a program to control internal radiological doses. The niobium mine results showed that in some areas of the industry exposure to thorium and uranium might occur.