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1.
In the mineral rich but arid Pilbara region of Western Australia, managing water constraints represents a significant challenge to the mining sector where local depletion is a growing problem. Conversely, the expansion of pit dewatering is creating surface water excess in localised areas of potentially high social and ecological significance. Indigenous people are by far the longest term residents of the Pilbara region and express a range of strong concerns about past, current and future water-related developments in the area. They also have proprietary interests in water recognised by the common law and protected by federal native title legislation. Rio Tinto Iron Ore (RTIO), commissioned the authors to undertake research to improve corporate understanding of Indigenous interests in water and to provide advice on its consultation processes. We argue here that a more sophisticated account of Indigenous water values is a necessary but, on its own, insufficient measure to achieve RTIO’s desired long-term goals. We suggest an equivalent process of understanding and documenting corporate water values and interests, actions to improve trust and credibility in the relationship between the parties, and leadership in wider catchment management as necessary complementary actions. These actions follow logically from internal corporate commitments regarding water and Indigenous people and from recognition of their property rights, but also align directly with major trends in the National Water Initiative, the key water policy framework for Australia. Therefore significant synergies exist between internal corporate aspirations, the evolving legal regime, and wider governance agendas for a key limiting resource. Our analysis is relevant to a range of CSR and water resource contexts across the wider mining sector. 相似文献
2.
Heather Moorcroft 《Local Environment》2016,21(5):591-614
In Australia, redressing past injustices and recognising Indigenous peoples' spiritual and cultural connections to land have resulted in the return of significant amounts of land to Indigenous people. Parallel to this, in attempts to address declining biodiversity, innovative and neo-liberal approaches to conservation under a new paradigm have been promoted. The role and influence of the non-state sector are increasing, and Indigenous peoples’ involvement in conservation is also growing. This paper reviews the history of conservation and Indigenous social justice policy in Australia. It describes how the social justice agenda has been the primary motivator of returning land to Indigenous Australians, and historically has been the driver and catalyst for Indigenous peoples' involvement in conservation, whilst the conservation agenda has increased conservation on private lands and the role and influence of the non-state conservation sector. The paper reveals how the trajectories of conservation and Indigenous social justice have become intrinsically linked with the emergence of new paradigms, providing opportunities for a propitious niche. Yet it also shows how the two trajectories have manifested themselves with a paradox of disparity; achievements secured under an Indigenous social justice agenda are being enjoyed by conservation under the new paradigm, whilst Indigenous social justice is increasingly becoming dependent on a conservation agenda. 相似文献
3.
This article develops a model of cost and financing strategies for rural and peri-urban water supply and sanitation. It suggests that significant progress towards the World Summit for Children's goal of universal access to water supply and sanitation can be made if a combination of strategies is adopted. On the cost side, significant cost reductions should be possible through efficiency in resource use and reduction of system management costs. On the financing side, it suggests restructuring the financing of the sector with improved efficiency and greater cost recovery in urban services; full recovery of operation and maintenance costs; cost sharing through community contributions in kind such as local labour and financially in rural and peri-urban water supply for basic levels of service depending on willingness and ability to pay and full cost recovery for higher levels of service; a high degree of cost recovery in rural and peri-urban sanitation; development of institutional structures for both collection and management of revenues; development of alternate financing mechanisms such as rural credit schemes and revolving funds, adapted in specific country contexts, including the required institutional mechanisms; and additional allocations from governments and external support agencies. Additional government or external financing alone, while critical, will not of itself lead to effectiveness in the use of resources. Equally, cost recovery alone cannot lead to universal access and sustainable solutions. A composite set of actions is needed within which building capacities of institutions and people is necessary for sustainability . 相似文献
4.
Water planning processes in Australia have struggled to account for Indigenous interests and rights in water, including the use of Indigenous knowledge in water management. In exploring the role of Indigenous knowledge in government-led water planning processes, how might tensions between Western scientific and Indigenous knowledges be lessened? Drawing on two case studies from northern Australia we examine how Indigenous knowledge is represented and managed as a different social knowledge to that of Western science in a management context where legal and planning conventions assume priority. The role of Indigenous (social) knowledges in developing options and strategies for sustainable water management is contingent upon the participation of Indigenous people in water planning. We suggest that water planning processes must contain the possibility of an explicit approach to mutual recognition and consequent translation of the conceptual and pragmatic bases of water management and planning in both Western scientific and Indigenous domains. 相似文献
5.
Melissa Nursey-Bray 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):671-683
Worldwide, the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) offers opportunities for delivering fisheries and biodiversity
management objectives. In Australia however, the primary function of an MPA is that of biodiversity conservation. Nonetheless,
the management of Indigenous customary fisheries is one area where fisheries and biodiversity issues converge. This article
examines the relationship between biodiversity and customary fisheries in an MPA context by investigation of the role and
importance of Indigenous social contexts. Using case study examples from Australia, I explore the role of Indigenous social
contexts in two dimensions: (i) management of traditional fisheries and (ii) Indigenous contribution to fisheries within an
MPA. Findings demonstrate two narratives concerning social contexts, one of recognition and the other concerning Indigenous
involvement in management. I conclude with a survey of Indigenous management initiatives within MPAs. The article ends with
a discussion of the utility of understanding social contexts in any marine management endeavour, specifically other social
contexts within an MPA. 相似文献
6.
Avoiding percolation of water into refuse is the key function of landfill covers. ‘Phytocapping’ has been considered as an
effective, economical and environment-friendly technique for landfill remediation. In this technique, trees are established
on a layer of soil cap placed over the refuse. Soil cover acts as a ‘storage’ and trees act as ‘bio-pump and filters’. For
effective functioning of this technique, it is critical that an ‘optimum’ depth of soil is placed over the refuse, and ‘suitable’
plant species are used as plant cover. Preliminary results of a phytocapping trial (using 21 tree species and two depths of
soil layers) show that the established trees can remove more water than that received via rainfall and rainfall interception
can reduce up to 20% of the rain reaching the soil in a 1.5 year old plantation. The study is also trialling an US numeric
model ‘STOMP’ (Subsurface Transport over Multiple Phases), to calculate daily water balance, to identify suitable plant species
and to optimise thickness of the soil cover to be used in phytocapping. 相似文献
7.
Marc Bekoff 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1997,10(3):269-296
In this essay I argue that the evolutionary and comparative study of nonhuman animal (hereafter animal) cognition in a wide
range of taxa by cognitive ethologists can readily inform discussions about animal protection and animal rights. However,
while it is clear that there is a link between animal cognitive abilities and animal pain and suffering, I agree with Jeremy
Bentham who claimed long ago the real question does not deal with whether individuals can think or reason but rather with
whether or not individuals can suffer. One of my major goals will be to make the case that the time has come to expand. The
Great Ape Project (GAP) to The Great Ape/Animal Project (GA/AP) and to take seriously the moral status and rights of all animals
by presupposing that all individuals should be admitted into the Community of Equals. I also argue that individuals count
and that it is essential to avoid being speciesist cognitivists; it really doesn't matter whether ‘dogs ape’ or whether ‘apes
dog’ when taking into account the worlds of different individual animals. Narrow-minded primatocentrism and speciesism must
be resisted in our studies of animal cognition and animal protection and rights. Line-drawing into ‘lower’ and ‘higher’ species
is a misleading speciesist practice that should be vigorously resisted because not only is line-drawing bad biology but also
because it can have disastrous consequences for how animals are viewed and treated. Speciesist line-drawing also ignores within
species individual differences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Managing an Endangered Asian Bovid in an Australian National Park: The Role and Limitations of Ecological-Economic Models in Decision-Making 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brook BW Bowman DM Bradshaw CJ Campbell BM Whitehead PJ 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):463-469
Should north Australia’s extensive populations of feral animals be eradicated for conservation, or exploited as a rare opportunity for Indigenous enterprise in remote regions? We examine options for a herd of banteng, a cattle species endangered in its native Asian range but abundant in Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, an Aboriginal land managed jointly by traditional owners and a conservation agency in the Northern Territory of Australia. We reflect on the paradoxes that arise when trying to deal effectively with such complex and contested issues in natural resource management using decision-support tools (ecological-economic models), by identifying the trade-offs inherent in protecting values whilst also providing incomes for Indigenous landowners. 相似文献
9.
Exploring cases of gas and coal extraction in Australia and the U.S.A., this paper considers instances in which legal and political frameworks have been used to prioritise development interests and minimise opportunities for community objection. Two case studies illustrate the role of law and the influence of politics on environmental conflict, conflict resolution, and participation in decision-making associated with resource extraction. A range of barriers to meaningful community participation in land-use decision-making are exposed by combining legal and non-legal concepts of equity and justice with ideologies of democracy and representation. These include asymmetry in information and resources available to parties; instances of misrecognition of weaker participants; and examples of malrecognition, where community attempts to engage democratic rights of public participation were thwarted by the strategic and deliberate actions of both industry and government. This paper illustrates the limits of current legal approaches to addressing land-use conflict and contributes to the developing scholarship of environmental justice as an analytic framework for addressing complex environmental and social justice issues. 相似文献
10.
Natalie A. Jones Pascal Perez Thomas G. Measham Gail J. Kelly Patrick d’Aquino Katherine A. Daniell Anne Dray Nils Ferrand 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1180-1195
Participatory modeling is increasingly recognized as an effective way to assist collective decision-making processes in the
domain of natural resource management. This article introduces a framework for evaluating projects that have adopted a participatory
modeling approach. This evaluation framework—known as the “Protocol of Canberra”—was developed through a collaboration between
French and Australian researchers engaged in participatory modeling and evaluation research. The framework seeks to assess
the extent to which different participatory modeling initiatives not only modify perceptions among and interactions between
participants, but also contribute to collective decision-making. The article discusses the development of the framework and
it’s application to three case-studies, two from Australia and one from the Pacific Island of the Republic of Kiribati. The
article concludes with some comments for future use of the framework in a range of participatory modeling contexts. 相似文献
11.
Katrin Prager 《Environmental management》2010,46(5):711-724
Although collaboration and multi-stakeholder partnerships have become a common feature in natural resource management throughout
the world, various problems are associated with attempts to up-scale community-based natural resource management from the
local to the regional level. To analyze the reasons behind these problems, this article reports on two examples of collaboratives
in Australia: local Landcare groups, and regional natural resource management (NRM) bodies. Recent government-induced changes
have shifted the focus from local Landcare group action to strategic planning and implementation by regional NRM bodies. Two
typologies of collaboratives are applied to analyze the characteristics of both these groups. The study uses data from 52
qualitative interviews with key informants at the local and regional level in Victoria and Tasmania, participant observation,
as well as literature and document analysis. The article illustrates how the groups’ distinct characteristics can cause conflicts
when the different types of collaboratives operate in parallel. In addition, the article reports how stakeholders perceive
the level of community participation in decision-making processes. The key message is that the benefits of community participation
and collaboration that arise at the local level can be lost when these approaches are up-scaled to the regional level unless
there is an intermediary or ‘mediating structure’ to facilitate communication and create the link between different types
of collaboratives. 相似文献
12.
Climate change is a significant environmental, social and environmental problem that has been identified by scientists in
consensus internationally. The Australian Government’s response is considered by environmental non-government organisations
(NGOs) to be inadequate. NGOs are ‘change agents’ of society, and in this role they are agitating to influence political decision-making
on climate change response.
This paper outlines the campaign strategies being used by Australian NGOs to attract public and political attention to the
issue of climate change. Using seven NGOs as case studies, the archival materials of these organisations were accessed and
analysed. Current academic and other literature also was used to reflect on their effectiveness. Four campaign themes and,
within these, fifteen activities were identified.
The results indicate that the notion of whether NGOs are undertaking an ‘revolutionary’ or ‘incremental’ approach, or any
other narrow strategic approach put forward by various scholars is too simple for analysing campaigns: none of the NGOs appear
to intentionally favour one type of strategy. The question raised by this finding is whether the NGOs’ current ‘multi-strategic’
approach is effective. This research contributes to filling the information gap with regard to NGO campaign strategies on
environmental issues, and highlights the need for further research. 相似文献
13.
Towards a Duty of Care for Biodiversity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The decline in biodiversity is a worldwide phenomenon, with current rates of species extinction more dramatic than any previously
recorded. Habitat loss has been identified as the major cause of biodiversity decline. In this article we suggest that a statutory
duty of care would complement the current mix of policy options for biodiversity conservation. Obstacles hindering the introduction
of a statutory duty of care include linguistic ambiguity about the terms ‘duty of care’ and ‘stewardship’ and how they are
applied in a natural resource management context, and the absence of a mechanism to guide its implementation. Drawing on international
literature and key informant interviews we have articulated characteristics of duty of care to reduce linguistic ambiguity,
and developed a framework for implementing a duty of care for biodiversity at the regional scale. The framework draws on key
elements of the common law ‘duty of care’, the concepts of ‘taking reasonable care’ and ‘avoiding foreseeable harm’, in its
logic. Core elements of the framework include desired outcomes for biodiversity, supported by current recommended practices.
The focus on outcomes provides opportunities for the development of innovative management practices. The framework incorporates
multiple pathways for the redress of non-compliance including tiered negative sanctions, and positive measures to encourage
compliance. Importantly, the framework addresses the need for change and adaptation that is a necessary part of biodiversity
management. 相似文献
14.
15.
Earthworms in general are tolerant to many chemical contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and
can bio-accumulate them in their tissues. Earthworms species like Eisenia fetida, Eisenia tetraedra, Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus rubellus and Allobophora chlorotica have been found to remove heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, etc.) pesticides and lipophilic organic micropollutants like the
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the soil. They ‘absorb’ the dissolved chemicals through the moist ‘body wall’
in the interstitial water and also ‘ingest’ by mouth while the soil passes through the gut. They either ‘bio-transform’ or
‘biodegrade’ the chemical contaminants rendering them harmless in their bodies. Meanwhile the quality of the soil is improved
significantly in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties as the worms thoroughly upturn and disperse the soil,
ingest large volumes of soil and excrete nutritive materials (NKP and micronutrients) in the form of ‘vermicasts’ along with
millions of beneficial soil microbes including nitrogen fixers. 相似文献
16.
Key aspects of environmental management exist within a legislative framework. The Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) and several Regional Environmental Plans created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) make reference to ‘the top of the bank’ for defining areas of protected land adjacent to rivers, within which development
consent may be required. It is an arbitrary term and its use within the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) leads to confusion. This paper examines the range of definitions of ‘the top of the bank’ in respect of natural watercourses
and aims to provide a more lucid and effective definition that will clarify existing ambiguities in legal interpretation.
The paper examines the historical origins of the phrase ‘top of the bank’, finding that stereotyped Eurocentric views of what
a river ‘should look like’ have impaired the legal definition for Australian rivers, thereby influencing common law and the
development of statutory definitions. Judicial applications of the phrase ‘top of the bank’ are examined from a geomorphological
perspective, demonstrating the misconceptions of the term in a legal context. The paper identifies the existence of widespread
support for the need to protect land adjacent to rivers in the interests of environmental, economic and social sustainability.
It concludes by calling for legislative reform that is both tailored to the individual site and consistent with overarching
goals at the catchment scale. 相似文献
17.
Earthworms’ body works as a ‘biofilter’ and they have been found to remove the 5 days’ BOD (BOD5) by over 90%, COD by 80–90%, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 90–92%, and the total suspended solids (TSS) by 90–95% from
wastewater by the general mechanism of ‘ingestion’ and biodegradation of organic wastes, heavy metals, and solids from wastewater
and also by their ‘absorption’ through body walls. Earthworms increase the hydraulic conductivity and natural aeration by
granulating the clay particles. They also grind the silt and sand particles, increasing the total specific surface area, which
enhances the ability to ‘adsorb’ the organics and inorganic from the wastewater. Intensification of soil processes and aeration
by the earthworms enable the soil stabilization and filtration system to become effective and smaller in size. Suspended solids
are trapped on top of the vermifilter and processed by earthworms and fed to the soil microbes immobilized in the vermifilter.
There is no sludge formation in the process which requires additional expenditure on landfill disposal. This is also an odor-free
process and the resulting vermifiltered water is clean and disinfected enough to be reused for farm irrigation and in parks
and gardens
G. Bharambe—GU & Research Assistant (Under Rajiv K. Sinha), U. Chaudhari—GU (Worked on vermiculture project). 相似文献
18.
The communication of science to science users is evolving to an approach that translates knowledge to targeted audiences.
Under this evolution, knowledge brokers play an increasingly important role and users help ‘pull’ the required science to
meet a policy or management imperative. To do this effectively, more insight is required into the knowledge seeking behaviour
of science users and practitioners. The findings from a series of interviews that identify the science needs of Ontario’s
Conservation Authorities (CAs) are presented. Results indicate that emerging functions, such as source water protection and
integrated water resource planning, require more science input than mature functions. Senior CA officials view personal communication
with their knowledgeable staff as the most used, accessible, trustworthy, relevant, shared, and preferable source of science
information. While the internet and media were considered highly accessible, they were not viewed as trustworthy. We found
no relationship between CA size and science use. Further research is needed to identify where junior and intermediate CA staff
obtain their science knowledge from and whether this varies as a function of CA size. Our findings will be of interest to
both policy/program communities and science providers. 相似文献
19.
Francis RA 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):985-999
There is increasing recognition and concern regarding the impacts of modern industrial warfare on the environment. Freshwater
ecosystems are perhaps the most vulnerable to warfare-related impacts, which is of concern given that they provide so many
essential environmental resources and services to society. Despite this, there has been little work to establish and quantify
the types of impacts (both negative and positive) that warfare may have on such systems. This paper firstly highlights why
rivers and lakes may be susceptible to warfare-related impacts, before synthesizing the available literature to explore the
following main themes: intensification of wartime resource acquisition, use of water as an offensive or defensive weapon,
direct and indirect effects of explosive ordnance, increased pollution, introduction of invasive alien species, and positive
ecological impacts. This is then followed by a discussion of the implications of such impacts in relation to future warfare,
including a consideration of the efficacy of existing legal instruments to protect the environment during conflict, and the
trend for war to become more localized and ‘informal’, and therefore less regulated. Finally, the paper identifies key research
foci for understanding and mitigating the effects of warfare on freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
20.
In this study, we explored the use of selected visual techniques (e.g. video, photography, diagramming) in facilitating learning among Indigenous communities living in remote protected areas at sites in Vietnam and Australia. The techniques were employed during interviews and workshops aimed at accessing and enhancing local peoples' perspectives on their landscape and on specific natural resource management issues. The effectiveness of the different techniques for enabling learning varied markedly with the context, highlighting the need for facilitator skill and flexibility in application of techniques. Visual techniques helped to engage participants; encourage unrestrained and lateral thinking; provide opportunities for self-expression and reflection; and to expose participants to perspectives of other community members. Valuable insights emerged on broad aspects of learning and these were incorporated into a simple model that highlights three types of conceptualisation found to be important in these processes. 相似文献