酚类内分泌干扰物在长江鱼体血浆中的生物富集

内分泌干扰物(Endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)广泛存在于水环境,可在生物体内富集,具有潜在生态和健康风险.本研究选取双酚A(BPA)、辛基酚(4-t-OP)、雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)和炔雌醇(EE2)共5种酚类EDCs,分别测定其在长江中下游地表水和鱼体血浆中的含量及生物富集因子(Bioaccumulation factor, BAF),并结合血浆BAF预测模型对其生物富集能力进行评价.结果表明,BPA、4-t-OP和E1污染最为普遍,在地表水和鱼体血浆中检出率均超过50%,而其它两种EDCs(E2和EE2)在水体和鱼体血浆中的检出率和浓度均较低.综合检出频率和含量来看:BPA 4-t-OP E1 E2、EE2,5种酚类EDCs在水体中的最大浓度分别为99.7、22.3、2.47 ng·L~(-1)、ND(未检出)和ND,在鱼体血浆中的最大浓度分别为172、91.5、21.1、5.34、5.90 ng·mL~(-1).检出的3种酚类EDCs(BPA、4-t-OP和E1)的log BAF范围分别为2.29—4.20、3.18—4.18和3.29—3.75,表明鱼体血浆对酚类EDCs具有较高的生物富集潜能.对比模型预测的log BAF,实测的log BAF值明显较高,差异的产生与模型建立的前提假设、水温和溶解氧等因素密切相关.本研究有助于认识长江中下游鱼体中酚类EDCs的生物富集特征,并为其生态风险评价和管控提供依据.     

毛细管离子分析法用于分析环境样品中的阴离子

美国国家环保局(EPA)早已建立了用离子色谱法分析无机污染物的方法.但是,在实际样品分析中常遇到许多麻烦,如干扰物影响分离等等.而如今,利用Waters毛细管离子分析法(简称CIA法)可提供相对IC法在分离度和分析速度上的重大改进,特别是CIA法独特的选择性可解决实际样品的干扰及其共流出问题.本文介绍了利用CIA法分析环境样品包括地下水、废水中各种阴离子污染物,并将CIA法的结果与IC法比较.实验证明:CIA法具有快速、高效、准确、经济等优点.     

川西亚高山森林两种优势树种不同径级根系腐殖化特征

亚高山森林根系腐殖化是地下土壤形成和碳吸存的重要途径之一,并可能受到根系直径和物种类型的影响.对川西亚高山两个优势林木粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)细根(直径≤2 mm)、中根(直径2-5 mm)和粗根(直径5-10 mm)的腐殖化特征进行分析.结果表明:粗枝云杉和岷江冷杉腐殖质碳、富里酸碳、胡敏酸碳含量受根系径级的显著影响,并随根系径级增大而减少.表征腐殖化度的两个指标(Δlog K和E4/E6)在两个林木之间差异显著,粗枝云杉腐殖化程度高于岷江冷杉.单因素方差分析表明粗枝云杉和岷江冷杉腐殖化度受根系径级显著影响,随径级的增大呈减小趋势.两种林木细根、中根和粗根的腐殖化度分别为40.13%-41.66%、36.13%-38.86%、27.19%-27.51%.综上所述,川西亚高山森林林木细根更有利于腐殖化.     

塔里木河下游典型绿洲边缘物种多样性特征和种群分布格局

2008年夏季采用样带样方法对塔里木河下游典型绿洲边缘7个断面进行植被调查,采用α多样性指数(丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)和β多样性指数(Whittacker指数和Cody指数)分析环境梯度下种群多样性变化规律,利用种群分布格局指标(扩散系数、负二项参数、平均拥挤度、丛生指标和聚块性指标)定量分析绿洲边缘10个植物种群格局特征.结果表明:塔里木河下游典型绿洲边缘物种多样性特征受到土壤水分、盐分等因素限制,物种丰富度整体处于较低水平;α多样性指数表现为绿洲＞过渡带＞流动沙丘;从绿洲、过渡带到流动沙丘β多样性指数呈下降趋势;种群分布格局分析结果表明绿洲边缘10个植物种群均呈聚集分布,集群分布状态反映了干旱区植物种群对生存环境的适应特征.     

饲养雄性棘胸蛙生理常数及精巢的年周期变化

研究了饲养雄性棘胸蛙 4项生理常数以及精巢的年周期变化 .结果表明 :肥满度、躯体肥满度、肝系数、脂肪体系数的年周期变化明显 ,与生殖周期密切相关 ,最小值都出现于蛙的两次繁殖高峰期 .精巢周期开始于 9月份后期 ,冬眠期间 (10月至翌年 3月 )生精活动比较平缓 ,但并未停滞 ,4月份生精活动活跃 ,5月份达到高峰 ;第二次生精活动开始于 6月份 ,8月份达到高峰期 .图 4图版 1表 2参 14     

A/SMBBR处理生活污水效能研究及生物膜菌群结构分析

采用SDC-03作为生物载体,考察特异性移动床生物膜法对生活污水中有机污染物的去除效果,并运用Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术对微生物进行分析.实验结果表明,COD、氨氮和总氮的平均出水浓度分别为25.65 mg·L~(-1)、5.14 mg·L~(-1)、14.55 mg·L~(-1),平均去除率分别为91.05%、92.39%、83.44%.该工艺能适应较低温度,最佳HRT和DO浓度分别为10—12 h、3—4 mg·L~(-1)之间.采用Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数及PD whole tree值等指数对微生物种群多样性进行分析.对反应器的微生物从门和属两个科目进行分析,得出门水平丰度前10的微生种和属的物种组成.门水平前十的物种分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、Saccharibacteria、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospira)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、Thermomicrobia.变形菌门和拟杆菌门大量存在于在好氧池中,芽单胞菌门和厚壁菌门有助于反硝化反应的进行;在属水平中得知未知的菌属占大部分.     

威海市区黑松林群落的物种多样性特征

用3个丰富度指数、2个多样性指数和3个均匀度指数对威海市区11个黑松林群落多样性进行研究,并用相关分析研究了这些指数间的关系,结果表明:(1)黑松混交林群落的丰富度和多样性均高于黑松纯林群落,但均匀度却无此规律;(2)生境最优的黑松+刺槐+麻栎林(位于仙姑顶的样地11)在11个样地中的物种多样性表现最好,丰富度、多样性和均匀度都最大.而生境最差的位于火炬大厦的黑松纯林(样地2)群落的丰富度和多样性指数都最小;(3)除样地2外,其余样地群落的草本层丰富度和多样性都最大,灌木层次之,乔木层最小,均匀度无此规律;(4)3个丰富度指数之间、2个多样性指数之间以及两个Pielou均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性,但Alatalo均匀度指数和其它7个指数之间相关性都不显著,同时对8个物种多样性指数进行比较后发现丰富度指数中Patrick指数(S)最优,而多样性指数中Shannon-Wiener(H)最优,均匀度指数中以H为基础计算出的Pielou(JH)指数最优.     

保水剂对侧柏容器苗根际土壤微生物种群结构及干旱适应能力的影响

为更好地将保水剂应用到干旱山地的容器苗造林中,以丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钾交联共聚物型保水剂作为供试材料,设置育苗时(NS)和造林时(AS)各加4.0 g保水剂的两种保水剂应用方式,利用传统的平板计数法和现代的末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(Terminal restricti on fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术,研究NS和AS对侧柏容器苗造林一年后根际土壤微生物种群结构及对侧柏干旱适应能力的影响.结果表明:保水剂可显著提高侧柏根际土壤细菌、真菌的数量和微生物量碳、氮的含量,且NS处理根际土壤的细菌数量和微生物量碳分别比AS处理提高21.65%和8.04%;保水剂及其应用方式对造林初期侧柏根际土壤的细菌群落结构产生较大影响,保水剂显著增加了根际土壤中细菌群落结构的多样性,NS处理具有最高的丰富度指数、多样性指数和最低的优势度指数;此外,同对照相比,NS处理还显著提高了侧柏容器苗的造林成活率、叶片的净光合速率和相对含水量,降低了相对电导率;同AS处理相比,NS处理的造林成活率和叶片相对含水量分别提高了11.64%和8.33%,而相对电导率降低(降低12.19%).综上说明,保水剂通过改善侧柏容器苗根际土壤的微生物种群结构而提高植物的干旱适应能力,利用添加保水剂的容器苗造林具有更好的应用效果.     

南亚热带森林3层次物种多度之广义泊松分布模型

生物群落中物种多度分布(species abundance distribution)呈典型的倒J形,即其中存在许多稀有种、少量常见种.物种多度分布模型研究有助于解决森林生态恢复中的物种配置等实际问题.本研究考察了一种过分散(over-dispersion,或称超分布,即方差大于均值)的离散型分布,即具有λ和α两个参数...     

多种色谱质谱联用技术测定沉积物中的十溴二苯醚

随着十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)正式进入《斯德哥尔摩公约》名单,准确测量其浓度水平对研究其环境行为具有重要意义.本文对多种色谱质谱联用技术——气相色谱-负化学电离质谱(GC-NCI-MS)、气相色谱-电子轰击电离质谱(GC-EI-MS)、气相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(GC-ICP-MS)和高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)进行了优化和评估,并对其在实际环境沉积物样品中检测BDE-209的性能进行了考察.4种检测方法的定量限为3—200 ng·mL~(-1),在0.5-10μg·mL~(-1)的范围内有良好的线性关系(r~2 0.995),测量结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.5%—8.7%之间,可以满足BDE-209分析检测的需求.应用到沉积物实际样品的检测时,各方法测量结果的RSD为0.7%—15.7%,基质效应为98%—166%,其中GC-EI-MS和GC-NCI-MS表现出基质增强效应且分析结果的稳定性受到影响,可通过内标或基质加标方式进行校正,GC-ICP-MS、HPLC-ICP-MS几乎不受实际样品基质的影响,测量结果的准确性良好.     

An individual based model of bearded pig abundance

We develop an individual based model of bearded pig abundance which predicts population dynamics based on the processes of energy accumulation and expenditure, reproduction and mortality of individual pigs. Because fatness is a key indicator of condition and reproductive potential in bearded pigs, processes are represented in terms of a fatness index variable. Only a small number of parameters are used in this simple model; these were chosen on the basis of fatness index data and qualitative observations of bearded pig population dynamics. The model was found to be accurate in predicting the timing of observed pig eruptions, and robust in that model results were unaffected by moderate variation in parameter values. There was insufficient quantitative data to obtain precise predictions of fatness and abundance, but qualitative insights about the effects of the size and timing of fruiting events on pig abundance were obtained. The results showed that a single fruiting peak will not produce a bearded pig eruption, no matter how large the fruiting event is, because the duration of the fruiting is too short to allow exponential growth of the population. Consecutive masting events are necessary for an eruption, because if events are separated by more than 1 year, the population will decline to its minimum fatness and abundance levels. It is also necessary for at least one of the fruiting events in a consecutive sequence to be a large event, as consecutive small fruiting events do not increase the fatness enough to cause an eruption. These insights help to explain and predict the effects of changes in mast fruiting patterns on bearded pig populations, such as the predicted increase in frequency and reduction in size of masting fruiting events as a result of climate change.     

Variation in condition of coastal Newfoundland 0-group Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): field and laboratory studies using simple condition indices

Demersal 0-group Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) were collected in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Canada, between August 1993 and January 1994. Diet composition and simple indices of condition (hepato-somatic index, condition factors and body ash content) were determined. Laboratory experiments were also conducted to determine whether simple indices of condition reflect differences in energy intake (ration level) and to determine minimum index of condition values, assessed from 0-group cod that died due to exhaustion of their energy reserves. Determination of lower critical indices of condition provided a meaningful interpretation of field data on feeding, condition and survival of 0-group cod. In the wild, indices of condition reflecting variation in liver and muscle energy reserves of cod increased rapidly with the consumption of Calanus finmarchicus, which exhibited a high incidence of oil sacs, and declined abruptly when this lipid-rich prey was no longer consumed. Liver and muscle condition of 0-group cod from the field varied seasonally, but their condition was consistently above that of cod that died in the laboratory. Laboratory studies, using three ration levels, revealed that condition indices differed over time and among ration levels. Indices of condition representing variation in muscle energy reserves exhibited a steady decline once the hepato-somatic index fell below about 2.0. We interpret this as evidence for depletion of lipids first and then proteins, a pattern similar to that of larger juveniles and adults. We conclude that as long as 0-group cod are above a “safe” level of condition their body length can still increase even when condition is declining. Received: 2 September 1997 / Accepted: 8 December 1998     

Condition of larval cod (Gadus morhua) off southwest Nova Scotia in 1983 in relation to plankton abundance and temperature

In our study of the condition of larval cod (Gadus morhua) collected off southwest Nova Scotia in winter-spring, 1983, we (1) examined relationships between larval condition and ambient environmental conditions, and (2) compared the use of simple morphometric indices of larval condition and of multivariate statistics to obtain information relevant to larval condition. Twelve indices of relative condition were obtained, based upon seven measurements made on each larva, and a principal component (PC) analysis was performed on these condition indices. Most condition indices and the first PC were significantly correlated with numbers of nauplii and of zooplankters per m³ in the water column, which are direct measures of food available to the larvae, but not to less direct measures of environmental quality for the larvae, such as plankton displacement volume or chlorophyll concentration. Conventional indices based upon relations of dry weight or body height at the anus to length were most sensitive to environmental conditions. There was no apparent advantage in performing a multivariate analysis based upon a larger series of measurements.     

The morphological expression of imposex in Hinia reticulata (Gastropoda: Buccinidae): a potential indicator of tributultin pollution

Specimens from the prosobranch Hinia reticulata collected along the coast of Brittany and Normandy from 1988 to 1991 exhibited imposex (occurrence of male parts in addition to the female genital duct) in response to tributyltin (TBT) pollution. Four stages of imposex development (1 to 4) with two different types in the Stages 1, 3 and 4 could be distinguished and have been documented with scanning electron micrographs for the first time. Furthermore, three additional alterations of the genital tract are shown. Neither TBT-induced sterilization nor sex change occurred. TBT accumulation in whole body and selected tissues is described and sex-related differences are shown. The VDS (vas deferens sequence) index, cubed and uncubed RPS (relative penis size) index and average female penis length of a population were analysed with regard to their quality as indices for TBT biomonitoring. Based on the way imposex develops in this species the VDS is recommended as the most valid index. Only in highly polluted areas should the uncubed RPS be used as a second index.     

Predictability of marine nematode biodiversity

In this paper, we investigated: (1) the predictability of different aspects of biodiversity, (2) the effect of spatial autocorrelation on the predictability and (3) the environmental variables affecting the biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes on the Belgian Continental Shelf. An extensive historical database of free-living marine nematodes was employed to model different aspects of biodiversity: species richness, evenness, and taxonomic diversity. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), often considered as “black boxes”, were applied as a modeling tool. Three methods were used to reveal these “black boxes” and to identify the contributions of each environmental variable to the diversity indices. Since spatial autocorrelation is known to introduce bias in spatial analyses, Moran's I was used to test the spatial dependency of the diversity indices and the residuals of the model. The best predictions were made for evenness. Although species richness was quite accurately predicted as well, the residuals indicated a lack of performance of the model. Pure taxonomic diversity shows high spatial variability and is difficult to model. The biodiversity indices show a strong spatial dependency, opposed to the residuals of the models, indicating that the environmental variables explain the spatial variability of the diversity indices adequately. The most important environmental variables structuring evenness are clay and sand fraction, and the minimum annual total suspended matter. Species richness is also affected by the intensity of sand extraction and the amount of gravel of the sea bed.     

内蒙古皇甫川五分地沟小流域土地覆盖空间格局特征及其持续性分析

基于1979、1987和2002年3个时期的土地覆盖类型图,从斑块面积、形状、空间关系3方面着手,利用斑块面积百分比、面积变异系数、分维数3个景观格局指数对内蒙古皇甫川五分地沟小流域的土地覆盖格局及变化特征进行研究;并以流域为尺度,测算土地覆盖破碎度、多样性指数、分维数、合理性指数4个指标随时间变化的持续性。结果表明:研究区土地覆盖现状呈现各类型相对较均衡的镶嵌状分布格局,土地覆盖类型较稳定,斑块形状较简单,受人类干扰较大。土地覆盖特征指数的持续性分析结果与对应的指标分析结果相吻合。     

Indices of Grassland Biodiversity in the Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion Derived from Remote Sensing

Abstract: We used a relatively simple and direct remote-sensing approach to determine biodiversity values in arid ecosystems and thus identify potential conservation sites. We developed indices based on regression models between grass, shrub, litter, exposed-soil groundcover components, and Landsat thematic mapper satellite imagery reflectance values over a reference site in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico. This site supports low-disturbance desert grasslands that have been excluded from livestock grazing for 55 years and moderate-disturbance grasslands that have been under a continuous grazing regime for over 100 years. Greater richness and abundance of noninvasive and nonruderal plant species were associated with the low-disturbance grasslands that had lower shrub abundance, increased litter and grass cover, and lower exposed soil. Using the thematic mapper indices, we computed an additive grassland biodiversity index such that, as exposed soil and shrub values go down, litter and grass values go up, as does the biodiversity index. When the biodiversity index was applied to the reference-site landscape, grasslands previously identified for their high conservation value were detected. As a further test, we applied the indices to a site in Chihuahua, Mexico, that supports similar grasslands but for which there are few other data on condition and conservation values. The soil, grass, and shrub indices were moderately effective in describing the range of variation at the Mexico site, but the litter equation was not. Still, higher biodiversity value in terms of nonruderal plant diversity tended to correspond to higher grass cover and lower soil exposure and a higher overall biodiversity index. Some localized calibration with geologic substrate may be required along with an assessment of the temporal constraints, but generally the index shows promise for quickly and efficiently detecting desert grasslands of high biodiversity conservation value.     

Determinants of ejaculate size in a grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus)

Models for the evolution of ejaculate expenditure predict that ejaculate size (ES) depends on male body condition, on female fecundity, or on the risk of sperm competition. These ideas were tested in the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus. ES ranged over four orders of magnitude, around a mean of 442,000 sperm. ES was independent of male body size and female fecundity. None of the male condition parameters - age, degree of parasitism, macropterism score (a measurement of competitive energy allocation to other sources), and the mass-femur length residuals - explained variation in ES. As expected in species where females are cyclically non-receptive after mating, male-male encounters before copulation were a more reliable indicator of the risk of sperm competition than the number of males present during copulation. In particular, the summative number of male-male encounters rather than the male-male encounter frequency was a significant predictor of ES variation (24.9%).     

Somatic condition of the fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) during different phases of the reproductive cycle

The study on the mathematical relationship between length and weight of fishes has considerable importance in fishery research especially for the study of fish population dynamics and patterns of growth in fish stocks. This aspect is useful in rationally managing the population of fishes, and is an index of relative robustness of the fish). Variations from expected weight or length of an individual fish or group of fish indicate the general well being and state of gonadal development. The condition of fish can be influenced by the onset of maturity. The results indicate that the overall condition of the female and male fish seems to get improved towards the approach of maturing and mature stages of the gonads during pre-spawning phases. The reduction in the condition factor (K) and somatic condition factor (Ks) during spawning phase may be because of the fish becoming exhausted due to spawning activity. Although improvement in the condition of the fish was observed on the approach of breeding period, the overall condition seems to be better in the aquatic body from which the fish was collected.     

Parental care sex differences in the brown bullhead,Ictalurus nebulosus (Pisces,Ictaluridae)

Summary Males were the principal care-givers in the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus. Direct observations on individually tagged adults in nature revealed that males attended broods at closer distances than females and were the most frequent lone care-givers. However, females often participated in parental care and in some cases assumed the typical male role in the absence of the male. In the presence of her mate, females generally performed different care-giving functions than males. Females attended broods at a distance and chased other fishes more frequently than males. Males remained directly over the brood guarding. A series of mated pairs in each of three reproductive conditions were captured and examined. Different pairs were compared between reproductive conditions for body weight, body condition, gonadal-somatic index, and a gut-contents index. The inital costs of reproduction, as measured by weight loss, condition change, and gonadal-somatic index change, were more severe in females than males. During breeding and subsequent care-giving, males did little or no feeding whereas females increased their feeding during the same time period. However, males appeared to sustain only minor weight and condition losses due to care-giving. I suggest that males were the principal care-givers because the net benefits of remaining at the nest were greater than the net benefits of leaving. Males had little opportunity to mate with more than one female each season, and offspring had little chance of survival in the absence of a care-giving adult. Considerable variation in female behavior occurred which suggests that the net benefits of care-giving were nearly balanced with the net benefits of leaving the brood. The relative importance of feeding versus care-giving by females may vary with slight differences between females and the behavior of their mates as care-givers.Present address: Department of Zoology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA