中国三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物中Cu、Zn赋存特征及其与营养盐的相关性分析

对太湖、南四湖、白洋淀三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物进行采样,采用Tessier连续提取法,测定了3个湖泊表层沉积物中Cu、Zn两种重金属的赋存形态,并初步探讨了重金属各形态与沉积物及上覆水中营养盐的相关关系。结果表明,沉积物中重金属总量以白洋淀最高,太湖最低,但重金属污染程度为太湖＆gt;南四湖＆gt;白洋淀,太湖Cu污染指数为1.34~1.6,白洋淀Cu污染指数仅为0.79~1.17。沉积物中重金属赋存形态Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态为主（二者之和占73%以上）, Zn则以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化态占优（二者之和比例达83%以上）,含量最少的均为可交换态。不同湖泊沉积物重金属赋存形态差异较大,太湖残渣态重金属占总量的比例最小（Cu为43%~56%,Zn为49%~63%）,南四湖残渣态占的比例最大（Cu为59%~82%、Zn为64%~77%）;可交换态比重在太湖中最高（Cu占3.2%~5.6%,Zn为1.3%~1.5%）,在南四湖中最低（Cu为1.1%~2.9%,Zn未检出）。从“非稳定态”重金属（除残渣态外的四种形态之和）所占比例看,相较其它两个湖泊,太湖沉积物中重金属污染人为输入的活性态占较大比重,具有较高的二次释放风险。相关性分析得出,重金属Cu的可交换态与上覆水中总氮及总磷之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,碳酸盐结合态Cu与沉积物中营养盐呈现出显著的负相关性,说明水体的富营养化程度加剧可能会增强沉积物中Cu向水体释放的风险。     

脱硫石膏对重金属污染沉积物中Cd的稳定固定化作用

研究了掺杂不同比例脱硫石膏的沉积物中Cd的吸附热力学特征及其稳定固定化效果。实验将脱硫石膏掺杂比例不同的沉积物与不同初始质量浓度的Cd溶液混合、振荡、离心后测定上清液中Cd的质量浓度,结果表明,脱硫石膏掺杂量不同的沉积物吸附Cd的热力学过程均符合Langmuir吸附等温线;脱硫石膏掺杂比例的提高增强了沉积物对溶液中Cd的吸持能力,二者显著正相关;脱硫石膏的掺杂还削弱了溶液中Cd初始质量浓度对其固定率的影响,使研究中8个初始质量浓度下沉积物对Cd的固定率均维持在较高水平。通过16个时间点对连续搅拌下的沉积物样品溶液中Cd质量浓度的测定,研究了模拟重金属污染沉积物和自然沉积物掺杂脱硫石膏前后对照了其中Cd的稳定性,结果表明,脱硫石膏的掺杂降低了沉积物中Cd的释放量,并将实验条件下两种沉积物中Cd的固定率均保持在99.2%以上且保持相对平稳状态。同时,脱硫石膏的掺杂可导致吸附体系pH的升高,促进了Cd与固相介质之间由吸附向沉淀作用的转化,从而提高了沉积物中Cd的稳定性,有利于重金属污染沉积物中Cd的稳定固定化。     

城市湖泊表层沉积物中的重金属污染现状及其风险评价——以武汉墨水湖为例

水体沉积物中的重金属会对生态系统构成直接和间接的威胁.为了研究工业化、城市化过程中城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染现状及其暴露风险，以武汉市墨水湖为研究对象，测定了5种重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb及Cr在表层沉积物中的含量，分析了其污染程度、分布特征，并对其稳定度进行了分析.结果表明，墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重，在所有采样点5种重金属含量均高于最低效应阈值（LEL），多数采样点甚至超过了严重效应阈值（SEL）.该湖泊沉积物中重金属分布具有比较明显的空间差异性：排污口区>湖中心水域>城区岸边带>林田岸边带；其稳定程度依次为：Zn < Cu < Ni < Pb < Cr，其中Zn交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例超过50%，稳定程度极低.而Pb、Cr稳定程度较高，其交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例小于10%.像墨水湖这样受纳高污染负荷市政污水、暴雨径流的城市湖泊，其潜在的重金属生物活性，必须引起足够的重视.     

城市湖泊表层沉积物中的重金属污染现状及其稳定度分析——以武汉墨水湖为例

水体沉积物中的重金属会对生态系统构成直接和间接的威胁.为了研究工业化、城市化过程中城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染程度,以武汉市墨水湖为研究对象,测定了5种重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb及Cr在表层沉积物中的含量,分析了其污染程度、分布特征,并对其稳定度进行了分析.结果表明,墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重,在所有采样点5种重金属含量均高于最低效应阈值(LEL),多数采样点甚至超过了严重效应阈值(SEL);该湖泊沉积物中重金属分布具有比较明显的空间差异性:排污口区>湖中心水域>城区岸边带>林田岸边带;其稳定程度依次为:Zn相似文献   

干旱区绿洲城郊排污渠沉积物重金属污染与释放特征

在白银市城郊东大沟沿程采集了8个沉积物样品,采用Tessier五步连续提取法和静态释放试验研究了沉积物中重金属的污染特征及在不同离子强度条件下沉积物中重金属的释放规律.结果表明:(1)东大沟沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量均超过了甘肃省土壤元素背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的128.83、12.71、26.90、17.99倍.(2)沉积物中Cd和Cu主要以残渣态和有机结合态存在,Zn主要以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合化态存在,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在;沉积物中重金属的活性顺序为ZnPbCdCu.(3)随着离子强度的增大,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn的释放量随之增加,沉积物中Cd的释放量则是先增加后减少.     

北京市西城区雨水管道沉积物中重金属特征

在对北京市西城区部分排水管道调研的基础上,对几个典型雨水检查井连接雨水管道沉积物中赋存的主要重金属污染物污染水平及形态分布进行了研究,分析了沉积物粒径及有机质含量对重金属污染物赋存水平的影响.结果表明,排水管道沉积物中:Cr主要以残渣态存在;Cu和Zn以具有活性潜力的铁锰氧化物形态及碳酸盐结合态两种形态为主;Pb的残渣态含量平均值达到了56.4%;Ni的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量相对较大;可交换态Cd占其总量的比例最高值达22.4%,而残渣态的Cd含量极小.     

胡敏酸对沉积物中重金属形态分布的影响

采用连续提取法分析沉积物添加胡敏酸后,其中重金属(Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb和Ni)的形态分布状况.结果显示:随着胡敏酸的加入,重金属的可交换态含量都不同程度的降低,铁锰氧化物结合态含量不同程度的增加,有机结合态和残渣态含量有所提高.Pb和Ni有机质结合态的增加与胡敏酸的浓度有较好的相关关系.五种重金属中对Zn的影响最为显著,对Cd的影响最小.表明胡敏酸能促进重金属由非稳定态向稳定态转化,即能钝化沉积物重金属,降低其生物有效性.     

广州城市水体沉积物中重金属形态分布研究

选取广州城市水体中的４ 个污染沉积物样品,采用连续提取法研究沉积物中重金属元素（ Ｐｂ 、 Ｚｎ 、 Ｃｕ 、 Ｎｉ 、 Ｃｒ 、 Ｍｎ） 的形态分布,结果表明：重金属元素主要以残渣态、有机结合态和氧化铁结合态存在,其中 Ｐｂ 、 Ｎｉ、 Ｍｎ 以残渣态和氧化铁结合为主, Ｚｎ 以残渣态和有机结合态为主, Ｃｕ 以有机态和氧化铁结合态为主, Ｃｒ 以氧化铁结合态为主。沉积物中固相组分对重金属的富集能力为：无定型氧化锰＞ ＞ 碳酸盐＞ 氧化铁＞ 有机质,而富集量则是后两者大于前两者。     

乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及环境污染评估

为阐明乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及理化性质对重金属形态变化的影响,对湖泊重金属污染修复治理方面提供科学依据,2011年1月在乌梁素海9个站点采集表层沉积物样品,采用改进BCR逐级提取法分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的形态,利用活性系数与迁移系数对重金属生物活性进行研究;结合沉积物理化性质,系统探讨影响重金属化学形态与生物活性的因素;应用次生相与原生相比值法,从重金属形态学角度对沉积物重金属状况进行评估.结果表明,(1)沉积物中重金属活性系数的大小顺序为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>Pb >As>Cr;重金属的迁移系数为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Cr.(2)沉积物物理化学性质和重金属总量对各种化学形态重金属含量影响程度明显不同.重金属总量对残渣态影响较大;pH对酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态影响较大;有机质与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有较大相关性;盐度与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.总氮、总磷与有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.(3)从重金属形态角度评价,7种重金属除Cd外,污染程度并不大,全湖KRSP的平均值大小顺序为Cd(1.66)>Cu(0.84)>Hg(0.72)>Zn(0.42)>Cr(0.15)>Pb(0.14)>As(0.06).结合总量、生物可利用性与形态学评价,乌梁素海重金属 Cd 是生物活性最强、污染最严重的金属,Hg污染次之,应该对Cd与Hg给予特别关注.     

喀斯特深水湖泊富硒沉积物中Se的赋存特征

采用硒的循环提取技术,改进后对湖区沉积物中重金属元素硒进行地球化学形态分析.分析结果表明,红枫湖沉积物中Se的硫化物结合态平均含量最高,占总量的45.7%,其含量顺序为硫化物结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>可交换态>酸溶态>水溶态.并采用次生相富集系数法(SPEF)评价红枫湖沉积物中的Se,结果得KSPEF=2.58,即重金属元素Se可能存在某种人为污染.利用配备X射线能谱的电子显微镜进行微形貌的观察,结果表明,沉积物中除去土壤中常见的元素含量外,S的含量较高,约为0.61%(重量比),但并未发现自然Se的存在.应用X射线多晶衍射仪对沉积物中Se的晶型进行分析,红枫湖沉积物中MSe、MSeO4、MSeO3、MSe2O5和含Se的有机化合物是Se元素存在的主要晶型(其中M为金属离子).加之沉积物中有机质及Se的可利用态含量较高,故红枫湖沉积物经植物修复后,可用于富硒农作物的种植.     

湘江衡阳段沉积物中铊等重金属的污染特征及其生态风险评估

湘江是我国重金属污染最重的河流之一。为了更全面了解湘江衡阳段表层沉积物重金属污染现状及其潜在生态风险,在前期相关研究基础上,分析了重金属Tl及其他4种重金属(Mn、Co、Ni和V)的含量水平和分布特征,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,湘江衡阳段表层沉积物中Tl和Mn有一定程度的累积和污染,其含量分别为0.12～2.09mg·kg-1和234～4580mg·kg-1。由于Tl具有较强的毒性响应,其潜在生态风险不容忽视。综合前期相关研究结果,研究区域中10种重金属总潜在生态风险指数(RI)为27.8～6266,约70%采样点具有重度生态风险,其主要风险来源于Cd和Tl。     

典型城市污染水体底泥中重金属形态分布和相关性

采用Tessier五步连续提取法,研究了南京市莫愁湖、玄武湖、秦淮河13个底泥样品中的重金属的形态分布情况,分析了重金属浸出量与各形态间的相关性及有机质与有机结合态的相关性,并通过红外谱图分析了有机质与重金属结合的机理.结果表明:底泥中Pb,cu,zh,Ni,Cr主要以有机结合态和残渣态俘在,两种形态的含量占总量70%以上,Zn和Cd的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量相列较高,Zn约占20%,Cd约占30%;Zn,Cu,Cd,Ni,Cr的浸出量均与可交换离子态呈现显著的相关性,因此可通过减小可交换离子态含量控制底泥重金属污染的风险性;研究还表明,有机质与有机结合态呈现显著的正相关,因此增加底泥中有机质含量有助于重金属向有_棚结合态转化,有机质与重金属的结合主要是由于其中-些官能团和重金属形成稳定的络合物.     

Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in Apulian coastal sediments

In the framework of the Interreg II Project Italy–Greece, distribution and speciation of trace metals in surface coastal sediments of Apulian regions were studied. A sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu and Cd) with major sedimentary phases (acid soluble phases, easily reducible fraction and oxidizable matter). The relationship between the metals' content and the grain-size composition of the sediments was also considered: generally the elements resulted associated with the fine fraction, even if in some cases (Cu in the oxidizable phase) the opposite behaviour was observed. The studied area is not particularly polluted, except for some defined zones, as for example Brindisi's harbour. Speciation analysis revealed that the major part of the heavy metals are not easily mobilizable and bioavailable. Even in this case, there are some exceptions to the general behaviour: Cu and Pb in several samples are largely present in the oxidizable phase, which even if not immediately available can become a source of associated elements when redox conditions change.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及酸浸出性研究

研究了城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态在不同粒径上的分布,以及HNO3对飞灰中重金属的浸出性.结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以残渣态存在,可交换离子态含量很少;易挥发性的重金属在较大粒径上有较高分布,亲石性重金属Cr和Ni的分布与粒径的相关性不大,在各粒径上的分布较均匀;飞灰中以碳酸盐结合态存在的重金属对酸不稳定,易被HNO3浸出,而残渣态部分对酸较稳定,不易被HNO3浸出.     

Effects of salinity on the transformation of heavy metals in tropical estuary wetland soil

Tropical estuary wetlands are important for aquaculture and wildlife. However, many of them receive large amounts of anthropogenic heavy metals annually. Here, the transformation of spiked heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the effects of salinity on their transformation in wetland soils after an eight-month-long incubation under moisture-saturation conditions were studied in the Pearl River estuary in China. Cd exhibited high mobility and bioavailability, with 12.2% to 25% Cd existing in the exchangeable fraction. Other heavy metals primarily existed in the reducible and oxidisable forms, and less than 2% were bound to the exchangeable fraction. Compared with the controls, contents of none of the metals associated with residual forms were significantly altered. These results imply that most exchangeable metals, except for Cd, transformed into other stable fractions through an eight-month-long ageing process, but not into the residual fraction. Thus, transformation from non-residual to residual forms was very slow in the tropical estuary wetland environment. Addition of NaCl increased the exchangeable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn, suggesting that increased soil salinity induced by flood tides during the dry season may enhance their mobility.     

长江南京段近岸沉积物中重金属富集特征与形态分析

在对长江南京段八卦洲和杨中两个冲积洲近岸沉积物及其优势野生植物中A1、Cu、zn、Cr、Pb、Nj和Cd元素含量分析的基础上,分别考查了这些重金属的富集系数(EF)和生物富集因子(BCF),并采用BCR连续提取法对Cd的赋存形态进行了研究.结果表明,本区域长江近岸沉积物和野生植物中重金属存在不同程度的富集现象,两洲沉积物中Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cd均有富集趋势,各元素EF>1的样品占总样品比例分别为Cu 50%、Cr40%、Pb40%、Ni 40%、Cd20%.而在野生桐蒿和芦蒿两种优势植物中Cd富集显著,其中桐蒿的BCF平均值高达2.57.采用BCR连续提取法对沉积物中Cd进行形态分析,结果显示,沉积物中Cd主要以酸溶/交换态(B1)和可还原态(B2)为主,二者分别为31.7%和45.5%,占到总量的70%以上,B1态远高于一般土壤和沉积物中重金属的分布,表现出很强的迁移性和生物可利用性.新生成沉积物较老沉积物中的B1态有显著增加,反映出沉积物越新,Cd的迁移性越强的趋势.研究结果说明长江城市段近岸沉积物中Cd受近期人为因素影响明显,具有一定的生态风险.     

Speciation of Heavy Metals in Floodplain and Flood Sediments: a Reconnaissance Survey of the Aire Valley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain

A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd), with major sedimentary phases (exchangeable, surface oxide and carbonate, Fe and Mn oxides, organic and residual metal ions), in samples from floodplain and recent flood sediments of the River Aire, West Yorkshire. Analysis indicates that metals Pb and Zn are primarily associated with the Fe and Mn oxides, Cu with the organic fraction and Cd with exchangeable and surface oxide and carbonate metal ions. Knowledge of the chemical speciation of heavy metals in river sediment, despite the procedure's inherent limitations, facilitates an understanding of their bioavailability, storage and remobilisation in floodplain and river channel environments.     

Heavy metal and nutrient contamination of marine sediments in Hong Kong

A monitoring programme was performed to use marine sediments as an indicator of marine contamination in Hong Kong. A total of 51 samples were collected from eight marine sites and analysed for pH, redox potential, salinity, total‐N, total‐P, total organic carbon, and total Cu, Zn Pb, Cr and Cd. Sites with high industrial or aquacultural activities contained high total organic carbon contents, total‐N and total‐P contents. Sediments from sites with high industrial activities also enriched with heavy metals. Metal speciation results indicate that Cu and Cr existed mainly in the organic fraction, Pb and Zn were distributed approximately equally in both the organic and residual fractions while Cd mainly occurred in the residual fraction. The Cu, Cr and Zn contents were highly correlated with total organic carbon contents. All samples were classified as non‐acid forming according to the net acid generation test and only samples from the industrial site released a high concentration of heavy metals under a complete oxidising condition. The present study reveals that organic and heavy metal pollution is serious in the marine sediments of Hong Kong, and industrial and aquacultural activities are probably the major sources of contamination.     

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.