洞庭湖流域近58年季节性干旱时空分布及大气环流分析

利用洞庭湖流域1960～2017年103个气象站点逐月降水数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据以及Z指数,对洞庭湖流域近58年来季节性干旱的时空变化和不同干旱范围等级的大气环流形势进行分析,以加强对季节性干旱的认识。结果表明:近58年洞庭湖流域Z指数存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征,表现为20世纪60年代偏旱,70与80年代干旱呈现出显著的年际旱涝转换,90年代较湿润,进入21世纪出现年代际旱涝转换。春、夏和冬季干旱多发生在1990年之前,且流域的季节性干旱在不同的年代际存在不同的空间分布特征。流域各站点多年平均干旱频率基本在10%～30%之间。从同期大气环流形势来看,EU型遥相关波列对流域各季节干旱均有重要影响,EAP型与Silk Road型遥相关在夏、秋季节对副高强度与位置有重要影响。干旱事件在春、冬季主要受制于北方冷空气的强弱,夏(秋)季在副热带高压偏弱(强)偏北时易发生较大面积干旱。     

洞庭湖流域近54 a来冬季降水及其异常环流特征分析

基于洞庭湖流域96个气象站点1961~2015年逐月降水数据和美国NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,对洞庭湖流域近54 a来冬季降水的时空变化特征和典型冬涝、冬旱年的大气环流及水汽输送形势进行分析,并讨论逐年冬季降水与同期欧亚环流指数(EUCI)、可降水量和水汽通量散度的关系。结果表明:近54 a,流域冬季降水存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征,具体表现为20世纪60年代和70年代降水偏少,80年代降水开始增多,其后期至90年代中后期降水偏多明显,进入21世纪以来降水又呈波动减少的趋势。此外,流域冬季平均降水量和冬季降水标准差均呈现由南向北、由东向西递减的空间分布特征。从大气环流和水汽输送形势来看,典型冬涝年和冬旱年的空间分布大致相反,表明流域冬季异常降水是与大尺度环流形势的异常密切关联的。计算发现,逐年冬季可降水量、水汽通量散度和欧亚环流指数与流域冬季降水均具有较好的关系,相关系数分别达到0.43、-0.68、-0.53,通过0.01的信度检验。     

基于RDI指数的云南1960~2013年#br# 旱涝变化特征分析

利用云南省40个气象站逐日降水量和蒸发量数据，采用RDI指数研究云南旱涝灾害的时空分布特征。结果表明：云南年际、季节旱涝与历史记录十分一致，1960~2013年云南年RDI指数呈下降趋势，表现为变干趋势，但不显著；2001年以前发生雨涝年的强度和站次比较干旱年明显，在此之后，发生干旱年的强度和站次比较雨涝年明显。季节尺度上，春季呈显著的变湿趋势，夏、秋、冬季呈不显著的变干趋势；春、夏季分别突变于1980年和1965年。从空间分布上来看，年、夏、秋、冬季整体以滇南和滇东北呈变干趋势，而滇西北呈变湿趋势；春季除滇东北外，其余区域均呈变湿趋势；年际、季节干旱频率以滇西北、滇西南、滇东南较高；年、春、夏、秋季重旱频率以滇中和滇东十分突出；年、夏、秋季特旱频率均以滇东北十分突出，春季滇中和滇东北极易发生特旱；冬季以滇中重旱频率较高，特旱极易发生在滇西北、滇西南、滇东北。年际、季节雨涝频率以滇西、滇东南较突出。年重、特涝频率以滇西南十分突出；春季重涝频率以滇西南和滇中较突出，特涝频率以滇中和滇东南较突出；夏季重、特涝频率均以滇西北较高；秋季重涝频率以滇西北较高，特涝频率以滇东南较高；冬季重涝频率以滇东南较突出，特涝频率以滇西北较高。 关键词： 云南省；RDI指数；旱涝变化趋势；时空特征     

四川盆地东部近50年降水与旱涝时间序列分析

利用四川盆地东部地区8个国家基准气象台站1960~2010年逐日降水观测资料，运用线性分析、降水趋势系数等方法，分析了四川盆地东部年降水量以及季节降水量的时间序列变化趋势。在此基础上，通过Z指数法建立旱涝指数模型，结合Mexican Hat小波变换理论研究旱涝灾害在不同时间尺度上的周期振荡和变化规律，并对未来旱涝演变趋势进行判断。结果表明，四川盆地东部地区年降水量有弱减少趋势，各季节降水趋势差异较大，秋季明显减少，而夏、冬季有增加趋势。各季节旱涝灾害变化存在着不同的年际、年代际周期变化特征，不同的时间尺度周期具有不同的交替变化规律。春、秋季节旱涝存在6 a和10 a左右周期振荡，近期6 a周期振荡显著。夏季现处于20 a左右尺度上降水稳定性较差的偏涝期内，易发级别高、灾情重的洪涝灾害。秋季近期仍处于10 a左右尺度周期的干旱期，并将逐步向下一个偏涝期过渡     

近52年来洞庭湖流域气象干旱的时空分布特征

基于洞庭湖流域84个气象站点1962~2013年的逐日气象资料,利用综合干旱指数(CI)对洞庭湖流域气象干旱的时间和空间特征进行分析。结果表明:在过去52 a,区域性干旱强度较强的时段以夏季、秋季、夏秋和秋冬时节为主;区域干旱强度在春季、夏季、夏秋、冬季呈上升趋势;秋冬时节和年干旱强度变化不明显;春夏时节、夏秋时节、秋冬时节和冬春时节的平均干旱强度比春、夏、秋、冬单个季节的平均干旱强度大。小波分析表明,区域干旱强度的周期以10a为主周期,5 a和22 a为次周期。近52 a来,历年干旱站次比主要集中于10%~30%之间,多表现为区域性干旱,以夏季和秋季的干旱范围较大;干旱频率高发时期主要为夏季、夏秋时节和秋季。干旱频率高发地主要以流域的南部山地和北部的洞庭湖平原为主,西北部的山地发生干旱相对较少,衡邵盆地随季节变化干旱频率易发生高低值转换。     

长江上游旱涝指标及其变化特征分析

利用长江上游流域51个气象观测站1961～2009年降水资料，计算了各站逐年、四季〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数及区域旱涝指数，在此基础上分析了单站〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数旱涝等级划分的合理性，区域旱涝指数的年代际变化趋势，并对区域典型旱涝年的确定及旱涝成因进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数及以此为基础构建的区域旱涝指数能较好地反映长江上游流域年及四季旱涝变化，作为长江上游流域旱涝指标比较合理；（2）长江上游流域年及四季旱涝有明显的年代际变化特征，年及四季的干旱指数与雨涝指数基本呈反位相特征；（3）长江上游流域四季旱涝与500 hPa高度场分布形势有密切关系，除冬季旱涝与海温场关系较弱外，春、夏、秋季旱涝均与海温场关系密切。研究结论对长江上游流域可持续发展及三峡水库科学运营有一定参考意义     

基于MODIS-EVI和CI的洞庭湖流域植被指数对气象干旱的响应

基于洞庭湖流域2000~2012年98个气象站点的综合气象干旱指数（CI）和MODIS增强型植被指数（EVI）数据，对研究时段内生长季干旱强度和EVI时空变化特征，典型春、夏、秋季干旱年月和湿润年月干旱强度和EVI的空间分布及相关性进行分析，旨在研究EVI指数能否反映大范围气象干旱事件，探讨该指数作为流域干湿状况度量标准的潜力。结果表明：（1）在年际变化上，EVI在2001、2005、2009年出现低谷值，与其对应年份的干旱强度出现高峰值；在季节变化上，干旱强度的高值段主要集中在夏秋季，低值段主要集中在冬春季；夏季EVI值最大，冬季EVI值最小；（2）去除年际变化和季节性影响的生长季干旱强度、EVI和森林覆盖率年际波动变化明显，并且干旱强度高峰值的年份对应EVI和森林覆盖率出现低值的年份；（3）典型干旱年月干旱强度高值区的空间分布与EVI距平低值区的空间分布存在高度一致性，其中夏、秋季干旱年月的干旱强度和EVI的相关系数分别通过了0.01、0.1的显著性水平检验；（4）除部分地区外，典型春夏秋季湿润年月的干旱强度空间分布与EVI距平的空间分布对应较差，两者的相关系数未通过显著性检验。上述结果表明，在典型干旱年月，流域植被的生长状况能够响应大范围的区域气象干旱情况。     

江汉平原旱涝时空分布特征

利用历史旱涝资料和现代降水资源，总结了江汉平原旱涝时空分布特点；（１）旱涝多发且涝多干旱。旱涝在年际上分配不均年昧涝等级序列呈现２年、５－６年、２２年、４０年左右变化 准周期。旱涝还存在持续性和转换性特点。（２）旱涝在季节上有集中性、夏季夏涝最多，秋旱多于春旱，而春涝多于秋涝，夏秋连旱亦多发；另我，夏季洪涝与秋冬干旱在一定程度上相关。（３）旱涝在空间分布上略有差别，北部有东北部旱较多，而南部涝交多     

湖北省旱涝灾害的基本特征与成因分析

湖北省是我国自然灾害多发省份之一，其中旱涝灾害尤为严重，是社会经济发展的一大制约因素。首先研究了湖北省旱涝灾害的基本特征，认为按出现时段，洪涝可分为梅涝、盛夏涝、春涝和秋涝，干旱可分为伏秋干旱、春夏干旱、秋季干旱和冬季干旱，因而具有季节性；各区灾害严重程度不同，干旱可分为鄂东北干旱严重区、鄂东中部伏秋旱严重区、鄂西北春夏旱严重区和鄂西南干旱不严重区，洪涝可分为鄂东中部和江汉平原梅涝区、鄂东北和鄂东南春梅涝严重区、鄂西南夏秋涝区和鄂西北和三峡河谷少涝区，因而具有区域性；此外，还具有延续性、阶段性、周期性和连发性等特征。分析了湖北省旱涝灾害形成的主要因素，认为旱涝灾害是在天气气候因素、地貌因素、环境资源因素、抗灾能力因素、社会经济因素等自然因素和人为因素的共同作用下产生和发展的；旱涝灾害的形成，自然条件固然很重要，但形成严重灾害，则与人为因素有密切关系，这在20世纪表现得尤为明显。     

石岛地区近30年气候变化特征分析

利用石岛地区1981-2010年气温与降水观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明:近30年石岛地区的平均气温以0.205℃/10a的速度上升,除秋季外,春、夏、冬各季平均气温均呈上升趋势;平均降水量以33.4mm/10a的速度增加,春、夏、秋季降水量均呈缓慢上升趋势,冬季降水量呈缓慢减少趋势;异常高低温出现一年,降水异常偏多只有一年,降水异常偏少则只有两年。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.     

Citric and Oxalic Acids Effect on Pb and Zn Uptake by Maize and Winter Wheat

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of citric and oxalic acids effect on Pb and Zn uptake by corn and winter wheat. The experiment was employed with citric acid (CA) applied at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mmol kg^?1 soil), oxalic acid (OA) at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0mmol kg^?1 soil) and citric acid combined with oxalic acid (1.5 mmol citric acid combined with 1.5 mmol oxalic acid kg^?1). Two types of soil were chose in the experiment. One was collected from the agricultural soil near a battery-recycling factory in Anhui province, China (site A) and the other was collected from a Pb-Zn mine residues in Hunan province, China (site B). The results showed that soil pH varied with the different treatment of citric and oxalic acids. However, there were no differences in all the treatments. 3.0mmol CA kg^?1 soil addition significantly increased the concentrations of the CaCl₂-extractable Pb and Zn and other treatments have no significantly increased. The highest shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species occurred in application of 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil and shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species were significantly higher than the controls in this treatment. Shoot yields declined with application of citric and oxalic acids, indicating that the plants were sensitive to the toxicity of the metals or the amendments. The highest Pb uptake values by maize and wheat werell2.3 and 77.2 μg pot1 in soil of site A, and occurred with the control and 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil respectively.