美国注册安全师机制

概述专业人士一般熟悉具有90多年历史的美国安全工程师学会但也许不了解美国实际上并没有安全工程师这一称谓安全工程师学会实乐上是一个职业安全从业人员的会员制学会和一般的专业学会职能基本相同在美国安全工程师“实际上称为注册安全师。注册安全师不仅是安全工程专家他们在企业安全管理保险公司损失控制等方面也有很深的造诣这也许就是用安全师而不用安全工程师名     

银行数字监控系统改造的检测分析

目前银行已开始广泛采用数字监控系统.用途包括柜员制和安全管理.现在都采用数字硬盘录像机来进行录像和存储,利用这套系统对原来的监控系统进行改造.如将原来安装的安全管理摄像机信号传输至硬盘录像机,这样更便于管理,也增强取证的准确性.柜员制可以将每一天的柜员收付情况以图像和声音的方式记录下来,一旦发生差错,可以通过录像录音进行复核.通过对几十个银行监控系统的检测,总结了一些心得,现以6路柜员和6路安全监控系统组成的储蓄所或支行数字监控系统改造为例解析方案。     

银行数字监控系统改造的检测分析

目前银行已开始广泛采用数字监控系统.用途包括柜员制和安全管理.现在都采用数字硬盘录像机来进行录像和存储,利用这套系统对原来的监控系统进行改造.如将原来安装的安全管理摄像机信号传输至硬盘录像机,这样更便于管理,也增强取证的准确性.柜员制可以将每一天的柜员收付情况以图像和声音的方式记录下来,一旦发生差错,可以通过录像录音进行复核.通过对几十个银行监控系统的检测,总结了一些心得,现以6路柜员和6路安全监控系统组成的储蓄所或支行数字监控系统改造为例解析方案.     

Trends analysis of fire accidents in the history of China: B.C.221–A.D.1949

In this paper, fire accidents happening from B.C.221 to A.D.1949 in China are analyzed and the changing regularity of high fire occurrence regions (HFOR) is discussed. We have reached some useful conclusions: (1) the changes of HFOR in China follow those of the economic and cultural centers. The more advanced the economy in the province, the more the fire accidents. (2) war is the primary cause for fires in the Chinese history.     

美国拟修订现行危险信息标准

<正>美国劳工部职业安全与卫生管理局近日发布了G/TBT/N/USA/216/Add.1号补遗。该局拟修订现行危险信息标准,以符合联合国全球化学品统一分类及标签系统,相信修订提案能够改善向雇主和雇员提供的关于化学危     

美国、澳大利亚的矿山安全

澳大利亚,矿山救护车将开赴现场澳大利亚1991年～2001年矿山死亡人数及伤害次数如下表:(澳大利亚财政年度由每年4月至下一年3 澳大利亚昆士兰州政府为加强矿山安全,已开始进行矿山救护车的研究。研究该车的目的是改善井下矿工的自救能力。该项工作将由位于Redbank的矿山试验研究站与昆士兰州矿山救护服务中心与澳大利亚煤矿协会联合进行。该救护车应能在特     

Evaluation of the flexibility of protective gloves.

Two mechanical methods have been developed for the characterization of the flexibility of protective gloves, a key factor affecting their degree of usefulness for workers. The principle of the first method is similar to the ASTM D 4032 standard relative to fabric stiffness and simulates the deformations encountered by gloves that are not tight fitted to the hand. The second method characterizes the flexibility of gloves that are worn tight fitted. Its validity was theoretically verified for elastomer materials. Both methods should prove themselves as valuable tools for protective glove manufacturers, allowing for the characterization of their existing products in terms of flexibility and the development of new ones better fitting workers' needs.     

Compatibility of booster seats and vehicles in the U.S. market

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze booster and rear vehicle seat dimensions to identify the most frequent compatibility problems.

Methods: Measurements were collected from 40 high-back and backless boosters and 95 left rear and center rear row seating positions in 50 modern vehicles. Dimensions were compared for 3,800 booster/vehicle seat combinations. For validation and estimation of tolerance and correction factors, 72 booster installations were physically completed and compared with measurement-based compatibility predictions. Dimensions were also compared to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) volumetric envelopes of forward-facing child restraints and boosters.

Results: Seat belt buckles in outboard positions accommodated the width of boosters better than center positions (success rates of 85.4 and 34.7%, respectively). Adequate head restraint clearance occurred in 71.9 to 77.2% of combinations, depending on the booster's head support setting. Booster recline angles aligned properly with vehicle seat cushion angles in 71.5% of combinations. In cases of poor angle alignment, booster angles were more obtuse than the vehicle seat angles 97.7% of the time. Head restraint interference exacerbated angle alignment issues. Data indicate success rates above 90% for boosters being fully supported by the length of the seat cushion and for adequate height clearance with the vehicle roofline. Comparison to ISO envelopes indicates that most boosters on the U.S. market are taller and angled more obtusely than ISO target envelopes.

Conclusions: This study quantifies some of the common interferences between boosters and vehicles that may complicate booster usage. Data are useful for design and to prioritize specific problem areas.     

Women in the workplace.

The greatly increased number of women in the U.S. work force calls for greater attention to and emphasis on their safety and health. The author explores the history, demography, employment experiences and occupational safety and health considerations of working women.     

Assessing the acoustical climate of underground stations.

Designing a proper acoustical environment--indispensable to speech recognition--in long enclosures is difficult. Although there is some literature on the acoustical conditions in underground stations, there is still little information about methods that make estimation of correct reverberation conditions possible. This paper discusses the assessment of the reverberation conditions of underground stations. A comparison of the measurements of reverberation time in Warsaw's underground stations with calculated data proves there are divergences between measured and calculated early decay time values, especially for long source-receiver distances. Rapid speech transmission index values for measured stations are also presented.     

The business cycle and the incidence of workplace injuries: evidence from the U.S.A

Introduction

The current study explored the association between the business cycle and the incidence of workplace injuries to identify cyclically sensitive industries and the relative contribution of physical capital and labor utilization within industries.

Method

Bureau of Labor Statistics nonfatal injury rates from 1976 through 2007 were examined across five industry sectors with respect to several macroeconomic indicators. Within industries, injury associations with utilization of labor and physical capital over time were tested using time series regression methods.

Results

Pro-cyclical associations between business cycle indicators and injury incidence were observed in mining, construction, and manufacturing but not in agriculture or trade. Physical capital utilization was the highest potential contributor to injuries in mining while labor utilization was the highest potential contributor in construction. In manufacturing each effect had a similar association with injuries.

Conclusion

The incidence of workplace injury is associated with the business cycle. However, the degree of association and the mechanisms through with the business cycle affects the incidence of workplace injuries was not the same across industries.

Impact on Industry

The results suggest that firms in the construction, manufacturing, and mining industries should take additional precautionary safety measures during cyclical upturns. Potential differences among industries in the mechanisms through which the business cycle affects injury incidence suggest different protective strategies for those industries. For example, in construction, additional efforts might be undertaken to ensure workers are adequately trained and not excessively fatigued, while safety procedures continue to be followed even during boom times.     

基于风险的运输安全评价——美国化学工业运输安全指南（摘要）

本指南是由运输专家,工厂管理员和其他负责产品,原材料的安全运输人员编写的,目的是叙述运输期间需考虑的安全问题,减少危险品给公众、搬运人员、销售人员、司机、合同工和工人造成危害的风险及对环境的破坏。指南提出了与危险品运输有关的安全问题。指南适用于所有的运     

Emergency room evidence on the role of alcohol intoxication in injury at work in the U.S.

Alcohol is a known risk factor for many kinds of injuries, but past research has failed to implicate alcohol intoxication as a major cause of work injuries in the U.S. Local and regional studies have indicated that alcohol-related injuries are relatively less common in work settings than non-work settings. In a six-month study, the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System collected the first national sample data on alcohol and injuries presenting to hospital emergency rooms. The study included both work injuries and product-related non-work injuries. Alcohol intoxication was ascertained by emergency room chart review. Alcohol involvement was much lower than in other studies, probably because of poor sensitivity in ascertainment, and it was 10 times lower among work injuries than non-work injuries. “Non-work activities at the time of injury” were a significant risk factor for alcohol-related injuries (odds ratio = 7). Thus, results of this national study are consistent with previous research in finding that alcohol poses a greater risk for nonwork injury than for work injury.     

不同生长期加拿大蓬挥发油对蚕豆保卫细胞的毒性效应

为探讨入侵植物加拿大蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)的化感作用机制,以蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶下表皮为材料,研究了营养期和生殖期加拿大蓬挥发油各1μL、2μL、3μL、4μL、5μL分别处理保卫细胞10 min、20 min、30 min后产生的毒性效应。结果表明:挥发油处理后保卫细胞大量死亡,核形态发生较大改变;细胞死亡率和核异常率显著上升(p0.05),与处理剂量和时间呈正相关(p0.01);营养期挥发油处理后细胞的死亡率和核异常率总体高于生殖期;加入泛Caspase抑制剂后,细胞死亡率显著降低(p0.05)。研究表明,加拿大蓬挥发油引起的保卫细胞死亡为Caspase依赖性的细胞凋亡,营养期挥发油的化感胁迫效应比生殖期更强。结合GC-MS分析可见,不同生长期加拿大蓬挥发油毒性的差异可能与其化感物质的组成和含量差异有关。     

E.coli和B.subtilis溶解性代谢产物对环境因子的响应

为了一步明晰环境因子对微生物溶解性产物形成的影响,选取活性污泥中典型革兰氏阴性菌(E.coli)和革兰氏阳性菌(B.subtilis)作为研究对象,以蛋白质、腐殖酸和多糖表征微生物代谢产物(Soluble Microbial Products,SMP),研究了培养时间、温度、盐度和阿莫西林对两株菌SMP形成特性的影响。结果表明:当培养时间为0~48h时,E.coli和B.subtilis溶解性代谢产物质量浓度在4 h时达到了最大,分别约为48 h的3.91倍和3.27倍。当温度下降时,E.coli溶解性代谢产物中的多糖和腐殖酸分别在25℃和15℃出现了累积,而B.subtilis产生的SMP仅在15℃出现了腐殖酸累积。当盐度为5~30 mg/L时,E.coli和B.subtilis产生的SMP质量浓度均先增加后减小,分别于盐度为5 g/L和10 g/L时达到最大,组分以腐殖酸为主。当阿莫西林质量浓度为0~3.0 mg/L时,E.coli和B.subtilis产生的SMP质量浓度均先增加后减小,分别于阿莫西林质量浓度为1.0mg/L和1.5 mg/L达到最大,组分以腐殖酸和多糖为主;然而当阿莫西林质量浓度为3.0 mg/L时,两菌株产生的SMP组分以多糖为主。可见,过短的停留时间、低温、高盐和较高质量浓度的阿莫西林都会诱导E.coli和B.subtilis产生更多的SMP,但它们之间存在一定的差异。