不同曝气方式下SBR亚硝化的实现及NO2--N积累效果

研究不同曝气方式下亚硝化的实现以及基质浓度、曝气频率和温度对NO-2-N积累效果的影响。以实际污泥脱水液为研究对象,控制进水NH+4-N浓度在50~80 mg/L范围内,温度为27℃,pH值为7.8~8.2,DO浓度为0.5~1.0mg/L,分别采用连续曝气和间歇曝气2种方式启动SBR亚硝化反应器,并考察了在不同基质浓度、曝气频率和温度条件下NO-2-N累积情况。实验研究结果表明,经过40 d左右的运行,在2种不同曝气方式下SBR均成功实现了亚硝化,稳定运行阶段,NO-2-N积累率分别达到95%和85%。经SEM扫描电镜观察发现,在驯化成熟的活性污泥中,亚硝化细菌多呈球状和杆状,大小不同,外形饱满。当进水氨氮浓度小于200 mg/L,曝气频率为曝气15 min/停曝15 min,温度为27℃时,NO-2-N积累效果最佳,平均积累率可达90%以上。间歇曝气可以有效促进亚硝化细菌富集,有利于实现较高浓度的NO-2-N积累。基质浓度、曝气频率和温度对NO-2-N积累效果的影响显著。     

基于曝气方式控制的碳捕获预处理黑水部分亚硝化工艺

短程硝化是短程生物脱氮工艺的前提与难点,通过曝气控制实现短程硝化具有操作灵活、成本低等优点.本文采用序批式活性污泥反应器,对比分析了高氧持续曝气、间歇曝气和低氧持续曝气3种曝气方式实现碳捕获预处理黑水短程硝化的效果和微生物群落结构的差异.结果表明:相对于高氧持续曝气和间歇曝气,低氧持续曝气工况亚硝态氮累积率(NAR)更...     

间歇曝气条件下短程硝化的实现及影响因素研究

研究间歇曝气条件下短程硝化的实现及温度、pH值和DO对实验效果的影响。以城市生活污水为研究对象，采用间歇曝气方式进行短程硝化实验，利用接种法培养驯化亚硝化细菌。实验研究结果表明，经过22 d的培养驯化，成功获得了亚硝化细菌，亚硝酸盐的积累率达到90％左右。在温度为25℃、pH为7.5、DO＜1 mg/L的条件下，亚硝酸...     

实时控制序批式膜生物反应器处理养猪废水的短程硝化

采用实时控制序批式膜生物反应器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)工艺处理某种猪场的养殖粪尿污水,通过pH实时曲线上的"氨谷点"对曝气时间进行实时控制实现短程硝化。小试反应器10个月的连续运行结果表明,利用曝气时间实时控制实现了稳定的亚硝态氮累积。短程硝化启动后,SMBR对COD和TN的平均去除率分别达到95.5%和92.4%,亚硝态氮积累率可维持在85%以上。高通量测序与OTU分类的结果表明,实时控制下SMBR内NOB逐渐被淘洗,而AOB得到了富集。从反应器启动初期到获得稳定短程硝化(反应器运行200 d),AOB丰度提高了55倍,而对应的NOB丰度降低了2倍。此外,AOB的绝对数量与DO呈显著负相关(r=-0.846,0.01p0.05),而与出水NH+4-N浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.45,0.01p0.05),表明较低的DO及NH+4-N的积累有利于AOB的富集。因此,利用曝气时间实时控制实现短程硝化是一种面向群落结构优化的控制方法,有利于短程硝化系统长期稳定的运行,具有实际应用价值和工程意义。     

MFC强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的启动

微生物燃料电池(MFC)可在阴极实现反硝化、短程反硝化和同步硝化反硝化并产生电能,但在MFC阴极实现同步短程硝化反硝化的研究尚未见到报道。为了探讨MFC阴极同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的性能,将双室曝气阴极MFC与A/O脱氮工艺结合处理人工模拟低碳氮比废水。通过静置运行15 d使得MFC阴极室亚硝态氮得以积累,氨氧化菌得以富集。随即改为连续运行后第21天成功启动同步短程硝化反硝化MFC;阴极出水氨氮浓度为0.3 mg/L,亚硝态氮浓度为15.9 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为0.6 mg/L,亚硝化率达到95%以上,阴极电极自养反硝化去除率达到50%以上,COD去除率达到85%以上。结果表明,将MFC与同步短程硝化反硝化工艺结合,通过阴极室中氧气得电子获得高p H,可以强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺,完成生物脱氮的同时回收电能,并具有减少外加碱度的优势。     

pH和C:N对厌氧氨氧化耦合短程反硝化脱氮性能的影响

以低DO和逐渐降低亚硝态氮浓度的方式运行厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)上流式污泥床(AUASB)反应器,第57天实现稳定运行,氨氮去除率保持在85%以上,采用高通量测序技术分析发现ANAMMOX污泥中主要功能菌转变为Candidatus kuenenia,丰度为8.85%,好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas的丰度为1.48%,短程反硝化菌Thauera丰度为0.66%。将AUASB反应器中污泥接种在ANAMMOX序批式反应器(ASBR)后,通过外加有机碳源的方式使ASBR拥有了短程反硝化的能力,然后研究了不同C:N(质量比)和不同pH条件下亚硝态氮积累情况和氮素转化特性,结果表明:当C:N为3.2:1.0时,亚硝态氮积累率最高为84%,但有部分亚硝态氮被还原。当pH为7.8时,ANAMMOX菌活性最高,氨氮去除率为95%。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察到ANAMMOX菌为球状,短程反硝化菌为短杆状。     

城市生活污水短程硝化系统的恢复与启动

为了实现主流的短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化,设计了基于pH-DO和阀ON-OFF间歇曝气的在线控制系统,搭建了中试级别的短程硝化SBR,在高DO条件下基于城市生活污水恢复种泥活性后,加入反硝化稳定短程,最后接入厌氧氨氧化滤池实现全过程自养脱氮。将脱氮率、NO-2-N积累率等作为考察指标,研究了系统的启动过程和稳定性。结果表明:控制SBR(sequencing batch reactor)中DO=2~2.5 mg·L~(-1)、HRT=8~10 h、SRT=4~5 d、T=25℃,启动恢复3个月后,系统能保持90%以上的NO-2-N积累率、NO-2-N/NH+4-N=0.96±0.18;短程硝化反硝化能达到50%左右的NH+4-N去除率,60%左右的TIN去除率;短程硝化接厌氧氧氨氧化能保证90%左右的NH+4-N去除率和TIN去除率,出水达一级A标准。由实验结果分析,系统在高DO条件下能恢复短程硝化污泥的活性,基于pH-DO和阀ON-OFF间歇曝气的在线控制系统稳定性高,能保证短程硝化系统的稳定运行;恢复活性后,后接厌氧氨氧化滤池能实现中试级别的全过程自养脱氮。     

短程硝化处理炼油催化剂废水

炼油催化剂生产过程中产生的高盐度、高无机质的高氨氮废水难以处理。研究将短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术应用于该种废水的处理。实验同时控制反应器温度(31℃)、溶解氧(≤1.5 mg/L)、pH值(7.8~8.7)和污泥龄(30 d),较快地实现催化剂废水短程硝化污泥的驯化,亚硝酸盐平均积累率达到了97.4%。在此基础上,结合在线监控ORP、pH值变化情况及短程硝化反应动力学研究,较好地实现了炼油催化剂废水的短程硝化。     

启动方式对养殖废水短程脱氮低温运行的影响

采用优化控制SBR工艺,建立短程硝化反硝化过程,对北京某种猪场的养殖粪尿污水进行脱氮处理研究.在2个平行的SBR中,分别通过优化曝气时间和控制自由氨累积的方式实现短程硝化反硝化的过程,在温度由25 ℃逐步降低至15℃的情况下,考察这2个SBR活性污泥系统对温度变化的稳定性.结果表明:通过优化曝气时间建立的短程硝化反硝化过程,亚硝化率在30％左右,在温度降低至1 5℃时,亚硝化过程受到严重影响；通过控制自由氨累积建立的短程硝化反硝化过程,亚硝化率可达到80％左右,在温度降低至15℃时,亚硝化过程仍较为稳定.采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对两反应器生物相变化的分析结果表明,低温运行条件下2种启动方式的生物相呈现较大差异.     

间歇曝气比在短程硝化中对硝化活性的影响

采用序批式间歇反应器(SBR)处理生活污水,温度控制在(25.0±0.5)℃,研究好氧曝气与缺氧搅拌时间比(间歇曝气比)分别为30min∶30min(A模式)和40min∶20min(B模式)对亚硝酸盐氮积累、污泥性能参数、反应速率(比氨氮氧化速率、比硝酸盐氮产生速率、比亚硝酸盐氮产生速率)、氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性的影响。A模式下运行64个周期时,出水亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为19.04mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮积累率高达99.21%;B模式下运行75个周期时,出水亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为19.42mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮积累率高达95.47%;研究表明缺氧时间所占比例越大越有利于短程硝化的实现。在实现短程硝化过程中,A模式在38个周期之后AOB活性超过NOB活性;B模式在34个周期之后AOB活性超过NOB活性。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.