利用基因工程技术开发生态肥料资源的研究

本文讨论了基因工程技术与农作物蛋白质、脂类的品质改良 ;基因工程技术与酶类、生物活性肽等生物分解菌剂、激素的研究生产现状及利用基因工程技术开发新型生态肥料资源的应用前景。     

利用基因工程技术开发生态肥料资源的研究

本文讨论了基因工程技术与农作物蛋白质、脂类的品质改良；基因工程技术与酶类、生物活性肽等生物分解菌剂、激素的研究生产现状及利用基因工程技术开发新型生态肥料资源的应用前景。     

重金属污染土壤修复中杂草资源的利用

对重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理、作用方式及亟待解决的问题进行了论述,认为现有修复植物均不同程度存在一些弱点,还难以大规模应用于修复实践。杂草具有抗逆境能力强、生长迅速、繁殖能力强以及在环境条件适宜情况下生物量能够急剧提高等特点,可以弥补现有修复植物的缺点和不足,是较理想的植物修复资源。结合笔者的研究情况,对杂草资源在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的利用方式、修复植物筛选方法进行了论述,而且在植物修复生物量处理方面也进行了讨论,试图为重金属污染土壤植物修复进一步发展提供科学依据。     

部分植物富集镉能力探讨

综述了农作物、油料作物、蔬菜、水果、杂草和树木等植物富集镉的不同情况,指出了现在研究植物富集镉能力的弊端,提出寻找自然生长在镉污染区生物量大的耐镉植物是植物修复镉污染土壤的一条重要途径。     

化感资源在农作物生产中的合理利用研究

论文论述了植物化感的特点及温、光、肥、水、微生物等环境因素对化感作用的影响,从自然资源可持续利用的角度系统地分析了化感资源在农作物生产中的应用潜力,提出选育化感品种以提高作物的资源利用和抗逆能力,利用植物化感原理合理作物类型搭配和指导农作物的种植、耕作、水肥管理和病虫草害防治,以及开发对环境污染较轻的化感农药等观点,旨在推进农作物的优质、高产、高效、安全生产和农业的可持续发展。     

云南棕榈藤资源及发展策略

云南省具有丰富的棕榈藤种质资源,棕榈藤作为一种重要的非木材植物,不仅在全球生物多样性保护、经济贡献和生态重建等方面起着重要的作用,而且,与当地居民有着密切的联系,为各少数民族创造了财富。然而,随着经济的发展,森林资源减少,环境条件退化,棕榈藤资源日益减少,特别是有些优良棕榈藤种类处于濒危状态。因此,优良棕榈藤的引入、繁殖和栽培,不仅将满足棕榈藤发展的需要,而且亦将扩大良种藤的遗传基因库,为未来棕榈藤资源的进一步开发利用打下坚实的基础。论文基于云南棕榈藤资源发展的要求,对棕榈藤资源现状、利用、发展潜力和策略进行探讨。     

几种重要生态类型

农业生态:运用生态学的基本原理,研究农作物和家畜之间及农业生物与环境和资源间的协调关系,目的是在充分保护和改善农业环境的同时,达到最大限度地发挥农业资源潜力和劳动生产力作用。通过建立适宜的农业结构(包括区域性农林牧各业合理布局,农业生物间的食物链式结构,各种农作物时间和空间搭配结构等),采取相应的调控措施,如农业病虫杂草的     

地质高背景区富Se耕地可利用性研究及区划建议

为了促进土地质量地球化学调查成果服务于特色土地资源开发,实现地质高背景区富Se资源的安全利用,以重庆市黔江区五里镇为研究对象,通过评价土壤-农作物的富Se水平及重金属含量,开展地质高背景区富Se耕地区划及可利用性方法研究,以期提高富Se资源利用效率,为地质高背景区富Se资源的安全利用提供思路.结果表明,研究区土壤及农作物中Se含量丰富,具备开发富Se资源的潜力,但部分样品存在Cd超标的问题.土壤pH是影响农作物Se和Cd含量的关键因素,碱性条件下有利于富Se资源安全利用.A～E(A表示可利用富硒耕地,B表示农作物不富硒但农作物安全,C表示农作物富硒但农作物不安全,D表示农作物不富硒且农作物不安全,E表示土壤硒含量小于富硒阈值且土壤重金属不超标)类耕地面积分别为0.72、0.75、0.28、0.13和0.56 km²,建议在A类耕地分布区开展安全富Se资源开发,在C和D类耕地分布区开展土壤酸化调理及作物低累积品种等农艺措施,降低农作物重金属超标风险,并加强全区耕地保护力度,防止新增污染物输入.     

发展草食牲畜养殖业

从生态学的观点出发,农业是转化农业环境自然资源的生产行业。为了提高农业生态系统的生产力,生态农业一方面要求具有最多的绿色植被,使尽可能多的太阳光能转化为生物能,另一方面还要求光合产物能够得到最有效的利用。 要充分利用光能,获得最大的初级生产力,首先就要充分利用土地资源,让尽可能多的有阳光照射、能够生长植物的地方都种上各种植物。牧草具有很强的适应性,在一般农作物难以生存的恶劣条件下,许多牧草都能茂盛生长。我国北方干旱半干旱地区土壤瘠薄,农作物生长受到很大限制,那里光照时间虽长,光能却很难有效利用,但那些耐旱耐寒的牧草却能适应这样的环境。其实,我国广大农区都有一些不适应种植农作物而适于各种牧草生长的荒坡、荒地、荒水、荒滩和农田隙地,如沿海大面积的海涂滩地。这些沿海滩涂含盐量高,未改造前种植农作物很困难,耐盐碱能力强的大米草、沙打旺、田菁、紫花苜蓿、三叶草、牛尾草等牧草却适于生长。因此,种植各种牧草、大力发展草食牲畜,就可以把这些土地资源有效地利用起来。其次要进行合理的间作套种,通过农作物、经济林木和牧草的合理配置,建立多层多种的立体群落结构,从时间和空间上提高光能利用率。目前各地都有大面积的疏林地,光能利用率很低。如果有意识地培育     

不同气候类型下植物物候的影响因素综述

植物物候对气候变化非常敏感,可作为环境变化对植物生理活动影响的指示。植物物候的变化不仅可反映和预测全球环境的变化,还对地球物质循环和能量流动过程有着重要的影响。因此,结合植物生长背景,全面分析植物物候影响因素,探究植物物候对气候变化的响应是十分必要的。本文基于不同的气候类型下植物物候的研究,介绍了不同气候类型本身存在的气象、地域差异,总结不同气候类型下植物物候地域性特征;总结了热带亚热带气候、温带气候、寒带气候、高原山地气候4大类气候类型下植物物候变化及影响因素;讨论了当前物候研究的主要问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。综述表明,植物物候响应随气候类型呈现出不一致性,不同气候类型下影响植物物候的关键因素也不同。植物物候研究需结合植物生长环境,综合讨论相关影响因素。     

Potential of weed species applied to remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals

To screen out a series of ideal plants that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale. In this study, accumulation and endurance of 45 weed species in ]6 families from an agricultural site were in situ examined by using the pot-culture field experiment, and the remediation potential of some weed species with high accumulation of heavy metals was assayed. The results showed that Solanum nigrum and Conyza canadensis can not only accumulate high concentration of Cd, but also strongly endure to single Cd and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution. Thus 2 weed species can be regarded as good hyperaccumulators for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Although there were high Cd-accumulation in Artemigia selengensis, Znula britannica and Cephalanoplos setosum, their biomass was adversely affected due to action of heavy metals in the soils. If the problem of low endurance to heavy metals can be solved by a reinforcer, 3 weed species can be perhaps applied commercially.     

Researching the agroecosystem/environmental interface

This special issue of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment recognizes the important contribution of Dr. J.W. Sturrock to agroecosystem and environmental research through his long-term role as Editor-in-Chief (1982–2000). An historical overview of agroecosystem and environmental research is provided to illustrate the continued growth of scientific endeavor in this area, and to show its importance for a better understanding of ecological interactions within agroecosystems and especially at the agroecosystem/environmental interface. The papers collected in this special issue are selected to illustrate the breadth and diversity of agroecosystem and environmental research. They can be placed in the following four areas: the environmental impact of farming systems; the management of organic resources, the link between the ecology of farming systems and the environment; and the ecological interactions that occur within or between agricultural systems. Intensification of food production, population growth, technological change, changing land-use patterns, and global change will further impact the structure and functional properties of agroecosystems, and intensify the interaction between agriculture and the environment, and will present a major continuing need for research in the 21st century.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands

The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of landscape scale management intensity, agroecosystem type, local management intensity and edges on diversity patterns of functional groups of plants, carabid beetles, spiders and grasshoppers. Nine landscapes were selected differing in percent intensively used agricultural area (IAA), each with a pair of organic and conventional winter wheat fields and a pair of organic and conventional mown meadows. Within fields, plants were surveyed in the edge and in the interior. Carabid beetles and spiders were captured by funnel traps, while grasshoppers were sweep-netted in the meadows. Diversity patterns of study organisms were affected both by local variables (local management, agroecosystem type and within-field position) and by landscape scale management intensity. Species richness of grasses, presumably because of sowing low-diversity mixtures, and hunting spiders decreased with percent cover of IAA. Meadows differed from wheat fields in that they had higher species richness of forbs and grasses, as well as higher densities of hunting spiders. In contrast, more carabid individuals, especially of non-carnivore species, were captured in wheat fields. In field edges with their reduced management intensity and increased immigration, species richness of plants, carabids and spiders was higher than in the interiors regardless of agroecosystem type and management. Organic management enhanced forb richness and cover in both agroecosystem types. Organic management also increased grass cover in wheat fields, but not in meadows, and promoted species richness of non-carnivore carabids and hunting spiders, but not grasshoppers. The results show that agri-environmental management needs to be targeted to the agroecosystem's field size, because higher edge area led to higher species richness. Organic management affected several functional groups positively (forbs, non-carnivore carabids, hunting spiders), while lower landscape scale management intensity only increased species richness of grasses and spiders. The great differences in responses of functional groups to local cereal and grassland as well as landscape management suggest implementing more scale and group specific targets for agri-environmental schemes to improve their efficiency.     

农田杂草的重金属超积累特性研究

首次采用小区试验方法,对沈阳地区12科22种田间杂草植物进行其积累特性的初步研究.结果表明,小白酒花(Conyza canadensis)、欧亚旋覆花(Znula Britannica)等8种植物地上部Cd的富集系数均大于1,且地上部Cd的含量大于根部Cd的含量,具备了重金属超富集植物的基本特征.植物地上部重金属含量与植物地上部生物量的相关分析表明,植物对重金属的积累量与植物地上部生物量的大小无关.     

Insect pollinated plants benefit from organic farming

Organic farming is predicted to enhance diversity in agroecosystems. This study addresses the question of whether the often observed positive effect of organic farming on arable weed and pollinator diversity results in a significant shift in arable weed community structure towards a higher proportion of insect pollinated species in organic crop fields. To examine whether plant community patterns were consistent with this hypothesis, arable weed communities were compared with respect to the type of pollination (i.e. insect pollination versus non-insect pollination) in the edges and centres of 20 organic and 20 conventional wheat fields. Plant species numbers of both pollination types were much higher in organic than in conventional fields and higher in the field edge than in the field centre. A comparison of the proportions of both pollination types to all plant species revealed that the relative number of insect pollinated species was higher in organic than in conventional fields and higher at the field edge than in the field centre, whereas the relative number of non-insect pollinated species was higher in conventional fields and in the field centre. Our results show that insect pollinated plants benefit disproportionately from organic farming, which appeared to be related to higher pollinator densities in organic fields, whereas in the centres of conventional fields non-insect pollinated plants dominate presumably due to a limitation of pollinators. Hence, disruption of plant-pollinator interactions due to agricultural intensification may cause important shifts in plant community structure.     

太平湖国家湿地公园生态保育区草本植物区系及其在不同干扰下的多样性动态

为探明人类活动对太平湖国家湿地公园生态保育区草本植物多样性的影响,对该区域草本植物区系及其在不同干扰下的多样性动态进行了调查分析。结果表明:①该区共有草本植物25科,56属,68种,以禾本科(G ram ineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)和菊科(Compositae)为优势科,属的成分相对分散,该区草本植物均为寡种属和单种属,植物区系成分简单;②狗牙根(Cynodondactylon)为湿地公园生态保育区优势种群,在5个样地均形成优势群落,但在不同干扰类型下重要值有所变化;③吴家洲为无人区,狗牙根占绝对优势,植物演替处于初始阶段;④大湖冲农业干扰时间久远,农田杂草向滩涂湿地演替推进,物种α多样性各指数为5样地中最高;⑤轻微游憩活动造成营盘山草本植物多样性各指数较吴家洲高,近期建造的水泥游道、观台和篝火场地等对湿地景观造成了一定破坏;⑥苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)因不被家畜食用、具化感作用,种子可随水和随家畜传播,造成石壁陈苍耳泛滥成灾,形成大面积优势群落,严重影响植被景观多样性和微生态系统的稳定性;⑦乌里村受渔业影响较大,滩地植被稀疏;⑧各样地草本植物β多样性显示,不同干扰类型已经对河口滩地的环境造成了影响,具体环境影响指标还有待于进一步研究。针对太平湖湿地公园生态保育区生物多样性保护存在的主要问题,提出了相应的保护和修复对策。     

Potential for biological control of field bindweed in California's coastal vineyards

The possibility of using biological control against field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L., was studied in four vineyards along the California coast. Field bindweed is a dominant member of the weed community and the principal plant pest in these vineyards. There is considerable insect and mite damage to its foliage during late summer and autumn, but the stress this places on the weed is unknown. The most significant natural enemies of field bindweed are defoliating caterpillars, Bedellia somnulentella Zeller, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch, and spider mites. Non of the natural enemies present appeared to be suitable as biological control agents. However, some arthropods, such as Noctuelia floralis (Huebner), associated with field bindweed in Mediterranean Europe and Pakistan, could be useful in the California grape agroecosystem, once cleared for importation and release in North America. Others, unsuitable to release in California because of feeding on closely related native plants, may be of value in other parts of the world where no such conflicts of interest exist. It would be feasible to use biological control against field bindweed in California's coastal vineyards and, perhaps, also in orchards under present systems of cultivation. Its effectiveness could be enhanced by certain changes in growing practices, particularly the acceptance of some weed growth, and by changes in existing pest controls. Biological control of field bindweed should be considered in the development of pest management programs for such crops in California and wherever this plant is a serious pest.     

转Cry1Ah基因抗虫玉米HGK60对生物多样性的影响

随着转基因作物种植面积的不断扩大,其潜在的环境风险也逐渐成为关注热点.为进一步明确转基因作物种植可能带来的生态环境安全问题,以2018年11月于海南省乐东黎族自治县种植的转Cry1Ah基因抗虫玉米HGK60（简称“HGK60”）及其对照常规玉米郑58（简称“郑58”）为研究对象,采用高通量测序及田间调查的方法,重点探讨了其环境释放对田间生物多样性的影响.结果表明:①HGK60种植对根际土壤微生物的影响仅出现在某些生育期,alpha多样性、beta多样性分析均显示,仅抽穗期、完熟期HGK60与郑58差异显著（P < 0.05）,但该差异并不会在玉米的整个生长阶段持续出现,至玉米收获后差异不再显著（P>0.05）;生育期是影响根际土壤微生物的因素之一.②玉米田间节肢动物共调查到节肢动物19 835头,隶属于7目19科60种.HGK60与郑58田间除螟蛾科数量在苗期、喇叭口期、抽穗期表现为差异显著（P < 0.05）外,其他物种的差异均仅表现在某个生育期,并未在整个生育期持续出现;从整体上看,HGK60田间节肢动物各生态学指标均与郑58差异不显著（P>0.05）.③玉米田间杂草发生种类主要有8科、16种,多为一年生杂草,HGK60种植对田间杂草密度及生态学指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）.研究显示,HGK60的种植会在部分生育期对根际土壤微生物产生影响,但玉米收获后影响不显著且其种植对田间节肢动物及杂草多样性无显著影响（P>0.05）.