氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出线路板中铜及过程中铁的变化研究

从煤堆积水中分离得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌,利用该菌种对线路板中的Cu进行了浸出实验.研究了不同线路板粉末添加量对浸出效果的影响,在220 mL溶液中添加量为2.2、4.4 g时Cu的浸出率很快达到了90%,而添加量为11.0、22.0 g时浸出率表现了缓慢上升,在15 d左右达到了90%.观察了浸出过程中铁浓度及价态的变化,结果表明,浸出初期随着添加量的增加,Fe2 增加明显,但是随着浸出时间的推移,Fe3 、Fe2 和总Fe都呈现降低趋势.     

3种含铁材料对重金属和砷复合污染底泥稳定化处理

选用3种含铁材料FeCl3、Fe(OH)3和FePO4,开展重金属和砷(As)复合污染底泥的稳定化处理实验,并用毒性浸出测试(TCLP)的结果和底泥交换态重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn)及As的含量来评价其稳定化效果。结果表明,(1)FeCl3和FePO4降低了底泥pH值,Fe(OH)3轻微地提高了底泥pH值。(2)FeCl3活化了底泥中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn,使其浸出量和交换态含量增加,对As浸出量的影响不大,但使底泥中As交换态含量明显降低,且在最大添加量(8.00 g/kg)时As交换态含量未检测出;Fe(OH)3降低了Cd交换态和浸出量,稍增加了As交换态和浸出量,但对Pb、Cu、Zn交换态和浸出量影响不明显;FePO4明显降低了Pb的浸出量和交换态含量,略微降低了交换态Cd、Zn含量,对交换态Cu影响不大,但明显增加了As的浸出量和交换态含量。综上,FeCl3对As具有较好的稳定化效果,但明显活化了底泥中的4种重金属;Fe(OH)3亦对底泥中Cd有一定稳定化效果;FePO4对Pb的稳定化效果较好,但明显活化了底泥中的As。显然,3种含铁材料都不能实现底泥中重金属和As的同时稳定化。     

载体对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化活性的影响及生物量分析

载体的选择对氧化亚铁硫杆菌的固定化至关重要,选择活性炭、煤矸石、陶粒和沸石4种载体,考察这4种载体在不同添加量下对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化活性的影响,并分析载体表面附着的生物量.结果表明,这4种材料均可作为细菌固定化培养的载体材料.在载体添加量为25～75 g/L条件下,载体对细菌生长过程中Fe2 浓度变化影响最大,随载体添加量的增加,Fe2 氧化速率增加,而对pH变化和Eh变化无明显影响.单位重量的活性炭、陶粒和沸石的生物量高于单位重量煤矸石的,但随载体添加量的增加,其生物量减小;对煤矸石,随载体添加量的增加,其生物量增加.     

一株氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及其浸出废旧线路板中铜的效果

从广东某硫铁矿山酸性废水中分离到一株嗜酸性细菌,经形态观察、生理学和近全长16S rRNA基因分析鉴定为氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.ferrooxidans),命名为Z1。该菌与GenBank中菌株A.ferrooxidansCMS等处在系统发育树的同一分支,16S rRNA基因序列相似度均为99%。菌株Z1生长的最适pH值和温度分别为2.25和30℃,对数生长期处于第18～30小时,Fe2+平均氧化速率达到0.2307 g/(L.h),经驯化后能耐受15 g/L的废旧线路板金属富集体。浸出实验结果表明,在起始pH值为2.25、起始Fe2+浓度为9 g/L、接种量为10%、金属富集体投加量为15 g/L的条件下,菌株Z1能在62 h内浸出废旧线路板中99.3%的铜。与生物浸出效果类似,过滤除菌的滤菌液处理能在86 h内浸出96.0%的铜。而不接种上述细菌的9K培养基无菌浸出对照134 h铜的浸出率仅为61.3%。因此,菌株Z1可作为浸出废旧线路板中有价金属的潜在有效菌株。     

胞外聚合物对生物浸出线路板金属粉末中铜的作用

胞外聚合物(EPS)是生物浸出体系中重要的组成部分。通过设计透析袋对比实验和模拟EPS浸出实验,研究EPS在细菌与线路板金属粉末浸出过程中的作用。结果表明,不含透析袋的生物浸出7 d后铜的浸出率达到81.4%,而采用透析袋阻隔细菌与金属粉末直接接触的对照铜的浸出率仅为47.9%,2 d后移除透析袋实验组铜的浸出率急剧上升至77.9%。这表明细菌与线路板金属粉末的直接接触对生物浸出过程至关重要。配制的模拟EPS考查了其对生物浸出过程的影响。结果显示,添加模拟EPS的生物浸出实验7 d后铜的浸出率为92.2%,不添加模拟EPS的生物浸出组铜的浸出率为85.5%。扫描电镜结果也证实不同浸出后线路板金属粉末表面形态的差异。因此,EPS对生物浸出线路板金属粉末中的铜具有促进作用。     

铁盐对污泥飞灰共热解产物浸出浓度的影响研究

采用热解法,研究了不同铁盐种类及添加量时污泥与飞灰共热解产物的重金属浸出浓度,同时对污泥飞灰的混合比例进行进一步讨论以确定经济有效的新型处置工艺。结果表明:整体上,不同铁盐对Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn浸出的影响差异显著;单独添加Fe_2(SO_4)_3时,热解炭中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn浸出浓度比单独FeSO_4时低约67.8%、31.0%、62.8%、45.8%。添加Fe_2(SO_4)_3使Fe添加量为干污泥质量的0.5%时,可以有效降低大多数重金属的浸出浓度。污泥飞灰的混合比例对As、Cd、Pb和Zn浸出的影响差异显著。热解温度为500℃,干污泥∶飞灰质量比为2∶1时,加入Fe_2(SO_4)_3(Fe添加量为干污泥质量的0.5%)后,热解炭可在生活垃圾填埋场中填埋。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出线路板中铜的研究

从煤堆积水中分离得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌,利用该菌种对线路板中的铜进行了浸出实验.研究了不同线路板粉末添加量对浸出效果的影响,观察了浸出过程中pH和氧化还原电位(Eh)的变化,结果表明添加量为10 g/L和20 g/L时,在15 d内线路板Cu几乎全部浸出,而50g/L和100g/L在15 d内亦有较高的浸出效率,并呈持续上升趋势.     

改性木屑对铜离子的吸附性能

用热解+Na OH浸泡的方法制备改性木屑,通过表征手段观察了改性后木屑表面结构的变化,并研究了改性木屑对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附性能。结果表明:改性木屑表面变光滑,羟基增多;与原木屑和活性炭相比,改性木屑的平衡时间缩短了60 min,吸附速率提高了50%;改性木屑对铜离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温模型,最大吸附量为31.25 mg·g~(-1),是原始木屑吸附量的8倍,是活性炭的3倍。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出线路板中铜的研究

从煤堆积水中分离得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌，利用该菌种对线路板中的铜进行了浸出实验。研究了不同线路板粉末添加量对浸出效果的影响，观察了浸出过程中pH和氧化还原电位（Eh）的变化，结果表明添加量为10g／L和20g／L时，在15d内线路板Cu几乎全部浸出，而50g／L和100g／L在15d内亦有较高的浸出效率，并呈持续上升趋势。     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2+的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2+质量浓度等对Cu2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法(FT-IR)分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2+的活性中心。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸铜作用研究

为研究氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)对铜浸出的作用,从某煤堆积水中分离得到A.f菌,利用该菌对铜进行浸出实验,设置3个处理,3个处理的浸出液分别为9 K培养基(简称S),成熟菌液(简称MS)和过滤除菌液(简称FS)。结果表明,3个处理中铜都得到了浸出,浸出铜浓度按S、FS和MS依次递增分别为4 433、5 377和6 296 mg/L;浸出初期,MS中的铜,浸出速度最快,过滤除菌液中次之,而培养基中的速度比较稳定,比前两者均慢,24 h后三者浸铜速度趋近一致;三者中pH、Eh变化相似,pH均先升高至3.4左右保持相对稳定,Eh均先迅速下降至280 mV后保持稳定。由实验可知,氧化亚铁硫杆菌主要在浸出初期促进了铜的浸出,且菌液中溶解氧氧化Fe2+以及酸性条件下氧化Cu0对铜的浸出作用不容忽视。     

Hybrid process for heavy metal removal from wastewater sludge.

Bioleaching processes have been demonstrated to be effective technologies in removing heavy metals from wastewater sludge, but long hydraulic retention times are typically required to operate these bioprocesses. A hybrid process (coupling biological and chemical processes) has been explored in laboratory pilot-scale experiments for heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], chromium [Cr], and zinc [Zn]) removal from three types of sludge (primary sludge, secondary activated sludge, and a mixture of primary and secondary sludge). The hybrid process consisted of producing a concentrate ferric ion solution followed by chemical treatment of sludges. Ferric iron solution was produced biologically via oxidation of ferrous iron by A. ferrooxidans in a continuous-flow stirred tank (5.2 L) reactor (CSTR). Wastewater sludge filtrate (WSF) containing nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) has been used as culture media to support the growth and activity of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. Results showed that total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the culture media in excess of 235 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. The oxidation rate increased as ferrous iron concentrations ranged from 10 to 40 g Fe2+/L. The percentage of ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) increased as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased from 12 to 48 h. Successful and complete Fe2+ oxidation was recorded at a HRT of 48 h using 10 g Fe2+/L. Subsequently, ferric ion solution produced by A. ferrooxidans in sludge filtrate was used to solubilize heavy metals contained in wastewater sludge. The best solubilization was obtained with a mixture of primary and secondary sludge, demonstrating a removal efficiency of 63, 71, 49, and 80% for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn, respectively.     

Influence of soil properties on heavy metal sequestration by biochar amendment: 2. Copper desorption isotherms

Contaminant desorption constrains the long-term effectiveness of remediation technologies, and is strongly influenced by dynamic non-equilibrium states of environmental and biological media. Information is currently lacking in the influence of biochar and activated carbon amendments on desorption of heavy metal contaminants from soil components. In this study, copper sorption-desorption isotherms were obtained for clay-rich, alkaline San Joaquin soil with significant heavy metal sorption capacity, and eroded, acidic Norfolk sandy loam soil having low capacity to retain copper. Acidic pecan shell-derived activated carbon and basic broiler litter biochar were employed in desorption experiments designed to address both leaching by rainfall and toxicity characteristics. For desorption in synthetic rain water, broiler litter biochar amendment diminished sorption-desorption hysteresis. In acetate buffer (pH 4.9), significant copper leaching was observed, unless acidic activated carbon (pH_pzc = 3.07) was present. Trends observed in soluble phosphorus and zinc concentrations for sorption and desorption equilibria suggested acid dissolution of particulate phases that can result in a concurrent release of copper and other sorbed elements. In contrast, sulfur and potassium became depleted as a result of supernatant replacements only when amended carbon (broiler litter biochar) or soil (San Joaquin) contained appreciable amounts. A positive correlation was observed between the equilibrium aluminum concentration and initial copper concentration in soils amended with acidic activated carbon but not basic biochar, suggesting the importance of cation exchange mechanism, while dissolution of aluminum oxides cannot be ruled out.     

Combined effect of microwave and activated carbon on the remediation of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil

The application of microwave and activated carbon for the treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated soil was explored in this study with a model compound of 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB29). PCB-contaminated soil was treated in a quartz reactor by microwave irradiation at 2450MHz with the addition of granular activated carbon (GAC). In this procedure, GAC acted as microwave absorbent for reaching high temperature and reductant for dechlorination. A sheltered type-K thermocouple was applied to record the temperature rising courses. It was shown that the addition of GAC could effectively promote the temperature rising courses. The determination of PCB residues in soil by gas chromatography (GC) revealed that rates of PCB removal were highly dependent on microwave power, soil moisture content, and the amount of GAC added. GC with mass spectrum (MS) detector and ion chromatography were employed for the analysis of degradation intermediates and chlorine ions, respectively. It was suggested that microwave irradiation with the assistance of activated carbon might be a potential technology for the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil.     

Leaching behavior and chemical stability of copper butyl xanthate complex under acidic conditions

Although xanthate addition can be used for treating copper-containing wastewater, a better understanding of the leaching toxicity and the stability characteristics of the copper xanthate complexes formed is essential. This work was undertaken to evaluate the leaching behavior of copper xanthate complex precipitates by means of toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and semi-dynamic leaching test (SDLT) using 1 N acetic acid solution as the leachant. Also, the chemical stability of the copper xanthate complex during extraction has been examined with the studying of variation of chemical structure using UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS).Both TCLP and SDLT results showed that a negligible amount of copper ion was leached out from the copper xanthate complex precipitate, indicating that the complex exhibited a high degree of copper leaching stability under acidic conditions. Nevertheless, chemical structure of the copper xanthate complex precipitate varied during the leaching tests. XPS data suggested that the copper xanthate complex initially contained both cupric and cuprous xanthate, but the unstable cupric xanthate change to the cuprous form after acid extraction, indicating the cuprous xanthate to be the final stabilizing structure. Despite that, the changes of chemical structure did not induce the rapid leaching of copper from the copper xanthate complex.     

Response of microbial growth to orthophosphate and organic carbon influx in copper and plastic based plumbing water systems

Consequences of orthophosphate addition for corrosion control in water distribution pipes with respect to microbial growth were investigated using batch and dynamic tests. Batch tests showed that the release of copper in either low or high organic carbon content water was decreased by 69% and 56% with addition 206 microg PO(4)-P, respectively. Dosing of orthophosphate against corrosion did not increase microbial growth potential in the water and in the biofilm in both corroded and uncorroded systems receiving tap water with a low content of organic carbon and of biodegradable organic fraction. However, in tap water having a high concentration of organic carbon from acetate addition, orthophosphate addition promoted the growth of bacteria, allowed more bacteria to assemble on corroded and uncorroded surfaces, and increased the consumption of organic carbon. Orthophosphate consumption did not exceed 1% of the amount of easily biodegradable organic carbon required for microbial growth, and the orthophosphate demand for corrosion control greatly exceeded the nutritional requirement of microbial growth. The results of the dynamic tests demonstrated that there was a significant effect of interaction between biodegradable organic carbon and orthophosphate on biofilm growth, whereby the effect of orthophosphate flux on microbial growth was dependent on the levels of biodegradable organic carbon. Controlling an easily biodegradable organic carbon would be therefore necessary to minimize the microbial growth potential induced by orthophosphate-based anticorrosion treatment.     

Anion and cation leaching or desorption from activated carbons from municipal sludge and poultry manure as affected by pH.

The conversion of municipal sludge and poultry manure to activated carbon results in a significant ash fraction that contains several different anions and cations. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the select ions are released or leached from virgin carbon into the sorption medium at different pH values. Activated carbon was placed in solutions of pH 1, 5, or 7, and the leaching of six cations (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) and two anions (arsenate and selenate) was recorded. Considerable quantities of zinc and copper were removed at pH 1 from all carbon sources. However, the amounts leached at pH 5 and 7 were small or undetectable. Our results indicate that leaching or desorption from carbons made from municipal sludge or poultry manure is pH-dependent and occurs readily under highly acidic conditions but minimally under pH conditions typically seen in contaminated water or wastewater.     

含重金属水处理污泥的固化和浸出毒性研究

工业危险固体废物在进行安全填埋前需要进行固化稳定处理。针对电镀厂和皮革厂含重金属的水处理污泥 ,用不同比例的水泥、粉煤灰进行固化稳定处理。考虑酸雨环境 ,浸出实验采用TCLP标准。电镀厂污泥单独固化时 ,其浸出液中铜离子浓度由 78 0mg/L下降到 1 5mg/L ;镍离子浓度由 2 2 4 5mg/L下降到 2 2 2mg/L ,高于危险废物允许进入填埋区 15mg/L的控制限值。电镀厂污泥与皮革厂污泥混合后固化 ,浸出液毒性明显降低。铜离子的浸出浓度降低到1 98mg/L ,镍离子降低到 4 10mg/L ,总铬降低到 0 4 0mg/L ,各项指标均低于国家危险废物允许进入填埋区的控制限值 ,可安全填埋。     

Use of regenerated ferric oxide for CO destruction and suppressing dioxin formation in flue gas in a pilot-scale incinerator

Catalytic destruction of chlorinated compounds is one of the key methods in reducing pollutant emissions. For the purpose of utilizing waste materials, a catalyst was regenerated from ferric ion sludge, obtained from the addition of iron salts to precipitate heavy metals. The sludge was dewatered, heated (800 degrees C for 4 h), and ground into smaller particles. The regenerated ferric oxide particles were then used as the oxidation catalyst to destroy CO formation during the combustion of three chlorinated solvents and to suppress dioxin formation in flue gas in a real waste solvent. In the presence of catalyst, the combustion efficiency (ratio of CO(2) to the sum of CO(2) and CO) for chlorobenzene was more than 98% at 850 degrees C in a pilot-scale incinerator. The destruction and removal efficiencies of chlorobenzene, 2,4-dichlorophenol and trichlorofluoroethane were more than three nines. In the absence of catalysts, the flue gas emission from a real waste could not meet the regulatory dioxin standard of 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm(3) even with the powdered activated carbon injection. The use of catalyst at either 100 or 300 g/h, however, was able to meet the emission standard.     

钒钛磁铁矿制备絮凝剂用于有机污水处理的研究

以钒钛磁铁矿为原料,利用盐酸浸出工艺制备铁、钛、钒三元絮凝剂,对工艺条件进行优化后用于处理模拟有机污水,并与聚合氯化铁(PFC)的絮凝效果进行对比.结果表明:在浸出时间为4 h、浸出温度为80℃、液固质量比为5、盐酸初始质量分数为20％时,浸出效果最佳,钒、铁、钛的浸出率分别为99.98％、97.77％、10.41％;...