亚铁离子活化过硫酸氢钾复合盐降解水溶液中酮洛芬

以亚铁离子活化过硫酸氢钾(PMS)所产生的硫酸根自由基为氧化剂,氧化水中的酮洛芬,考察了pH值、温度、Fe~(2+)浓度、Fe~(2+)/PMS摩尔比以及Fe~(2+)投加方式等因素对酮洛芬氧化降解的影响,探究氧化降解酮洛芬(KTP)的最佳运行条件。结果表明,在实验范围内,pH值为3、温度为45℃和Fe~(2+)/PMS/KTP浓度比为20/15/1时酮洛芬的降解效果最好,酮洛芬的去除率达到66.8%。分批式投加Fe~(2+),使硫酸根自由基(SO4·-)持续生成,这样更有利于酮洛芬的降解。     

水溶液中萘普生的光催化降解及产物的毒性评价

以紫外光为光源,采用photo-Fenton方法降解低浓度的萘普生(NPX)水溶液,确定了最佳降解条件为:pH=3,H2O2质量浓度为500 mg/L,Fe2+质量浓度为15 mg/L.NPX的光催化降解过程符合一级动力学方程.在最佳降解条件下,NPX降解反应速率常数为0.136 0 min-1.NPX溶液对普通小球藻的生长有一定的抑制作用,降解前抑制率为50.54%,降解75min后,抑制率下降至1.99%.photo-Fenton可以降低NPX溶液的生物毒性,适用于处理含低浓度NPX水溶液.     

零价铁活化过硫酸钠降解含油废水

将零价铁活化过硫酸钠产生硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术应用于处理含油废水。研究了过硫酸钠浓度、零价铁投加量、p H值对油降解率的影响,分析了反应过程中S2O2-8和Fe2+的浓度变化。通过投加柠檬酸强化了降解效率,并探讨了油降解的动力学过程。结果表明,零价铁活化产生硫酸根自由基是处理含油废水行之有效的手段。当过硫酸钠浓度119 mg·L~(-1)、Fe0投加量为50 mg·L~(-1)、p H=1.0,反应4 h后油降解率达到79.26%。Fe/Ps体系中,存在不同的主反应过程,其中Fe2+为主要活性物质,其浓度与降解速率正相关。适量投加柠檬酸可以优化控制Fe2+浓度,油降解率可提高20.64%。油降解动力学过程用准一级动力学方程描述。     

超声波/Fenton工艺降解微量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和壬基酚效能的研究

研究了在超声波、Fenton不同体系中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和壬基酚(NP)的降解效果.通过正交实验得到超声波/Fenton工艺各个因素影响程度的大小为:H2O2投加量＞初始pH＞反应时间＞Fe2+投加量＞超声功率.最后得到降解250mL质量浓度为100 μg/L的DMP的最佳条件:H2 O2投加量为2 mmol/L、Fe2+投加量为0.40 mmol/L、初始pH为3.00、超声功率为1 800W、反应时间为120 min,降解率可达到85.96％;降解250mL质量浓度为100 μg/L的NP的最佳条件:H2O2投加量为4mmol/L、Fe2+投加量为0.50 mmol/L、初始pH为3.00、超声功率为1 800W、反应时间为120 min,降解率可达到78.70％.     

钴铜铁三元类水滑石材料催化过硫酸氢钾复合盐降解苯酚

采用共沉淀法制备过渡金属钴、铜、铁组成的钴铜铁三元类水滑石材料(CoCuFe-LDH),用于催化过硫酸氢钾复合盐(PMS)降解水中苯酚,并考察了初始pH、CoCuFe-LDH催化剂投加量、PMS用量对苯酚降解效率的影响。实验结果表明:CoCuFeLDH对PMS的催化活性较高;在pH为中性,催化剂为0.20g/L,PMS为2.5mmol/L,苯酚为50mg/L的条件下处理60min,苯酚的去除率可达96%;当催化剂投加量分别为0.05、0.10、0.15g/L,反应40min时,苯酚的去除率分别为76%、82%和91%。自由基猝灭实验表明,CoCuFe-LDH/PMS催化体系中存在硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基,但硫酸根自由基为主要活性自由基。     

建立数学模型分析UV-Fenton对金属切削液废水的降解

采用UV/Fenton技术处理金属切削液废水,并通过正交实验和单因素实验得到了最佳工作条件为:pH=2.5,H2O2(浓度30%)投加量=127.5 mL/L,Fe2+投加量=24.8 mmol/L,总反应时间=3 h,投加次数6次,此条件下金属切削液废水COD去除率达到95%。最后,通过正交实验数据和单因素模型方程利用1st Opt进行多元非线性拟合建立UV/Fen-ton对金属切削液废水COD降解率的数学模型方程,然后进行分析讨论。     

Fenton体系降解水中偶氮染料的研究

研究了Fenton体系对于水溶液中偶氮染料橙G(orange G,OG)的降解,反应30 min后,在[Fe2+]0=0.1mmol/L、[H2O2]0=10 mmol/L、pH=3.0的条件下,初始浓度为20 mg/L的OG的去除率达到99%以上。与H2O2相比,OG的降解速率随着Fe2+不同投加量的变化更为敏感。Fe2+和H2O2初始浓度较高时,反应过程中的Fe2+的浓度维持在一个较低的水平,OG的降解速率较快。腐殖酸对OG在Fenton体系中的降解影响表现出明显的阻碍作用,并且随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,抑制作用越来越大。     

CuO活化过硫酸盐对孔雀石绿的降解

为研究CuO在活化过一硫酸氢盐(PMS)与过二硫酸盐(PS)降解染料时的差异,通过单因素控制实验,探究PMS/PS浓度、CuO投加量、初始pH和氯离子对CuO/PMS和CuO/PS体系降解孔雀石绿染料(MG)的影响。结果表明:常温常压下,在MG初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1),PMS浓度为250μmol·L~(-1),CuO投加量为200 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,60 min后CuO/PMS体系对MG的降解率为86.73%;当MG初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1),PS浓度为200μmol·L~(-1),CuO投加量为200 mg·L~(-1)时,60 min后CuO/PS体系对MG的降解率为79.07%,过量的CuO和过低的pH均会降低体系的氧化能力。当MG初始浓度为10μmol·L~(-1),氧化剂浓度为200μmol·L~(-1),CuO投加量为200 mg·L~(-1)时,CuO/PMS体系与CuO/PS体系对MG降解率分别为80.35%和79.07%,降解效果大致相当。在地下水/工业废水中氯离子普遍存在情况下,CuO/PS体系由于不产生硫酸根自由基,则避免了氯代副产物的生成,因而相对硫酸根自由基氧化体系具有一定优势。动力学分析显示,两种体系中MG的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型。     

赤泥协同Fenton法处理焦化废水的研究

采用赤泥吸附协同Fenton法处理焦化废水,两者协同处理对COD的去除率高于其单独处理之和.考察了赤泥投加量、初始pH值、反应温度、H2O2浓度和Fe2+浓度等因素对降解效果的影响,实验结果表明,在20 g/L的赤泥、初始pH=3、80 mmol/L的H2O2、224 mg/L的Fe2+的最佳条件下,经过120 min...     

钴铁镍三元水滑石催化PMS降解水中刚果红

采用化学共沉淀法制备由过渡金属钴、铁、镍组成的磁性三元水滑石Co Fe Ni-LDH,催化过硫酸氢钾(PMS)产生SO-4·自由基,降解水中偶氮染料刚果红(CR),系统地考察了初始pH、催化剂投加量、PMS投加量对降解CR的影响。实验结果表明:在pH=4.0~10.0范围内,Co Fe Ni-LDH/PMS催化体系对CR的降解速率均较高;随着Co Fe Ni-LDH和PMS投加量的增加,CR的降解速率也逐渐加快。3次循环再生实验后,Co Fe Ni-LDH对CR的降解率在20 min内依然保持在88%左右。实验结果表明,这种新型磁性三元水滑石不仅具有高效的催化效果而且易于从水中分离,在有机染料废水的处理方面,有着良好的前景。     

Analytical Problems Posed by Pollution by Fluorine Compounds

The author sets forth the analytical problems posed by fluoride pollution and makes a critical study of the methods which are being used. He reports on the results that have been discovered over several years of investigation.     

Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants

Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The same resistance genes found at clinical settings are currently disseminated among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination. Nevertheless, the effect of antibiotics on the biosphere is wider than this and can impact the structure and activity of environmental microbiota. Along the article, we review the impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations.     

真空紫外光降解五氯酚钠以及过硫酸盐对反应的促进作用

研究了真空紫外光(VUV,185 am)对于水溶液中五氯酚钠的降解,反应2 h后,初始浓度为10 mg/L的五氯酚钠的去除率达到99%以上,有机氯的脱除率达到70%以上,有效地实现了五氯酚钠的脱毒.溶液初始pH值对五氯酚钠的真空紫外光解有很大影响,pH=10.9时的降解速率常数是pH=3.1时的3倍.表观一级反应速率常数随初始浓度的增加而线性下降.在反应溶液中加入过硫酸盐,可有效提高五氯酚钠的真空紫外光降解速率和矿化速率,过硫酸盐和五氯酚钠摩尔比为24时,降解速率提高3倍,反应4 h后TOC去除率达到95%.     

Absorption of selenium by Lactuca sativa as affected by carboxymethylcellulose

Several organic compounds of high molecular weight present in soil interact with selenium and may act as active binding agents affecting its availability in soil, and, consequently, selenium uptake by plants. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of polysaccharides on selenium speciation in soil and on selenium absorption by Lactuca sativa L. plants. Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted into pots filled with soil, and sodium selenite at rates of 1.5 and 5mgSekg(-1) of soil, or sodium selenate at a rate of 1.5mgSekg(-1) of soil were applied. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added to the soil at rates of 0, 3 and 30mgkg(-1) of soil. After 48 and 110d from transplanting plants were harvested, separated into root and shoot, and fresh and dry matter weights were recorded. Total selenium was determined in both soil and plant samples. A sequential extraction was used to investigate the different Se oxidation states and assess the availability of Se in soil after the final harvesting. Both selenite and selenate were absorbed by roots, but plants amended with Se(VI+) showed higher selenium concentration than plants amended with Se(IV+). Selenite appears to be less mobile than selenate both in soil and plants. The addition of carboxymethylcellulose to soil decreased the amount of selenium absorbed by plants. CMC interacted with Se, making it less mobile as evidenced by the increase in the insoluble fractions. The insoluble Se forms in soil may represent environmental Se sinks potentially available for plants if the substrate is re-used for subsequent growth cycles and selenium species are mobilized as a result of biological and chemical processes.     

Treatment of phenolic wastewater by horseradish peroxidase immobilized by bioaffinity layering

Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized by bioaffinity layering and used for the treatment of wastewater containing p-chlorophenol. For this purpose, lectin Concanavalin A was bound to Sephadex beads. The glycoenzyme peroxidase was layered upon this Con A layer. Subsequently, alternate layers of the enzyme and Con A were applied. The most efficient design consisted of three layers of Con A and peroxidase each. This immobilized enzyme preparation retained 80% of the activity of the free peroxidase used for immobilization. PEG at the concentration of 0.1 mg ml(-1) was found to prevent enzyme inactivation by the products, although it increased the process time. Thus 60 U ml(-1) of enzyme completely converted the p-chlorophenol (into products) in 4 min in the absence of PEG. On the other hand, only 0.05 U ml(-1) of enzyme was required for this purpose in the presence of PEG but the process required 60 min. Peroxidase converts phenol molecules into free radicals. These free radicals then polymerize and get precipitated. As a further means of minimizing exposure of the enzyme to free radicals and enhancing the reusability, it was decided to remove the enzyme from reaction medium after 10 min. With this strategy, the bioaffinity layered peroxidase preparation could be reused five times without any loss of activity.     

Predictability by Box-Behnken model for carbaryl adsorption by soils of Indian origin

This study was undertaken to investigate the adsorption capacity of carbaryl on four Indian soils with different physiochemical properties. A batch adsorption study was carried out in order to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity of carbaryl using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of operating parameter such as initial carbaryl concentration (1–20 mgL^?1), adsorbent dosage (0.5–6 g) and contact time (10–180 min) were examined. The proposed quadratic model for Box-Behnken design fits very well to the experimental data because it may be used to navigate design space according to ANOVA results. The regression co-efficient (R²) of the models developed and the results of validation experiments conducted at optimal conditions strongly suggests that the predicted values are in good agreement with experimental results. Contour and response surface plots are used to determine the interactions effects of main factors and optimal conditions of the process. The experiment can be utilized as a guideline for better understanding of carbaryl adsorption onto soil under different operating conditions. The results show that the forest soil is most efficient in binding carbaryl (Sevin) than the other types of soil tested.     

海藻酸钠固化香蕉皮粉吸附染料废水

利用海藻酸钠固化农业废弃物-香蕉皮粉制备成吸附剂,以甲基紫为例,对有机染料废水进行吸附研究,考察吸附时间,温度和甲基紫/吸附剂用量比对吸附的影响。实验结果表明,该吸附剂能有效地吸附掉溶液中的甲基紫,其吸附率随温度的增加而下降,最佳吸附时间为2 h,甲基紫/吸附剂的最佳用量比为1∶5。在25℃、pH 7、甲基紫起始浓度10 mg/L,吸附剂浓度50 mg/L的条件下,吸附2 h,吸附率为92.64%,吸附量为185.3 mg/g。研究了相应的Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温线和准一级、准二级动力学方程,结果表明甲基紫的吸附动力学数据与Freundlich吸附等温线和准二级动力学方程有更好的相关性,同时该吸附剂具有较好的重复利用率。     

纳米技术处理废水

纳米技术包括纳米结构和纳米材料 ,是 2 1世纪最有前途的新技术之一 ,废水处理领域有在广阔的应用前景。本文从纳米膜过滤、纳米光催化、纳米吸附材料等三方面介绍了纳米技术在废水处理方面的应用研究情况 ,并对其以后的发展前景进行了讨论     

溶胶-凝胶法制备磁载光催化剂

悬浮态的光催化反应器相比固载的光催化反应器有更高的光催化效率。但是如何在光催化反应完成后使催化剂与水溶液的分离 ,成为了一个关键的问题。本研究采用溶胶 凝胶法将二氧化钛直接沉积在磁性颗粒的表面 ,制备出了磁载的光催化剂。这种催化剂在保留了磁性能具有可磁分离的基础上又具有很好的光催化降解效果。