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1.
Kriton Grigorakis 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(4):345-370
The ethical issues raised by aquaculture were analyzed. A modification of the Ethical Matrix of the Food Ethics Council for
the evaluation of novel foods was used; the Ethical Matrix was changed in order to include the various aquaculture production
stages separately. The following stages were distinguished: the breeding stage, the growth/feeding stage, the “other-handling”
stage (that includes disease and treatment, transportation of organisms, killing procedure, and DNA vaccinations), and the
commercialization stage. The ethical issues concerning the producers, the consumers, the environment, and the aquacultured
organisms, are discussed. This scheme was fitted to the intensive cage-culture of carnivorous fish. The differences with other
forms of aquaculture are discussed, and how the scheme extrapolates to them. The ethical evaluation of aquaculture, in practice,
will be rather a utilitarian balancing of cost and benefits of the respective actions. The desired characteristics of an ethical
evaluation have been also outlined. Ethical evaluation should not be limited to a purely scientific analysis; it should be
holistic, comparable to available alternatives, and should have the flexibility to incorporate new data generated in the fast
growing/continuous changing aquaculture sector. 相似文献
2.
Developing the ethical matrix as a decision support framework: GM fish as a case study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Matthias Kaiser Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):65-80
The Ethical Matrix was developed to help decision-makers explore the ethical issues raised by agri-food biotechnologies. Over
the decade since its inception the Ethical Matrix has been used by a number of organizations and the philosophical basis of
the framework has been discussed and analyzed extensively. The role of tools such as the Ethical Matrix in public policy decision-making
has received increasing attention. In order to further develop the methodological aspects of the Ethical Matrix method, work
was carried out to study the potential role of the Ethical Matrix as a decision support framework. When considering which
frameworks to apply when analyzing the ethical dimensions of the application of agri-food biotechnologies, it is important
to clarify the substantive nature of any prospective framework. In order to further investigate this issue, reflections on
the neologism “ethical soundness” of an ethical framework are presented here. This concept is introduced in order to provide
more structured evaluations of a range of ethical tools, including ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Matrix. As well
as examining the philosophical dimensions of the method, theoretical analysis and literature studies were combined with stakeholder
engagement exercises and consultations in order to review the Ethical Matrix from a user perspective. This work resulted in
the development of an Ethical Matrix Manual, which is intended to act as a guide for potential user groups. 相似文献
3.
Improvements in production methods over the last two decades have resulted in aquaculture becoming a significant contributor
to food production in many countries. Increased efficiency and production levels are off-setting unsustainable capture fishing
practices and contributing to food security, particularly in a number of developing countries. The challenge for the rapidly
growing aquaculture industry is to develop and apply technologies that ensure sustainable production methods that will reduce
environmental damage, increase productivity across the sector, and respect the diverse social and cultural dimensions of fish
farming that are observed globally. The aquaculture industry currently faces a number of technology trajectories, which include
the option to commercially produce genetically modified (GM) fish. The use of genetic modification in aquaculture has the
potential to contribute to increased food security and is claimed to be the next logical step for the industry. However, the
potential use of these technologies raises a number of important ethical questions. Using an ethical framework, the Ethical
Matrix, this paper explores a number of the ethical issues potentially raised by the use of GM technologies in aquaculture.
Several key issues have been identified. These include aspects of distributive justice for producers; use of a precautionary
approach in the management of environmental risk and food safety; and impacts on the welfare and intrinsic value of the fish.
There is a need to conduct a comparative analysis of the full economic cycle of the use of GM fish in aquaculture production
for developing countries. There is also a need to initiate an informed dialogue between stakeholders and strenuous efforts
should be made to ensure the participation of producers and their representatives from developing nations. An additional concern
is that any national licensing of the first generation of GM fish, i.e., in the USA, may initiate and frame an assessment
cycle, mediated by the WTO, which could dominate the conditions under which the technology will be applied and regulated globally.
Therefore, an integrated analysis of the technology development trajectories, in terms of international policy, IPR, and operational
implications, as well as an analysis of a broader range of ethical concerns, is needed. 相似文献
4.
Liberal societies are characterized by respect for a fundamental value pluralism; i.e., respect for individuals’ rights to
live by their own conception of the good. Still, the state must make decisions that privilege some values at the cost of others.
When public ethics committees give substantial ethical advice on policy related issues, it is therefore important that this
advice is well justified. The use of explicit tools for ethical assessment can contribute to justifying advice. In this article,
I will discuss one approach to ethical assessment, the ethical matrix method. This method is a variant of intuitionist balancing.
Intuitionism is characterized by stressing the existence of several (at least two) fundamental prima facie moral principles, between which there is no given rank order. For some intuitionist approaches, coherentism has been proposed
as a model of justification. This article will discuss justification of ethical advice and evaluate the appropriateness of
coherentism as a justificatory approach to intuitionist tools. 相似文献
5.
Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins Ben Mepham Matthias Kaiser 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):53-63
A number of EU institutions and government committees across Europe have expressed interest in developing methods and decision-support
tools to facilitate consideration of the ethical dimensions of biotechnology assessment. As part of the work conducted in
the EC supported project on ethical tools (Ethical Bio-TA Tools), a number of ethical frameworks with the potential to support
the work of public policy decision-makers has been characterized and evaluated. One of these potential tools is the Delphi
method. The Delphi method was originally developed to assess variables that are intangible and/or shrouded in uncertainty
by drawing on the knowledge and abilities of a diverse group of experts through a form of anonymous and iterative consultation.
The method has hitherto been used by a diversity of practitioners to explore issues such as technology assessment, environmental
planning, and public health measures. From the original (classical) Delphi, a family of Delphi-related processes has emerged.
As a result of the evaluation of the various Delphi processes, it is proposed that the classical method can be further developed
and applied as a form of ethical framework to assist policy-makers. Through a series of exercises and trials, an Ethical Delphi
has been developed as a potential approach for characterizing ethical issues raised by the use of novel biotechnologies. Advantages
and disadvantages of the method are discussed. Further work is needed to develop the procedural aspects of the Ethical Delphi
method and to test its use in different cultural contexts. However, utilizing an ethical framework of this type combines the
advantages of a methodical approach to capture ethical aspects with the democratic virtues of transparency and openness to
criticism. Ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Delphi should contribute to better understanding of and decision-making
on issues that involve decisive ethical dimensions. 相似文献
6.
This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects
of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues
that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification
and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion
on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come
to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one”
societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate
in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These
instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support
debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the
paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue:
1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical
issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain. 相似文献
7.
P. Sandøe N. Holtug H. B. Simonsen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1996,9(2):114-122
Through the process of domestication the genetic make-up of farm animals can be changed by means of either selective breeding or genetic engineering. This paper is about the ethical limits to such genetic changes. It is suggested that the ethical significance of domestication has become clear recently in the light of genetic engineering, but that the problem has been there all along. Two ethical approaches to domestication are presented, genetic integrity and animal welfare. It is argued that the welfare approach is superior. Finally, five ethical hypotheses based on the welfare approach are presented. 相似文献
8.
Harvey S. James Jr. 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(5):439-457
A distinction should be made betweentwo types of ethical problems. A Type I ethicalproblem is one in which there is no consensusas to what is ethical. A Type II ethicalproblem is one in which there is a consensus asto what is ethical, but incentives exist forindividuals to behave unethically. Type Iethical problems are resolved by making,challenging, and reasoning through moralarguments. Type II ethical problems areresolved by changing the institutionalenvironment so that people do not haveincentives to behave unethically. Type Isolutions, however, will not be effective insolving Type II problems. Examples inagriculture and elsewhere show howdistinguishing between Type I and Type IIethical problems will help in theidentification of solutions to ethical issuesin agriculture. 相似文献
9.
Ellen-Marie Forsberg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(5):455-468
The ethical matrix approach was developed by Prof Ben Mepham and his colleagues at the University of Nottingham in the early
1990s. Since then the approach has received increasing attention and has been used by several researchers in different projects
related to assessing ethical impacts of different food production technologies and other policy options of societal concern.
The ethical matrix is sometimes understood simply as a checklist of ethical concerns, but might also be seen as a guide to
coming to conclusions on moral questions. The problem I discuss in this paper relates to how using the ethical matrix method
as a decision guide can be combined with respecting pluralism. The aim of the paper is to suggest a framework making it possible
to – at the same time – enhance public justification of judgments and respect pluralism. I argue that pluralism is fundamental
to the ethical matrix approach; I distinguish between intuitionist principled pluralism and societal value pluralism; and I show how both kinds of pluralism imply restrictions on how conclusions can be made. No substantive moral decision
principles can be allowed. Still, I argue, decision principles of a more epistemological or procedural character can be acceptable
even within pluralism. The pragmatist principle of inquiry is defended as an account of moral problem solving compatible with
both principled pluralism and value pluralism. When an ethical matrix is used within such a participatory inquiry process
substantive conclusions can be drawn. 相似文献
10.
C. Gamborg K. Millar O. Shortall P. Sand?e 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(6):909-925
Increasingly, ethical concerns are being raised regarding bioenergy production. However, the ethical issues often do not stand out very clearly. The aim of the present paper is to improve on this situation by analyzing the bioenergy discussion from the perspective of land use. From this perspective, bioenergy production may give rise to ethical problems because it competes with other forms of land use. This may generate ethical problems mainly for two reasons. First, bioenergy production may compete, directly or indirectly, with food production; and as consequence the food security of poor people may be adversely affected (social aspects arguments). Secondly, the production of bioenergy may directly or indirectly lead to deforestation and other changes of land use that have a negative effect on greenhouse gas emissions (environmental arguments). So from this perspective the main challenge raised by bioenergy production is to secure responsible land use. The purpose of the paper is not to advocate, or promote, a specific ethical position on bioenergy, but to structure the main arguments found. The paper falls in two parts. One part addresses social aspects arguments for using agricultural land for bioenergy—where food insecurity, malnourishment, and significant food poverty are the main concerns. The second part scopes environmental implications—notably greenhouse gas emissions impact, as affected by deforestation and other (indirect) land-use changes. Alongside showing some of the current dilemmas presented by wider land-use changes, arguments are analyzed from two ethical angels: a consequentialist and a deontological. 相似文献
11.
What is the relationship between biotechnology employees’ beliefs about the moral outcomes of a controversial transgenic research project and their attitudes of acceptance towards the project? To answer this question, employees (n=466) of a New Zealand company, AgResearch Ltd., were surveyed regarding a project to create transgenic cattle containing a synthetic copy of the human myelin basic protein gene (hMBP). Although diversity existed amongst employees’ attitudes of acceptance, they were generally: in favor of the project, believed that it should be allowed to proceed to completion, and that it is acceptable to use transgenic cattle to produce medicines for humans. These three items were aggregated to form a project acceptance score. Scales were developed to measure respondents’ beliefs about the moral outcomes of the project for identified stakeholders in terms of the four principles of common morality (benefit, non-harm, justice, and autonomy). These data were statistically aggregated into an Ethical Valence Matrix for the project. The respondents’ project Ethical Valence Scores correlated significantly with their project acceptance scores (r=0.64, p<0.001), accounting for 41% of the variance in respondents’ acceptance attitudes. Of the four principles, non-harm had the strongest correlation with attitude to the project (r=0.59), followed by benefit and justice (both r=0.54), then autonomy (r=0.44). These results indicate that beliefs about the moral outcomes of a research project, in terms of the four principles approach, are strongly related to, and may be significant determinants of, attitudes to the research project. This suggests that, for employees of a biotechnology organization, ethical reasoning could be a central mechanism for the evaluation of the acceptability of a project. We propose that the Ethical Valence Matrix may be used as a tool to measure ethical attitudes towards controversial issues, providing a metric for comparison of perceived ethical consequences for multiple stakeholder groups and for the evaluation and comparison of the ethical consequences of competing alternative issues or projects. The tool could be used to measure both public and special interest groups’ ethical attitudes and results used for the development of socially responsible policy or by science organizations as a democratizing decision aid to selection amongst projects competing for scarce research funds. 相似文献
12.
Joan Duckenfield 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2013,26(2):333-350
The use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics in food-producing animals has been linked to antibiotic resistant infections in humans. Although this practice has been banned in Europe, the U.S. regulatory authorities have been slow to act. This paper discusses the regulatory hurdles and ethical dilemmas of banning this practice within the context of the risk analysis model (risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication). Specific issues include unethical use of scientific uncertainty during the risk assessment phase, the rejection of the precautionary principle leading to ineffective risk management, and the criticality of risk communication to build consensus and force action. The underlying root cause is a conflict of values (Type I ethical problem) among key stakeholders, which is examined in depth along with an ethical analysis using public health ethical values. 相似文献
13.
Michael A. Long Douglas L. Murray 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2013,26(2):351-375
Ethical consumption is on the rise, however little is known about the degree and the implications of the sometime conflicting sets of values held by the broad category of consumers who report consuming ethically. This paper explores convergence and divergence of ethical consumption values through a study of organic, fair trade, and local food consumers in Colorado. Using survey and focus group results, we first examine demographic and attitudinal correlates of ethical consumption. We then report evidence that while many organic, fair trade, and local food consumers converge around similar values, some Colorado consumers support only local food, while opposing the consumption of organic and fair trade products. Next, we investigate how ethical consumers who converge and diverge frame their commitment to consuming ethically. The discussion and conclusion suggest that community development planners of projects that focus on ethical consumption will need to successfully traverse issues stemming from convergence and divergence to enjoy long-term sustained success. 相似文献
14.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1999,11(3):197-217
Although cloning may eventually become an important technology for livestock production, four ethical issues must be addressed
before the practice becomes widespread. First, researchers must establish that the procedure is not detrimental to the health
or well-being of affected animals. Second, animal research institutions should evaluate the net social benefits to livestock
producers by weighing the benefits to producers against the opportunity cost of research capacity lost to biomedical projects.
Third, scientists should consider the indirect effects of cloning research on the larger ethical issues surrounding human
cloning. Finally, the market structure for products of cloned animals should protect individual choice, and should recognize
that many individuals find the prospect of cloning (or consuming cloned animals) repugnant. Analysis of these four issues
is complicated by spurious arguments alleging that cloning will have a negative impact on environment and genetic diversity.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Sarika P. Cardoso Harvey S. James Jr. 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(3):377-404
There are a number of agricultural farming practices that are controversial. These may include using chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, and planting genetically modified crops, as well as the decision to dehorn cattle rather than raise polled cattle breeds. We use data from a survey of Missouri crop and livestock producers to determine whether a farmer’s ethical framework affects his or her decision to engage in these practices. We find that a plurality of farmers prefer an agricultural policy that reflects principles based on rights rather than principles of utilitarianism or justice. Furthermore, after controlling for personal and farm characteristics, we find a positive correlation between farmers preferring a rights-based policy and a farmer’s use of chemical farm inputs and polled rather than horned cattle. We also find that a combination of ethical framework and farm and farmer characteristics correlate with decisions to use farm chemicals, while only farm and farmer characteristics affect the decision to plant GM crops and only a farmer’s ethical framework affects the decision to use polled cattle. 相似文献
16.
Johannes M. M. Engels Hannes Dempewolf Victoria Henson-Apollonio 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(2):107-126
Humans have always played a crucial role in the evolutionary dynamics of agricultural biodiversity and thus there is a strong
relationship between these resources and human cultures. These agricultural resources have long been treated as a global public
good, and constitute the livelihoods of millions of predominantly poor people. At the same time, agricultural biodiversity
is under serious threat in many parts of the world despite extensive conservation efforts. Ethical considerations regarding
the collecting, research, and use of agricultural biodiversity are currently topics of great concern. For example, easy access
to genetic resources for breeding purposes is important, but international agreements and legal frameworks are necessary to
ensure adequate recognition of the contributions of local communities and traditional farmers in creating and nurturing these
resources. Here, we assess ethical principles in the context of existing codes of conduct that are relevant for agro-biodiversity
researchers. We aim to create awareness among scientists and policy makers who are concerned with agro-biodiversity research
and its potential impact on local communities. We encourage a serious assessment of the ethical principles presented here
and hope to facilitate an integration of these principles into the reader’s personal ethical framework. Key ethical principles
considered here include the importance of obtaining prior informed consent, equity, and the inalienability of rights of local
communities and farmers. 相似文献
17.
Mohammad Aslam Khan S. Akhtar Ali Shah 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):629-644
South Asia is one of the most densely populated regions of the world, where despite a slow growth, agriculture remains the
backbone of rural economy as it employs one half to over 90 percent of the labor force. Both extensive and intensive policy
measures for agriculture development to feed the massive population of the region have resulted in land degradation and desertification,
water scarcity, pollution from agrochemicals, and loss of agricultural biodiversity. The social and ethical aspects portray
even a grimmer picture of the region with growing poverty mainly, amongst small farmers, food scarcity, and overall poor quality
of life. This article reviews the historical perspective of agriculture development in the region and gives a panoramic view
of the policy initiatives and their environmental as well as social and ethical spin-offs. The aim is to explore the environmental
and ethical dimensions of the agricultural development in South Asia and recommend a holistic approach in formulating plans
and programs to combat environmental degradation, hunger, and poverty resulting from unsustainable agricultural practices. 相似文献
18.
Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Darryl R.J. Macer Minakshi Bhardwaj Fumi Maekawa Yuki Niimura 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(5):479-504
FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis. 相似文献
19.
Robert L. Zimdahl Thomas O. Holtzer 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2016,29(4):549-557
Many segments of society have systems of values arising from collective beliefs and motivations. For agriculture, and our food system, increasing production to feed the growing human population clearly is a core value. However, a survey we conducted, together with a previously reported survey, showed that the curricula of most U.S. colleges of agriculture do not offer ethics courses that examine the basis of this core value or include discussion of agriculture’s ethical dilemmas such as misuse of pesticides, not progressing rapidly enough toward sustainability goals, relative lack of involvement in addressing diet-related health issues, and lack of commitment to reducing agriculture’s role as a contributor to global climate change. These surveys provide strong evidence that few students have an opportunity to learn ethical concepts and apply them to issues of importance to the agriculture/food system. We suggest that such issues are both growing societal concerns and serious ethical problems that demand attention if our agricultural/food system is not see its relationship with the public further imperiled. Further, we suggest that there is a need for, indeed an obligation of, the faculty of colleges of agriculture to embrace a thorough analysis and discussion of agriculture’s values and their ethical foundation. We offer our thoughts on why curricula of colleges of agriculture do not provide such opportunities and on the importance of agricultural faculties providing leadership in ethical analysis and discussion. 相似文献
20.
Susan Carr 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2002,15(1):31-38
In February 2000, the EuropeanCommission adopted a Communication on theprecautionary principle. This states how theCommission intends to apply the principle andestablishes guidelines for its application. Thedocument is intended to inform discussions oninternational agreements. In particular, itprovides a defense of European Union (EU)precautionary policies in case of tradedisputes, for example, in case the EU isaccused of imposing unfair trade barriers onexports of genetically-modified (GM) productsfrom the United States under the rules of theWorld Trade Organisation. In the communication,the Commission emphasizes the scientificaspects of the precautionary principle, perhapspartly to counter claims from US officials thatthe EU's reluctance to accept GM imports is notbased on science but is politically-motivated.However, a principle is by definition a moralguide to behavior. In other words, it is anethic. The precautionary principle should beviewed as a complement to science, to beinvoked when a lack of scientific evidencemeans that outcomes are uncertain. Anyinterpretation of this principle needs to placeat least as much emphasis on its ethical andvalue-based aspects as on its scientificjustification. The Commission's interpretationrisks undermining the painstaking progress madeamong European Union member states inresponding to public concern about GM crops andfood by adopting increased precaution. Thispaper explores the balance between thescientific and ethical/value-based aspects ofthe precautionary principle as set out in theCommission's communication, to make the casethat it is the ethical and value-based aspectsrather than the scientific aspects of theguidelines that need strengthening. 相似文献