传承经典,以经(经典)至进(改进)

源远流长的民间游戏,是我国文化宝库中的一支瑰丽奇葩,也是珍贵的文化遗产。民间游戏有一定的娱乐性、教育性、随意性。民间游戏内容丰富:有促进语言发展的,有反应传统文化的、有促进肢体动作的。只要简单材料,甚至没有材料都能随时随地组织玩。民间游戏组织形式灵活多样:有单独的,有多人的,还有能锻炼幼儿之间的协商、合作能力的。民间游戏有易学、易会、易传的特点,也符合幼儿好动、好学、好模仿、好游戏的心理特点。     

Phase transformation of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite in the presence of Mn(II): Fate of Mn(II) and Cr(VI)

Ferrihydrite is an important sink for the toxic heavy metal ions, such as Cr(VI). As ferrihydrite is thermodynamically unstable and gradually transforms into hematite and goethite, the stability of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite is environmentally significant. This study investigated the phase transformation of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite at different pH in the presence of aqueous Mn(II), as well as the fate of Mn(II) and Cr(VI) in the transformation process of ferrihydrite. Among the ferrihydrite transformation products, hematite was dominant, and goethite was minor. The pre-adsorbed Cr(VI) inhibited the conversion of ferrihydrite to goethite at initial pH 3.0, whereas little amount of adsorbed Mn(II) favored the formation of goethite at initial pH 7.0. After the aging process, Cr species in solid phase existed primarily as Cr(III) in the presence of Mn(II) at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0. The aqueous Mn concentration was predominantly unchanged at initial pH 3.0, whereas the aqueous Mn(II) was adsorbed onto ferrihydrite or form Mn(OH)₂ precipitates at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0, promoting the immobilization of Cr(VI). Moreover, the oxidation of Mn(II) occurred at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0, forming Mn(III/IV) (hydr)oxides.     

The effect of light on the Mn(II) or Fet(lll)-catalyzed oxidation of aqueous S(IV)

ＴｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｌｉｇｈｔｏｎｔｈｅＭｎ（ＩＩ）ｏｒＦｅｔｌｌｌ）ｘａｔａｌｙｚｅｄｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｑｕｅｏｕｓＳ（ＩＶ）ＸｕＹｏｎｇｆｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃ...     

Tracing the diet of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang by stable isotope analyses (delta(15)N,delta(13)C)

In this study, we used analyses of stable isotopes of nitrogen ('¹⁵N) and carbon ('¹³C) to determine the trophic ecology of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang. Stable isotopes from claws, gut contents, and soft tissues were measured from the type specimen. Samples from Varanus olivaceus, Varanus prasinus, Varanus salvator, the herbivorous agamid lizard Hydrosaurus pustulatus, and some plant matter were included for comparison. Our data show a rapid decrease in '¹³C (about10‰) from food plants towards gut contents and soft tissues of herbivorous species. For the varanids, we found a significant linear correlation of decreasing '¹³C and increasing '¹⁵N from herbivorous towards carnivorous species. In terms of trophic isotope ecology, the type specimen of V. mabitang is a strict herbivore. Thus it differs significantly in its isotopic composition from the morphologically next closest related species V. olivaceus. The most highly carnivorous species is V. salvator, while '¹⁵N values for V. prasinus and V. olivaceus are intermediate. Claws provide very valuable samples for such measurements, because they can be sampled from living animals without harm. Additionally, their range of variability is relatively small in comparison with measurements from soft tissues.     

饲料添加剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和抗生素诺氟沙星对剑尾鱼的毒性效应

研究了叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA)和诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFLX)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BHA和NFLX对剑尾鱼毒性大小分别属于高毒和低毒.BHA的暴露浓度为0.20mg.L-1和0.04mg.L-1时,GST和CAT活性诱导分别达到最大值;NFLX的暴露浓度为5mg.L-1时,GST和CAT均受到最大程度的诱导.随着BHA和NFLX暴露浓度的增加,GST和CAT呈现出先诱导后抑制的典型"钟型曲线"变化规律,而MDA含量和EROD活性则逐渐增加.其中,MDA和EROD响应较为敏感,适合作为BHA和NFLX暴露的生物标记物.雌雄个体酶响应的敏感程度存在一定的差异,雄性个体比雌性个体敏感.     

腐殖质NAFA溶液中的扑热息痛光解研究

以中压汞灯为光源模拟阳光,研究了扑热息痛（ACT）在腐殖质NAFA中的光解行为,探讨了不同浓度的腐殖质、ACT、硝酸钠、碳酸氢钠、二价铁离子和pH值对ACT光解的影响,采用GC/MS技术鉴定了ACT的光解产物,并探讨其在腐殖质体系中可能的光解途径。研究结果表明,增加水体中的腐殖质、硝酸钠、二价铁离子浓度和pH值会促进ACT的光解,而增加水体中的ACT和碳酸氢钠浓度则会抑制ACT的光解。     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器性能的影响

研究了膜生物反应器污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)含量、污泥特性、污泥颗粒粒径分布及膜过滤阻力的影响.结果表明,污泥龄(SRT)为30 d时混合液中胞外聚合物(EPS)和膜面上的EPS含量分别约为90 mg/g、0.8 g/m2,随污泥龄的延长二者同步增加,EPS在膜面上几乎没有积累;混合液EPS含量的增加改变了细菌表面电荷且增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变.造成污泥的沉降困难;在长污泥龄运行中.混合液中污泥颗粒呈现双峰分布,泥龄30 d时在O.5 μm和16 μm处有2个峰且平均粒径约14μm,污泥龄延长双峰分布向颗粒小的方向移动;混合液中微细颗粒含量及粒径分布对膜污染起决定性作用.综合考虑膜污染和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间(运行温度下的最大比增长速度)的120倍以下.     

氯霉素对斑马鱼早期发育的毒性效应

通过氯霉素对斑马鱼(Daniorerio)胚胎及仔鱼的毒性暴露实验,研究了氯霉素对斑马鱼早期发育的致死和亚致死毒性效应.结果表明,氯霉素对斑马鱼胚胎的自主运动、心跳和孵化能力均造成了明显的不利影响,并且胚胎和仔鱼在毒性暴露过程中均产生了明显的畸形特征.其中,低浓度的氯霉素对胚胎的自主运动产生抑制作用,而高浓度的氯霉素对其自主运动产生明显的刺激作用.高浓度的氯霉素抑制胚胎和仔鱼的心跳及孵化能力,且对胚胎和仔鱼造成致死效应,其96hLC50值分别为56.6mg·mL-1和116.8mg·mL-1,而低浓度的氯霉素对胚胎和仔鱼产生致畸效应,胚胎和仔鱼表现出的主要畸形特征有心包水肿、卵黄囊肿胀、凝血、脊柱弯曲和鳔缺失.     

A relict trematosauroid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin (NW China)

A temnospondyl ilium from the uppermost Toutunhe Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of the southern Junggar Basin is described. Among the known temnospondyls it is very unusual in morphology because of its very long and slender shaft. It compares closely only to the ilium of one of the latest known trematosaurids from the Ladinian of southern Germany. The Toutunhe Formation has also yielded vertebrae and skull fragments of temnospondyls which belong to the brachyopid Gobiops from the Upper Jurassic of Mongolia. Brachyopoid ilia do not, however, display a morphology similar to that of the new specimen. It is therefore concluded that this specimen represents a second taxon of temnospondyl from the Toutunhe Formation, which probably represents the latest surviving trematosauroid. The Trematosauroidea, which was hitherto exclusively known from the Lower to early Upper Triassic, therefore joins the Brachyopoidea – and possibly the Capitosauroidea – as another group of temnospondyls which survived the end-Triassic mass extinction.     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的分布

使用Andersen六段分级大流量采样器(粒径:7.2～10,3.0～7.2,1.5～3.0,0.95～1.5,0.49～0.95,＜0.49μm)采集了广州市荔湾区冬季的大气颗粒物样品,并用美国Sunset碳分析仪分析了其中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)组分.研究表明:OC和EC主要存在于细粒子中,与OC相比,EC则相对更集中于＜0.49 μm粒径上;PM10中二次有机碳占总有机碳(ρ(OCsec)/ρ(OC.))比例的平均值为卵%,OC,EC的对数模型图都为双峰型.对ρ(OCtot),ρ(OCpri)(一次有机碳质量浓度)与ρ(EC)进行相关性分析,结果表明,只用ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)值来评价二次污染是不充分的.      

Observations on the economic importance of tomato leaf miner (Liriomyza bryoniae) (agromyzidae)

Yield losses can occur as a result of leaf miner infestation, but are not dependent on severity of damage alone; proximity to fruit at an early stage of development is very important. If damage on leaves adjacent to a truss reached 30 mines/leaf at the time fruit was half-swollen, a 10% loss of yield resulted. At three levels of infestation investigated, losses amounted to 5, 13 and 20% of monetary returns. Although it was found that growing soft plants and keeping de-leafing to the minimum would maximise yields, it appeared that the direct effect of these cultural practices on yield was more important than their indirect effects on leaf miner damage.     

松花江水系江水中全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸污染现状调查

为阐明松花江江水中全氟辛烷磺酸(Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)、全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)的污染现状,以及中国石油吉林石化双苯厂爆炸事件对松花江江水和哈尔滨市内饮用水中PFOS、PFOA浓度的影响,于2005-10-12至2005-10-16间采集嫩江吉林大安江段、第二松花江吉林扶余江段、第一松花江黑龙江肇源江段及哈尔滨江段江水样品共22份.在吉林石化爆炸事件后,于2005-11-24至2005-11-28间每日定时在固定地点采集松花江哈尔滨江段江水样品;于2005-11-23和2005-11-28分别采集哈尔滨市内饮用水样品.采用高效液相色谱/质谱联机法(HPLC/MS)检测样品中PFOS和PFOA.结果表明,松花江水体中普遍存在PFOS、PFOA污染.全部江水样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度范围分别为0.06～8.04ng·L-1和0.02～2.68 ng·L-1,几何平均值分别为1.214 ng·L-1和0.166 ng·L-1.松花江上游江段水中PFOS、PFOA浓度明显低于下游.流经哈尔滨市区时江水中PFOS和PFOA浓度逐渐升高.2005-11-26江水中PFOS浓度水平比2005-11-24江水浓度水平高5.8倍,而PFOA浓度未见变化.哈尔滨市内饮用水PFOS、PFOA平均浓度在2005-11-23停水前和2005-11-28恢复供水后未见差异.研究结果显示,松花江水体中普遍存在PFOS、PFOA污染;吉林石化公司爆炸事件后暂时性升高松花江江水中PFOS浓度,但未对哈尔滨市内饮用水中PFOS、PFOA的浓度产生影响.