海水总磷高效快速测定方法的优化研究

海水总磷（TP）是海洋生态环境的重要监测指标,传统的海水TP测定方法为国标法——《海洋调查规范 海水总磷测定 过硫酸钾法》（GB/T 12763.4—2007）,目前许多海域水体TP质量浓度均超出国标法的检测范围,在检测过程中需要进行稀释,过程烦琐且易影响测定结果的准确性,常用的其他方法也存在不适用于TP的快速连续测定且测定成本较高的问题。基于过硫酸根离子氧化磷化合物生成磷酸根离子的原理,探究海水TP测定的反应体系的影响因素,研究结果表明：过硫酸钾质量浓度为40 g/L,抗坏血酸质量浓度为54 g/L,钼酸铵质量浓度为37.5 g/L,酒石酸氧锑钾质量浓度为1.75 g/L,消解时间为30 min,为小体系海水TP测定新方法的最佳反应条件。通过正交验证及F与t检验,证明所建立的海水TP测定新方法与国标法的测定结果具有较高的拟合度。此外,TP测定新方法的浓度上限为28.8 μmol/L,与国标法相比,提高了4.5倍。新方法反应体系小,检测浓度范围广,能够减少检测过程中因梯度稀释步骤带来的误差,方法准确性高,为海水TP的测定提供了新的选择。     

总磷测定中两种稀释方法的对照

在过硫酸钾消解－钼蓝比色法测定总磷中,当显色液吸光值超出校准曲线范围时,进行了显色液稀释后再行测定的试验,试验结果与水样稀释重新消解[测定所得结果作统计检验,两者间无显著性差异,稀释倍数最大不宜超过4倍。     

电力跨区域调配隐含的污染转移效应

为研究中国30个省/自治区/直辖市之间电力区域调配的污染物转移效应,构建了电力传输的污染转移模型,并以SO_2和NO_x为例对2006、2015年数据进行测算。结果表明,2015年电力行业SO_2、NO_x排放强度分别由2006年的4.03、2.18 g/(kW·h)下降到0.69、0.77 g/(kW·h)。2015年,16个电力净输入区通过电力跨区域传输的SO_2、NO_x转移量分别为47.8×10~4、53.0×10~4t,占这些地区电力行业SO_2、NO_x排放量的24.1%、24.2%;14个电力净输出区通过电力跨区域传输的SO_2、NO_x转移量分别为-54.6×10~4、-52.1×10~4t,占这些地区电力行业SO_2、NO_x排放量的26.5%、22.8%。研究结果对于分析区域物质流动所隐含的污染流动,全面认识区域污染物排放格局,制定合理的区域污染减排目标具有一定借鉴意义。     

黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中总磷3种提取方法的比较

通过微波消解法、标准测试方法(SMT)和碱熔法分别测定了水系沉积物成分分析标准物质GBW07307a(GSD-7a)中的总磷(TP)含量,并分别采用3种方法对采集于黄河流域甘宁蒙段表层沉积物样品进行TP含量和样品加标回收率的测定。结果表明:测定标准物质的相对误差绝对值:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法;变异系数:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法。同时,微波消解法提取的表层沉积物TP含量的范围为634.3~909.2μg/g;SMT法TP含量的范围为627.1~889.5μg/g;碱熔法TP含量的范围为559.1~784.8μg/g。微波消解法的测定结果相对偏高,SMT法的测定结果相对偏低。样品加标回收率平均值:微波消解法SMT法碱熔法;变异系数:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法。综合测定标准物质中TP含量以及样品加标回收率实验结果的准确度和精密度,对于黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物,使用SMT法提取TP较优于微波消解法和碱熔法。     

能源结构变化对兰州市大气质量的影响

将2001—2010年的主要能源材料消耗、主要污染物变化及主要行业分布进行了相关性分析,结果表明:兰州市大气4种主要污染物中除烟尘呈下降趋势外,废气总量、SO2、NOx仍呈上升趋势;主要污染源为燃煤,主要污染行业为电力、蒸汽热水产供业;废气和SO2排放总量与燃煤和燃气呈强正相关,而NOx排放只与燃气呈强正相关。建议发挥兰州地域优势,加大以水电供应为主的能源结构调整,对改善当地空气质量有重要价值。     

天水市大气SO2浓度时空变化特征的卫星遥感监测与影响分析

大气卫星遥感监测作为一种新型监测手段,具有范围广、速度快、成本低等优势,对环境应急保护及其预警都具有非常重要的意义。选取天水市2006—2013年各年12月每日OMI level-2数据产品,利用Aura卫星技术和Arc GIS等技术平台,对天水市大气中SO_2的时空分布规律和污染原因进行了分析研究。结果表明:2006—2013年天水市SO_2柱浓度及其总量呈现出明显增加的趋势,但在2008年有小幅降低;在2008年以前,天水市SO_2浓度呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的趋势,但自2009年后污染重心发生迁移并且出现了数个集中化的SO_2高值区;研究区SO_2垂直柱浓度有自然因素、人类活动等多方面的复合影响,其中能源消耗及机动车尾气排放是主要影响因素。研究进一步讨论了遥感数据产品的应用前景。     

微波消解体系与聚四氟乙烯滤膜对PM2.5中重金属测定的影响

采用4种微波消解体系对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品进行消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定样品中Cr、Mn、Cu、As、Cd 5种重金属元素含量,并计算其空白加标和样品加标回收率,建立了测定PTFE材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品中重金属元素的最优微波消解体系。结果表明,4种消解体系下,空白加标回收率和样品加标回收率均处于合理范围,分别为95.3%~116.3%和93.3%~118.5%。其中,HNO3放置过夜+H2O2消解体系具有空白值低、测定稳定性强、操作简便、绿色环保、对人体健康危害小等优点,能够满足大批量PM2.5样品中重金属总量的快速、高效、准确分析的要求。     

阳泉市COVID-19期间主要大气污染物的传输及来源分布

2020年初,COVID-19在国内暴发,在相关管控措施下研究了区域性大气污染特征与传输之间的关系。选取山西省阳泉市的6个大气环境质量国控站点,获取了2019—2021年主要大气污染物(NO₂、PM_2.5和O₃)在时间尺度上的变化特征。重点评估了2020年2月管控措施对主要大气污染物的影响,并结合HYSPLIT模型模拟的48 h后向轨迹以及潜在源贡献因子法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹法(CWT),量化了该研究时间段内阳泉市3种大气污染物的潜在源及贡献。结果表明:在研究时间段内,NO₂和PM_2.5平均浓度呈现整体下降的趋势,2021年NO₂浓度较2020年稍有回升,但整体水平低于2019年。O₃浓度则逐年上升,推测是O₃在对流层的光化学反应导致。后向轨迹聚类分析发现,2019年2月和2021年2月,大气污染物主要来源于东部气团的输送,而2020年则主要来源于西部。NO₂和PM_2.5在聚类轨迹上的平均质量浓度与聚类轨迹呈正相关关系,O₃则没有明显的相关性。结合2月污染物平均浓度特征来看,管控措施使得2020年主要大气污染物浓度降低,而2021年主要污染物浓度的降低则归因于当地与周边地区实施的大气环境治理措施。NO₂和PM_2.5的潜在源分布呈现逐年区域化的态势。NO₂的潜在源主要是阳泉市本地、晋中市和太原市,而PM_2.5的潜在源分布则呈现山西本地、山东、京津冀、河南以及陕西区域贡献的特征。O₃的潜在源主要来自阳泉市本地和石家庄市的贡献,     

两种前处理方法对液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中有机汞的比对研究

分别采用酸浸提法和碱消解法作为前处理方法,以液相色谱电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)作为测定方法测定土壤中的有机汞(甲基汞、乙基汞和苯基汞),对2种前处理方法进行比对分析。结果表明,采用酸浸提法,3种有机汞的方法检出限为0.5~0.9μg/kg,甲基汞和乙基汞的加标回收率为72.4%~86.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均<9.3%,苯基汞的回收率均<40%,RSD为7.4%~10.2%;采用碱消解法,3种有机汞的方法检出限为0.3~0.4μg/kg,加标回收率为60.4%~106%,RSD均<8.6%。碱消解法相较于酸浸提法,具有更高的萃取效率,更好的回收率和重复性。     

Spatio-Temporal Variations of Sulphur Dioxide Patterns with Wind Conditions in Central Taiwan

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is one of the main atmospheric pollutants in central Taiwan. This article analyses the SO₂ concentration seasonal variations and spatial distribution using data obtained from ten air quality monitoring stations and the Taiwan Weather Bureau. It reveals that SO₂ concentration is high in winter and low in summer and that high concentration centers are located south of the Taichung coal-fired power plant, the main source of SO₂ emissions in the region.The location of high concentration centers changeswith different prevailing winds. SO₂ variations due towind direction are not unique. During short periods,when meteorological conditions are constant, variationin the pollution sources cause variations in thespatial distribution. This has been deduced byappreciation of Intervention analysis to time seriesof hourly data.     

台州市酸雨污染现状及其对策分析

通过对近十年来的酸雨监测资料的收集分析,结合同期台州市大气环境中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的监测数据,采用秩相关系数法,对酸雨污染趋势和成因进行分析和讨论,并提出针对性措施,以期为台州市以及类似地区的大气污染、酸雨污染等防治工作提供政策参考。     

基于不同原理的低浓度二氧化硫分析仪性能研究

为掌握非色散红外吸收光谱法(NDIR)、紫外差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)、非色散紫外吸收光谱法(NDUV)、红外激光吸收光谱法(OFCEAS)测定烟气中低浓度二氧化硫的差异,通过方法比对实验,对基于不同原理二氧化硫分析仪的响应时间、重复性、线性误差、干扰因素等进行研究。结果表明,不同原理的低浓度二氧化硫分析仪在响应时间、线性误差、重复性、漂移等基本性能上均能满足《HJ/T 76—2007》的要求,但不同原理之间性能指标差异也很明显。不同露点温度对基于NDIR和NDUV法的二氧化硫分析仪有正干扰,CO不干扰二氧化硫的测定,CH4对基于NDIR和OFCEAS法的二氧化硫分析仪有正干扰,NH3和HCl对基于DOAS法的二氧化硫分析仪有正干扰。     

Inter-Laboratory Comparison of No2 and SO2 Generated by Dynamic Dilution System Under Laboratory Conditions: A Technical Discussion

A workshop on analytical quality control (AQC) of ambient air quality measurement methods for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) was conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for officials involved in National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) in India. Concentrations of NO₂ and SO₂ were generated by dynamic dilution system under laboratory conditions at low and high levels and measured using static dilution system and wet chemical methods laid down by CPCB under section 16(2)(h) of the air act 1981. CPCB provided the measured values as reference values for comparing the means obtained by the officials participated from thirteen organizations. A tolerance limit of ±15% of the reference values was specified to accept the results. Generated concentrations, which were unknown to the participants, were measured using gaseous sampling assembly (Envirotech APM 411, New Delhi, India), and wet chemical methods laid down by CPCB i.e. the same methodology which is used by the organizations to generate the data of NO₂ and SO₂ in ambient air. Simultaneously, concentrations were checked by CPCB using automatic analyzers as a check on reference concentration. It is observed that results of automatic analyzers for NO₂ and SO₂ were within a tolerance of ±5% with %RSD below 3. On the other hand, results of most of the participants showed variability in the measurements with %RSD ranging between ±0.8 and ±88.6 and exceedences of means from the tolerance limit with bias ranging between 1.4 and −59%. To check the cause of high variability in the measurements obtained under identical conditions, duplicate sampling was performed by one of the participants for SO₂ at low concentration level. In this study, results of wet chemical methods, automatic analyzers and results of duplicate sampling are analysed statistically to assess the cause of high variability in the measurements. Analysis of t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed highly significant results for NO₂ and SO₂ at high concentration levels (α 0.05) and for SO₂ at both the levels (α 0.01) respectively indicating some bias is existing either in the sampling or in analytical technique. Duplicate sampling performed to check precision in parallel measurements showed high %RSD indicating the presence of systematic error in sampling technique as the same calibration factor (CF) was used to measure the concentration of duplicate samples. Statistical analysis of flow rates of duplicate sampling showed that the sampling assembly could not maintain the constant flow rate within the ±10% with that measured at the start of the sampling. This resulted in high %RSD and deviation from the reference values for the results of most of the participants, even after accepting ±15% tolerance limit. There is a need to improve and evaluate this gaseous sample collection device under laboratory conditions to generate reliable database of NO₂ and SO₂ in ambient air.     

Preliminary air pollution monitoring in San Miguel, Buenos Aires

Passive diffusion samplers were employed in San Miguel(Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area) for a preliminary airpollution monitoring. The highest loads were observedin downtown, compared with an urban background site.Total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) varied from0.257 to 0.033 mg cm^-2 month^-1; dust was examinedfor particle nature and size distribution. A similartrend was observed for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) andTSPM spatial distribution, suggesting that traffic isthe major pollution source. Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)values were low and rather homogeneous. Levels for theinvestigated pollutants are below EPA's guide linevalues. Geographic (flat area, near to Rio de LaPlata) and climatologic factors (rainfalls andvariable wind directions) contribute to disperse pollutants.     

佛山市高明区环境空气污染物变化分析

根据佛山市高明区2007—2012年环境空气监测数据资料,分析该区近6年来空气污染物的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明,2007—2012年该区空气污染呈现由单一型污染向复合型污染转变,综合污染指数总体上升,污染物以SO2、PM10为主。SO2、NO2浓度呈逐年增长,PM10则呈平稳状态。三者污染浓度最高值均在每年第4季度出现。该区的SO2浓度主要受工业污染源影响;NO2也受工业影响显著,与机动车数量呈正相关;PM10与烟粉尘排放量呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关。因此,改善该区环境空气应着重从控制工业污染源、扬尘污染、机动车排气污染3大方面开展工作。     

“十一五”时期乌鲁木齐市大气污染特征及影响因素分析

为全面了解\"十一五\"时期(2006—2010年)乌鲁木齐市大气污染状况,评估污染源治理及气象条件对空气质量变化的影响,利用2001年1月—2010年12月主要大气污染物浓度数据和同期地面气象资料,总结\"十一五\"时期乌鲁木齐市大气污染变化特征,重点分析其变化原因。结果表明:\"十一五\"时期PM10和SO2年均浓度分别比\"十五\"下降1.7%和10.3%,采暖季降幅最明显,分别达到2.2%和21.9%;而NO2年均浓度比\"十五\"升高8.9%,非采暖季增幅最大,为11.7%。2006—2010年PM10、SO2年均浓度整体呈下降趋势,NO2浓度有升高趋势。5年中非采暖季各污染物浓度均达标,采暖季PM10和SO2超标倍数逐年减小,煤烟型污染特征仍然典型。污染源管控(特别是减排工程实施)是\"十一五\"时期SO2和PM10浓度下降的重要原因,气象条件作用相对有限。NO2浓度升高主要与机动车保有量逐年增加和氮氧化物治理启动滞后有关。     

盐城市秋冬季节PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

于2019年10月-2020年2月在盐城市开展大气PM2.5离线监测,对PM2.5的浓度变化、质量平衡、组分及来源进行了分析.结果表明,监测期间盐城市ρ(PM2.5)月均值为43.32～62.59 μg/m3,其中1月最高;监测期间ρ(PM2.5)平均值为54.25 μg/m3,质量重建后该值为52.38 μg/m3,...     

Ambient Air Quality Status in Raniganj-Asansol Area, India

This investigation presents the assessment of ambient air quality with respect to suspended particulate matter (SPM), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_X) at four sites (RGC, SRS, BBC and BCC) in the Raniganj-Asansol area in West Bengal, India. Ambient air was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty four hours (3 × 8 hours) at each site on every alternate day (3 days a week) covering a period of one year. A total of 429 samples were collected from RGC, 429 from SRS and 435 each from the BBC and BCC sites. Meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind-speed and wind-direction were also recorded simultaneously during the sampling period. Monthly and seasonal variation of these pollutants have been observed and recorded. The annual average and range values have also been calculated. Results of the investigation indicates that the 95th percentile values of SPM levels exceed the limits (200 g m^-3) at RGC, SRS and BBC sites and is within the limit of 500 g m^-3 at the BCC sites. The 95th percentile values of SO₂ levels did not exceed the reference level at any of the monitoring stations. The 95th percentile values of NO_X are found to be exceeding the limit (80 g m^-3) at RGC, SRS and BBC sites but is within the prescribed limit of 120 g m^-3 at the BCC site. Further, it has been observed that the concentrations of the pollutants are high in winter in comparison to the summer or the monsoon seasons. Results of the investigation indicates that industrial activities, indiscriminate open air burning of coal by the local inhabitants for cooking as well as coking purposes, vehicular traffic, etc. are responsible for the high concentration of pollutants in this area.