不同金属离子存在下双氧水对难降解有机物的催化氧化

Ｈ２Ｏ２具有较高氧化电位,较强的氧化能力。后来人们发现,当Ｈ２Ｏ２与金属离子反应产生·ＯＨ自由基后,氧化能力更强。Ｆｅ２＋＋Ｈ２Ｏ２混合液（即Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂）在催化氧化处理难降解有机物时,有很好的效果。但该试剂需要在ｐＨ≈３的酸性环境中才能发挥作用...     

臭氧氧化法处理腈纶废水研究

选用腈纶废水作为试验用水,对比了单独臭氧、臭氧-活性炭、臭氧-二氧化锰3种方法的氧化效果;考察了初始pH、反应时间对处理效果的影响.在碱性条件下时,处理效果都较好,臭氧-二氧化锰在酸性条件下处理效果也较好;随着时间的延长,臭氧-二氧化锰对废水中有机物的去除率最高.另外,还对废水的可生化性进行了比较,发现氧化不能有效提高废水的可生化性.最后,对臭氧氧化的反应动力学进行了初步探讨.     

造纸废水处理新技术的研究进展

造纸废水的处理一直是一个备受关注的环保难题,为此进行的研究也获得了很好的效果,如果这些技术能广泛应用于实践,将能基本上解决造纸废水的环境污染问题.高级氧化法、液膜法就是这类废水处理的新技术.从这些技术的机理、研究现状及存在问题出发,阐述了造纸废水处理新方法的研究实践及应用的可能性.     

处理含硫废水的新型催化剂

合成了适合处理含硫废水的固相催化剂,考察了催化剂的稳定性、活性及对实际废水的处理效果,开了含硫废水处理的一条新途径。     

碱性和弱酸性染料混合废水处理方法

采用“中和－氯氧化－电化学反应－催化氧化”组合工艺处理碱性、弱酸性染料混合废水,可使混合废水的ＣＯＤ由１４５６０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至２１５ｍｇ／Ｌ,色度由５０００倍降至１０倍以下。试验结果表明,不同染料废水混合后可发生沉淀效应,若组合得当,可使染普废得到很大程度的净化;ＣｌＯ２对某些染料废水具有良好的去除ＣＯＤ和脱色作用。     

湿法脱硫工艺的控制氧化

控制氧化是通过控制脱硫洗涤中亚硫酸盐的氧化率，减少或消除湿法石灰石脱硫系统设备结垢的有效方法。本文介绍了强制氧化和抑制氧化的主要原理及应用情况，并对两种方法进行了简单的经济比较，提出选用时应考虑的有关因素。     

用Co3O4催化剂光催化氧化活性染料

以沉淀一热解法制备了纳米级Co3O4催化剂，并用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪对Co3O4催化剂进行了表征。以300W高压汞灯为光源，研究了Co3O4催化剂对不同活性染料的光催化氧化活性。实验结果表明：在活性染料质量浓度为20mg／L、250mL染料溶液中Co3O4催化剂加入量为150mg、反应2h的条件下，Co3O4催化剂对B—GFF黑、B—RN蓝、K—NR艳蓝3种活性染料溶液的脱色率分别为95％，87％，77％；适当加入酸或碱有利于提高处理效率，反应后染料溶液的pH为7．12～8．37，染料溶液初始pH为10．00时的脱色率最高为100％；Co3O4催化剂具有一定的再利用价值。     

电化学间接氧化法处理H2S气体的研究

采用填料塔对铁盐溶液吸收H2S 的过程进行了初步研究,考察了气液比、填料层高度、吸收温度、Fe^3 浓度,进气H2S浓度和H^ 浓度等因素对H2S去除率的影响。结果表明,气液比、 填料层高度和吸收温度对吸收效率的影响比较显著。通过正交试验选出最佳工艺条件,在此工艺条件下H2S的去除率 接近100％。     

高级氧化法处理光引发剂生产废水

分别采用臭氧氧化、微电解—Fenton氧化和电化学降解的方法处理COD为6 000~8 000 mg/L、BOD₅/ COD为 0.12~0.17的光引发剂生产废水,比较了3种方法对废水中COD的去除效果。实验结果表明：臭氧氧化反应2 h时废水COD去除率达35.9%,BOD₅/COD 为0.20;微电解反应4 h再Fenton氧化4 h后,废水COD去除率为38.2%,BOD₅/COD 为0.28;电化学降解2 h后废水COD去除率达83.9%,BOD₅/COD 为0.46,降解反应遵循零级反应动力学,反应速率常数为2.6 kg/（m³·h）。3种方法对光引发剂生产废水的处理效果顺序为：电化学降解>微电解—Fenton氧化>臭氧氧化。     

氧化法去除燃煤烟气中Hg~0技术的研究进展

燃煤烟气中汞的排放控制是大气污染治理的研究热点之一。氧化法可将烟气中不溶于水的气态单质汞(Hg~0)转化为易溶于水的氧化态汞(Hg~(2+)),然后利用湿式吸收设备去除。综述了国内外燃煤烟气氧化法脱汞技术的研究进展,比较了非催化氧化法和催化氧化法的优势与局限,对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。指出:选择使用高效且环境友好的氧化剂以及催化剂,研发高效、低成本、可回收的金属氧化物催化剂是该领域的主要研究方向。     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.