处理城市污水的好氧颗粒污泥培养及形成过程

在中试序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)反应器中采用有机物浓度低的城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥. 运行过程中考察了污泥性能,并通过调整、优化沉淀时间和排水比等运行参数,培养出了高性能且稳定的好氧颗粒污泥. 活性污泥接种40 d后反应器内开始出现细小颗粒,160 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径可达0.8 mm,且其周围有大量的原生动物. 颗粒化过程中,污泥密度、沉降速率和ρ(MLSS)分别从初期的1.004 0 g/cm3,6.8 m/h和4 000 mg/L升至1.010 5 g/cm3,38.5 m/h和8 000 mg/L,污泥容积指数(SVI₃₀)则从75 mL/g降至40 mL/g. 形成后的颗粒污泥对城市污水中COD_Cr和NH₄+-N有很好的去除效果,出水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在50和5 mg/L以下.      

SBR工艺处理高含盐生活污水的研究

针对海水利用产生的高含盐生活污水,试验采SBR工艺分别研究了不同海水比例的污水中低浓度和中浓度有机物的降解和去除规律、污泥沉降性能以及温度对含20%海水的污水中有机物降解速率的影响.试验结果表明,在高盐污水的生物处理系统中,污泥的驯化是关键的一步.海水盐度降低了有机物的降解速率和去除率,但两种浓度污水的出水CODcr浓度均在30～70mg/L之间,远远低于国家污水综合排放二级标准(GB8978-1996).海水盐度使污泥体积指数降低,污泥沉降速度加快.污水处理有机物的适宜温度是20℃左右.     

好氧颗粒化SBR系统处理UASB出水的试验研究

以序批式反应器培养的好氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,驯化处理上流式厌氧颗粒污泥床反应器的出水,整个运行过程主要分为颗粒污泥驯化阶段和稳定运行阶段。在稳定运行阶段,有机COD负荷可达到5.2 g/L.d,COD去除率高于95%,好氧颗粒污泥直径集中于3.5～6mm,SVI 50～58mL/g,沉降速率在72～90m/h,好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能和较高的COD去除率。同时应用扫描电镜技术对接种颗粒污泥和驯化后的好氧颗粒污泥的微生物结构进行了初步观察和分析。     

沉淀时间及生物膜对实际生活污水形成好氧硝化颗粒污泥的影响

利用3个间歇式活性污泥反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR,命名为R1、R2、R3）和1个间歇气提式内循环反应器（sequencing batch airlift reactor,SBAR,命名为R4）,处理低碳氮比实际生活污水,系统考察改变沉淀时间的方式及器壁生物膜对快速启动硝化好氧颗粒污泥（aerobic granular sludge,AGS）反应器的影响.结果表明,R1、R2、R4的沉淀时间骤降为2、4、2 min,由于一次性施加的沉速选择压过强,造成污泥大量流失,反应器崩溃,而后反应器器壁不断长出生物膜,混合液和出水中出现大量絮状、棒状、颗粒状污泥,经过35～40 d的培养,出水NH⁺₄-N小于1 mg/L,这主要是器壁生物膜的作用.反应器中的松软颗粒状污泥并非AGS,但它和AGS周围都有大量的轮虫等原生动物和后生动物,这表明生物膜和AGS同源.根据污泥沉淀的实际情况,逐步降低R3反应器的沉淀时间为8、6、5、4 min,当沉速达到10 cm/min时,污泥开始颗粒化;沉速达到12 cm/min时,污泥颗粒化基本完成,共经历了33 d.AGS与絮状污泥长期共存,以0.3 mm为界,两者质量比约为2∶1,AGS平均粒径在0.5　mm左右, NH⁺₄-N降解速率是污泥未颗粒化之前的5倍.     

活性污泥驯化技术与高浓度CTMP废水生物处理的研究

为探讨活性污泥处理高浓度ＣＴＭＰ制浆造纸废水,研究了活性污泥驯化工艺的良性对生物系统污泥沉降性能及处理效果产生的影响。３个月多的运行试验结果表明,改良后的污泥驯化工艺即间歇式与连续式进料相结合的污泥驯化工艺能够明显改善污泥沉降性能,污泥的ＳＶ３０为２９９０－３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＶＩ为４８－５５ｍｌ／ｇ,并显著增加处理效果,ＣＯＤ去除率７７％－８５％,ＢＯＤ５去除率９０％－９５％,ＴＳＳ去除率７５％－     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

剪切作用对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法系统(SBR)研究了搅拌型反应器中水流剪切应力对处理系统中活性污泥沉降性能的影响,通过微生物数量、絮凝体形态和微生物种群的观测分析,探讨了水流剪切应力影响活性污泥沉降性能的机制。结果表明:活性污泥的微生物数量和沉降指数随水流剪切应力增加先减少后增加,活性污泥的界面沉降速度随水流剪切应力的增加先增加后降低。水流剪切应力对活性污泥处理系统沉降性能的影响是通过剪切应力对微生物的选择作用实现的。     

好氧区DO对水解酸化-缺氧-好氧工艺处理石化废水的影响

采用水解酸化-缺氧-好氧工艺处理某石化废水,研究了不同好氧区ρ(DO)下,系统中的有机物、NH₄+-N和TN的去除效果,SMP(soluble microbial products,溶解性微生物产物)的产生情况,以及污泥沉降性能的变化. 结果表明:在总水力停留时间为40h、污泥回流比为100%的情况下,好氧区ρ(DO)平均值从6~7mg/L降至1~2mg/L左右时,系统仍可维持较为稳定的有机物、NH₄+-N和TN去除效果;随着好氧区ρ(DO)的降低,出水中ρ(SMP)对ρ(COD_Cr)的贡献有所降低,SMP中ρ(蛋白质)与ρ(多糖)之比由4.6∶1降至0.8∶1;随着好氧区ρ(DO)的降低,污泥的沉降性能逐渐变差,SVI(污泥指数)由62.7mL/g升至136.9mL/g,但并未导致污泥流失. 综合污染物去除效果和运行能耗来看,该研究中较为适合的好氧区ρ(DO)为2~3mg/L.      

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH₄⁺-N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g⁻¹ additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的沉降性能与终端沉降速度

从流体力学角度,通过建立沉降速度模型探讨了UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的沉降性能与终端沉降速度．计算结果表明,(1)绝大多数颗粒污泥的沉降过程属于过渡区(1＜Re＜100)而非层流区,其沉降速度与直径成正比,可用Allen公式进行计算;(2)颗粒污泥的终端沉降速度远高于厌氧反应器中废水的上流速度,其良好的沉降性能解决了在高负荷情况下污泥的流失问题．所建模型能较好地反映实际条件下的情况．为厌氧反应器的工艺设计与正常运行提供理论依据．     

表层附着累枝虫的好氧颗粒污泥特性

在序批式反应器(SBR)中处理实际生活污水,并接种城市污水处理厂活性污泥,培养出表层附着大量累枝虫的好氧颗粒污泥.运行120 d时,颗粒污泥浓度可达4482 mg·L-1,污泥容积指数(SVI)为55 m L·g-1左右,颗粒的粒径主要在1.6~2.5 mm之间,平均沉速为55.4 m·h-1,累枝虫密度可达30450 ind·m L-1.CODCr和NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为87.9%和91.8%.采用直接免疫荧光法证实累枝虫可吞食游离细菌,能有效减少出水SS,且出水SS与累枝虫的密度变化整体呈相反趋势.表层附着生长的累枝虫略微降低了颗粒污泥的沉速.结构分析可看出累枝虫根植于颗粒表层,柄的部分成为颗粒污泥的"骨架",有利于颗粒污泥结构强度和稳定性.     

SVI在生物铁MBR与普通MBR中的变化分析

污泥指数SVI可反映出污泥的凝聚和沉降性能,因此可通过分析系统的SVI值来分析和判断系统运行的情况。文章通过分析生物铁MBR与普通MBR中污泥SVI值的变化情况,得出:生物铁MBR系统的污泥沉降性能良好,且SVI值均低于普通MBR,不会随进水负荷的变化发生很大的波动,系统的净水头压差也没有发生很大的波动;而普通MBR系统污泥SVI值随进水负荷增加变化迅速,且容易发生污泥膨胀,系统的净水头压差迅速攀升,而为了保证处理流量,必须提升净水头压差,说明膜污染比较严重。     

内循环厌氧反应器颗粒污泥沉降性能研究

采用以内循环技术为原理的内循环厌氧反应器,对高浓度大豆蛋白废水进行厌氧处理,主要对该反应器上、下部厌氧颗粒污泥的粒径分布、沉降速度及胞外多聚物(ECP)等沉降性能进行试验研究.试验结果表明:污泥床上、下部厌氧颗粒污泥平均沉降速度分别为43.29 m/h 和48.95 m/h;下部颗粒污泥胞外多聚物各主要成分含量低于上部颗粒污泥;污泥床中粒径大于0.45mm的颗粒污泥占90%以上;颗粒污泥粒径和胞外聚合物对其沉降性能有重要影响.     

Are flocculants required in a flocculant process?

The effectiveness of solids abatement by pH increase was investigated using the jar test procedure with a bentonite tap water suspension and an urban wastewater and an oxidation pond effluent. The results indicated that, depending on the suspended particles and on the dissolved ions, pH values between 9.5 and 12 induced extensive solids elimination without adding any other chemical than a base, i.e. sodium hydroxide or lime. The major effective reactions are then the calcium carbonate precipitation and the magnesium hydroxide precipitation. Moreover, this process does not require a flocculation step but only a precipitation step where the particles are entrapped by sweep coagulation and adsorption-coagulation. A continuous reactor was operated with an oxidation pond effluent. A suspended solids concentration less than 30 mg/l was obtained by adjusting pH between 11 and 11.5 while the reactor was operated up to 20 m/h superficial upflow velocity corresponding to a residence time through the whole unit of only 5 minutes. The sludge settling velocity depends on pH and on the primary particles but a maximum settling velocity larger than 1 m/h is easily reached. The concentration factor is then about 100. Environmental policy implications of this technique are that it allows to significantly upgrade a stabilization pond effluent and can be used when a high pH situation is acceptable.     

生物酶自动解堵聚合物钻井液的试验研究

为了选择对常用提粘剂形成的聚合物钻井液具有自动解堵效果的生物酶,通过粘度衰减试验和渗透率恢复试验,并辅以显微镜观测,探究了12种生物酶对9种常用提粘剂形成的聚合物钻井液的降粘效果和解堵效果。结果表明:纤维素酶和胍尔胶酶对聚合物钻井液的降粘效果十分明显;胍尔胶酶对胍尔胶溶液和雷硼溶液的自动解堵效果较好;但生物酶能降解聚合物却不一定能实现相应钻井液的自动解堵。     

采用体积信息熵表征颗粒污泥系统稳定性及其稳定机制

SBR反应器中培养自养硝化颗粒污泥,在絮体转化为颗粒过程中,颗粒的体积信息熵从2.05(27 d,初见颗粒)降低为1.85(95 d),熵值降低的主要动力来自于松散的絮体在较快沉速选择压条件下被淘洗出系统.当絮体被淘洗出系统即完成颗粒化过程,在129 d时测得系统中颗粒沉速分布的中位数为6.27 m.h-1,因此颗粒体积熵值的变化不再受沉速选择压(6m.h-1)的控制.颗粒的粒径、沉速及体积熵值分布均呈现周期性变化,其中信息熵的均值为2.16,最小值为1.79,最大值为2.63.在这种周期性变化过程中,系统总是表现为粒径均值先增大后减小.熵值的波动的驱动力来自于颗粒的破碎与破碎体的成长,体积分布信息熵的大小可以很好地表征系统的稳定性及其稳定机制.     

活性污泥工艺的多目标优化分析

研究了多目标优化方法在活性污泥工艺优化中应用的可行性,以国际水协(IWA)发布的基准仿真模型BSM1的工艺流程为对象,以出水水质、过程能耗和反应池体积的指标为优化目标,以反应池池容(5个)、混合液回流量、污泥回流量、污泥排放量、反应池氧气传质系数(3个)等11个变量为决策变量,构建了基于BSM1的多目标优化模型,并利用MatLab非支配排序遗传算法NSGA-II进行求解,获得了BSM1多目标优化模型的Pareto解.研究结果表明,在Dry进水条件下,通过将体积指标增大4.1%,可以明显改善出水水质指标(降低81.5%),能耗指标也能得到一定改善(降低13.3%);在3种进水条件(Dry,Rain,Storm)下,相对于BSM1工艺参数的缺省值,利用本研究的优化解作为工艺参数,均能不同程度改善出水水质、降低能耗.研究结果显示,在活性污泥过程不同目标之间进行权衡可以通过多目标优化方法来实现.     

纳米磁粉协同解偶联剂作用下活性污泥性能的研究

为了促进解偶联剂作用下活性污泥减量化效果及污泥沉降性能,本研究在序批式活性污泥工艺的设施中同时添加解偶联剂和纳米磁粉,分析其协同作用下对活性污泥性能产生的影响.研究发现2,4,5-三氯苯酚(TCP)单独作用下污泥减量达41%,但活性污泥基质降解性能及沉降性能降低,而纳米磁粉与TCP联合作用下污泥减量仍达34%,且对C、N、P去除效能和污泥沉降性能均无明显影响.运行31 d后,脱氢酶活性提高10%～18%,且具有一定的时间累积效应;在光学显微镜下观察可发现污泥絮体结构紧实,原生动物和后生动物种类和数量增多.结果还表明,在活性污泥工艺中运用纳米磁粉与TCP协同作用可抑制剩余污泥的产生,并能提高活性污泥系统的运行效能.     

活性污泥过程反应池与二沉池耦合模型与模拟

将二沉池一维通量模型与反应池活性污泥2号模型(ASM2)耦合,建立了活性污泥过程模型.模型应用于重庆某污水处理厂,结果表明,该模型可以较好地对出水中COD、SS、TN及TP进行模拟.针对该污水处理厂现行运行条件,分析了影响活性污泥系统的因素,提出优化运行参数,将二沉池污泥回流比由原来的0.75减至0.20～0.25,剩余污泥排放量从原来的591m³/d至204～249m³/d;将反应池污泥浓度由原来的1.2g/L增加至2.8g/L,可提高系统抗负荷冲击和抗低温的能力,改善系统出水水质.     

平流式二沉池三维数值模拟分析

采用Fluent15.0软件对城市污水处理厂的平流式二沉池进行模拟分析。选取RNG k-ε模型和欧拉双流体模型,利用加拿大温莎大学Imam实验数据验证了该模型的准确性。基于该模型,以出水悬浮物浓度(ESS)和异重流比例为表征指标,对影响二沉池沉淀效率的3个因素——污泥颗粒粒径、表面溢流率和挡板比例进行分析。结果表明:污泥颗粒粒径影响泥水分离的效果,模拟实验得到的最佳颗粒粒径为300μm。表面溢流率对出水悬浮物浓度值影响较大,随表面溢流率增大出水悬浮物浓度值和异重流比例呈非线性急剧增加。同时,二沉池中最佳的挡板比例为60%,此结构不仅有利于能量的耗散和异重流比例的减小,而且能保证较低的出水悬浮物浓度值。