不同煤质煤尘云最低着火温度与最小着火能量试验

为研究不同煤质煤尘云着火敏感特性,采用相关试验设备测试了褐煤、长焰煤、不黏煤、气煤、焦煤、瘦煤、贫煤、无烟煤的最低着火温度与最小着火能量。结果表明,挥发分越大、氧元素含量越小的煤尘越容易着火,表明煤尘云着火是由可燃气相所主导。通过建立TC与Vad、r三维拟合模型,得出高挥发分、小粒径煤尘颗粒更容易着火的结论。通过岩粉抑爆试验验证了75μm粒径Ca CO3岩粉可有效增大煤尘云的最低着火温度。在测试8种煤尘云最小着火能量基础上,发现褐煤的EC仅为30 m J,无烟煤的EC达300 m J,表明变质程度越大,所需最小着火能量越大。贫煤的EC为250m J,是长焰煤EC的4.2倍,可见不同烟煤在着火敏感特性上也有一定差异。进一步测试得出:无烟煤质量浓度为2.08～2.5 g/L时最容易着火;除无烟煤外的其余7种煤尘云在t=1 s达到最容易着火状态。无烟煤、贫煤、瘦煤喷粉压力为0.5～0.6 MPa时最容易着火;不黏煤、气煤、焦煤喷粉压力为0.4～0.5 MPa时最容易着火;褐煤与长焰煤喷粉压力为0.3～0.4 MPa时最容易着火。     

4种典型易燃烟煤的着火特性分析*

为了研究典型易燃烟煤的着火特性，预防和控制煤尘爆炸，采用粉尘云最低着火温度实验装置和同步热分析仪，分别研究崔木长焰煤、东荣二矿气煤、察哈素不粘煤和丁集焦煤4种烟煤在不同条件下的煤尘云最低着火温度和煤尘热解过程。研究结果表明:当煤尘云浓度从0.90 kg/m3上升到5.99 kg/m3时，4种煤尘的最低着火温度先降后升，在1.50 kg/m3煤尘云浓度时，4种煤尘的最低着火温度均达到最小，分别为450，580，610，620 ℃。随着升温速率的升高，煤的着火温度、峰值温度、燃尽温度和煤样最大放热量整体呈上升趋势，失重率整体呈下降趋势，在5~20 ℃/min的升温速率范围内，崔木长焰煤、东荣二矿气煤、察哈素不粘煤和丁集焦煤热解过程中的最小着火温度分别为354.17，404.37，443.18，484.13 ℃。4种烟煤的最低着火温度和热解过程中的最小着火温度有相对应关系，研究结论可为以上4个煤矿的具体煤样研究和数据分析提供参考依据。     

小尺度水平玻璃管中煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性影响因素研究

为研究煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性影响因素,采用小尺度玻璃管煤尘爆炸试验装置,对不同变质程度煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性影响因素展开试验分析。结果表明,煤尘爆炸初期,t=125 ms时焰峰尖锐,t=250 ms时焰峰趋于平滑,t=375 ms时焰峰基本全部钝化。在t=0~375 ms过程中,焰峰宽度、横截面积、亮度均不断增大。褐煤在600~700 ms时火焰传播距离达最大值74 cm,表明低变质煤中释放的可燃挥发分气体延长了火焰周期,增加了火焰长度。当p处于0.03~0.05MPa时各煤质l_1随p增大均呈递增趋势,p0.05 MPa时褐煤与不粘煤的l1有平缓且下降趋势,而气煤与长焰煤的l_1仍有上升态势。褐煤、气煤、长焰煤的l_1随T增大呈显著上升趋势,而不粘煤的l1随T存在一定波动。当k达到3g时褐煤与气煤均不再爆炸,而长焰煤与不粘煤在k达到4g时才失去爆炸性,表明褐煤与气煤对碳酸盐粉抑爆敏感度相对较高。     

水平管内不同煤质煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性实验研究

为研究水平管道空间不同煤质煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性，选取褐煤、长焰煤、不粘煤、气煤4种煤尘，对爆炸火焰焰峰特性、火焰加速传播特性、火焰传播距离与持续时间展开研究。研究结果表明:褐煤在500 ms内焰峰的形状由尖锐向平滑再向钝化不断演变，长焰煤与不粘煤在375 ms时焰峰前端出现明显焰体分离现象，分析认为这与管体冷壁效应、空间尺度效应及空间氧气消耗直接相关；气煤在375 ms时焰峰出现大面积火焰碎纹，说明气煤爆炸火焰猛烈传播的持续时间相对较短，整体爆炸强度相对较弱；褐煤与长焰煤爆炸火焰存在2次间断性加速，分析认为这与管体空间受限、常温管壁散热、局部助燃氧气瞬间不足等因素有关；褐煤在爆炸后400～600 ms内火焰2次加速完全，火焰传播距离达740 mm，明显大于长焰煤、不粘煤与气煤，说明低变质褐煤爆炸火焰持续时间更长，火焰传播距离更远且传播更剧烈；虽然气煤火焰最远传播距离比长焰煤大30 mm，但由于气煤火焰在375 ms左右出现大片火焰碎纹，因此气煤整体的爆炸强度小于长焰煤。     

不同自燃倾向性煤的指标气体产生规律实验研究

为研究不同自燃倾向性煤的自燃指标气体变化规律，提高对煤早期自燃预测预报的准确度，采用程序升温实验系统，得到内蒙古褐煤、神东长焰煤、河南气煤及枣庄焦煤4种不同变质程度煤的氧化时间随温度的变化关系，以及指标气体浓度在煤氧化过程中的变化规律。结果表明:自燃倾向性最高的褐煤应以CO和乙烯作为煤自燃早期预报的首选指标气体；易自燃的长焰煤应采用乙烯和烯烷比为主、以CO为辅的煤自燃判定指标；自燃倾向性较低的气煤应以乙烯和烯烷比作为煤自燃预报指标；CO是自燃倾向性最低的焦煤的最佳自燃预报指标气体。     

携煤尘高压气流诱导沉积煤粉爆炸火焰特性研究

为研究携煤尘高压气流诱导沉积煤粉联合爆炸的火焰特性,采用水平玻璃管煤尘爆炸试验装置,分别对褐煤、长焰煤、不粘煤、气煤等4种煤尘的联合爆炸火焰传播最远距离l和火焰持续时间t等2项火焰特性展开试验分析,并研究沉积煤粉质量m、沉积煤粉粒径r、沉积煤粉中混入CaCO_3岩粉量k对联合爆炸火焰特性的影响。结果表明:随m在0~4.5 g范围内增大,4种煤尘l和t先增大后减小,l和t达到局部极值后减小。4种煤尘的l均随r的增大缓慢减小,且分别在r为26、26、26和38μm时,l依次达最大值106、73、37和22 cm。t_3和t_4随r的增大而增大,甚至当r大于40μm时亦如此。k为6 g时,褐煤、长焰煤l抑制效率分别为62.5%和79.7%,而不粘煤与气煤均不再爆炸。     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

煤油共生矿区含油煤尘云最低着火温度试验研究

为研究煤油共生矿区含油煤尘最低着火温度的变化规律，选取3种含油浓度不同的煤样，采用粉尘云最低着火温度测定系统，研究含油煤尘云最低着火温度随含油浓度、喷尘压力及煤尘质量的变化规律。研究结果表明:含油煤尘的最低着火温度较不含油煤尘显著降低，且随着煤尘含油浓度的增加，煤尘中挥发分含量增多，煤尘云最低着火温度降低，爆炸危险性增强；低含油浓度煤尘，煤尘受原油挥发分影响较大，在含油浓度为5.7%，4.3%且质量浓度为1364~4550 g/m3时煤尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势，在5.7%，4.3%含油浓度且喷尘压力为0.05 MPa时煤尘MIT随煤尘质量浓度增加先降低后缓慢升高。高含油浓度煤尘，受煤尘团聚现象影响较大，煤尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而升高，随煤尘质量的增加呈先减小后增大再缓慢减小的变化规律。     

煤质指标对煤尘云最低着火温度影响研究

为研究不同煤质煤尘的着火性能,首先,选取不同矿区9种煤样,分析其水分、挥发分、灰分、固定碳煤等工业成分;然后开展煤尘云最低着火温度试验;最后,对工业分析指标和煤尘云最低着火温度进行统计学和灰色关联分析。结果表明:煤样的最低着火温度介于405～515℃,着火温度值差异较大;煤的工业分析指标均与最低着火温度呈现出较强相关性:挥发分和固定碳含量与最低着火温度负相关,灰分和水分含量与最低着火温度呈正相关,即挥发分含量、固定碳含量越高,煤尘越易出现着火现象,灰分含量、水分含量越高,煤尘越不易着火;挥发分含量与最低着火温度关联度最大。     

不同变质程度煤燃烧特性参数试验研究

为获得不同煤种火区瓦斯爆炸数值模拟基础参数,用热重试验方法确定不同变质程度煤燃烧阶段温度范围,通过管式炉程序升温和气相色谱仪分析气体成分,得到了煤燃烧耗氧速率、气体生成速率和放热强度与温度之间的关系。结果表明:褐煤、气煤、焦煤、贫煤燃烧阶段温度分别为247~433℃,279~542℃,313~574℃,365~594℃;随着温度升高,耗氧速率、CO,CO_2生成速率、放热强度与温度之间均符合高斯(Gauss Amp)曲线模型;随着变质程度增加,耗氧速率与CO生成速率升高,CO_2生成速率与放热强度降低;耗氧速率与放热强度呈线性增加关系,煤的变质程度越高,变化趋势越平缓。     

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)处理硝基苯废水试验研究

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)是一种将生物方法与电化学相结合的新型废水处理技术,使用UBER降解硝基芳香烃类化合物,不但处理周期短、效率高,而且成本低,占地面积小。通过UBER处理含硝基苯模拟废水,对生物催化电解技术的原理进行讨论,并探索最佳反应条件,为该项技术处理实际废水提供理论依据。考察了进水浓度对硝基苯去除率的影响,同时对阴极催化硝基苯定向还原为苯胺进行探讨,最后分别从外加电压、进水乙酸盐质量浓度及进水p H值3个方面,对UBER还原硝基苯的关键影响因素进行最优试验条件分析。结果表明,UBER可以高效处理硝基苯废水,当硝基苯进水质量浓度为200 mg/L时,去除率可以达到97. 2%,但随进水质量浓度进一步提高至220 mg/L,硝基苯的去除效果不佳,去除率仅为79. 13%。当进水硝基苯质量浓度较低时,苯胺生成率较高,平均值达到91%,随硝基苯进水质量浓度提高,引起阴极电势波动,使得还原反应按照多种途径发生,硝基苯不仅被定向还原为苯胺,还被还原成其他副产物,同时,微生物也可以将部分生成的苯胺进一步氧化利用,造成出水苯胺含量偏低。最优条件试验表明,外加电压在0. 3～0. 5 V,硝基苯的去除率均达到93%以上,此时阳极微生物具有良好的电化学活性,当电压降到0. 2 V时,硝基苯去除率仅为36%,表明外加电压过低会严重影响反应器的稳定运行;将乙酸钠质量浓度从1 000 mg/L逐渐减小,质量浓度降低至700 mg/L时,阳极电位依然保持在-440 m V vs. SCE左右,UBER系统运行稳定,当乙酸钠质量浓度进一步降低,阳极微生物电化学活性逐渐受到抑制;UBER中微生物最佳生长p H值为6～7,当p H值超出这一范围,会影响微生物生长代谢,进而影响硝基苯的去除效果。     

水解酸化-地下渗滤技术处理生活污水的工艺研究

为优化水解酸化-地下渗滤系统(Hydrolytic Acidifi-cation-Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System,HA-SWIS)工艺参数,提高分散式污水处理效果,通过控制HA水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time,HRT)、搅拌速度、SWIS水力负荷(Hydraulic Load Rate,HLR)及干湿比,考察系统COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除效果。由于温度控制在18～22℃,忽略温度对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP去除效果的影响。结果表明,随优化参数改变,HA-SWIS联合工艺去除污染物效果存在显著性差异(p <0. 05)。当HA搅拌速度为15 r/min、HRT为2 h时,SWIS的HLR为0. 08～0. 12 m3/(m2·d),干湿比为1∶1～2∶1时,联合工艺对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除效率最高,分别为92. 0%、78. 6%、65%和92. 7%。该装置占地小,基建费用低,无需药剂投入,每吨水处理费用0. 46元/t,处理水质可回用,满足景观水要求(GB/T 18921—2002),适用于管网不完善地区。     

东北老工业基地安全发展实践研究

沈阳是东北地区中心城市和国家重要工业基地,工业集中度位居世界大城市前列。随着社会的不断进步,安全发展已经成为振兴沈阳老工业基地的必然选择。树立安全意识、落实安全责任、整治重大安全隐患、加强安全生产工作领导是实现安全发展不可或缺的四个因素,笔者从创造和谐稳定的发展环境,实现安全、可持续发展的高度出发,对安全发展进行了深入论述,提出落实以人为本的科学发展观,坚持安全发展理念,完善政策支持,加大安全投入,强化安全监管,保持城市公共安全形势的总体稳定,为沈阳的发展和振兴营造良好环境。     

粉尘云最小点火温度测试实验系统设计

通过对Godbert -Greenwald恒温炉分析与改造 ,设计了粉尘云最小点火温度实验装置 ,并建立了相应的测试系统。调试结果表明 ,该实验系统扬尘均匀性、温控精度及结果可重复性能良好     

石化装置泄漏事故点火源及点火概率的确定

简要综述石化企业常见点火源的分类及点火概率的确定方法。首先介绍点火源的常见分类方式,通过事件树展示泄漏发生后立即点火和延迟点火造成的不同事故后果;其次总结目前国内外确定点火概率的两种方法,即基于事故统计的点火概率以及基于点火源分类和统计的方法。在基于事故统计的点火概率中,给出国外在易燃液体运输、井喷、储罐破裂、管道运输等行业发生泄漏事故后的点火概率。在基于点火源分类及统计的点火概率计算中,给出TNO、HSE推荐的点火概率计算方法。同时对国内的研究情况进行了总结,给出已发表的点火概率计算方法。最后简要介绍目前国内关于点火过程的试验研究。针对国内工厂实际情况确定不同点火源的点火概率的工作亟待开展。     

A theoretical model for the prediction of the minimum ignition energy of dust clouds

In this study, a physical model of the dust cloud ignition process is developed for both cylindrical coordinates with a straight-line shaped ignition source and spherical coordinates with a point shaped ignition source. Using this model, a numerical algorithm for the calculation of the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is established and validated. This algorithm can evaluate MIEs of dusts and their mixtures with different dust concentrations and particle sizes. Although the average calculated cylindrical MIE (MIE_cylindrical) of the studied dusts only amounts to 63.9% of the average experimental MIE value due to reasons including high idealization of the numerical model and possible energy losses in the experimental tests, the algorithm with cylindrical coordinates correctly predicts the experimental MIE variation trends against particle diameter and dust concentration. There is a power function relationship between the MIE and particle diameter of the type MIE ∝ d_p^k with k being approximately 2 for cylindrical coordinates and 3 for spherical coordinates. Moreover, as dust concentration increases MIE(conc) first drops because of the decreasing average distance between particles and, at fuel-lean concentrations the increasing dust cloud combustion heat; however, after the dust concentration rises beyond a certain value, MIE(conc) starts to increase as a result of the increasingly significant heat sink effect from the particles and, at fuel-rich concentrations the no longer increasing dust cloud combustion heat.     

Investigation of spark ignition processes of laminar strained premixed stoichiometric NH3-H2-air flames

A knowledge of the ignition properties of ammonia (NH${}_3$)/hydrogen (H${}_2$) mixtures is important because of their abundance in chemical engineering processes, and also because of their prospective role as fuels in future energy systems. In particular, the question arises if and how important characteristics like ignition limits and minimum ignition energies in NH${}_3$/H${}_2$ mixtures are related to the physical conditions. To address this question, this work studies ignition process in ammonia/hydrogen mixtures by numerical simulations. These track the evolution of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures during and after the deposition of a certain ignition energy, using a detailed treatment of chemical reactions and molecular transport. Studies on the influence of different system parameters on the minimally required ignition energy are performed. These are the strain rate, hydrogen content, pressure and initial (pre-ignition) temperature. Significant findings include a quasi-linear correlation between the transition strain rate, defined as the strain rate below which no external energy is required to initiate successful ignition (auto-ignition) and a characteristic reaction rate, defined as the inverse of ignition delay time in homogeneous, quiescent mixtures. Also, the relative decay of minimum ignition energy with increasing hydrogen content is less pronounced for higher pressures. Analysis of the results supports a knowledge-based approach towards fail-proof ignition devices and reliable prevention of hazards. The simulations are used for assessing the ignitability of ammonia and its mixtures with hydrogen.     

The effects of phosphorus-free inhibitors on the ignition of lycopodium dust

The minimum ignition temperature of dust suspension (MIT) and the hot surface ignition temperature of the dust layer (LIT) are essential safety parameters for the process industry. However, the knowledge of the ignition behavior when solid mixtures of flammable fuels and phosphorous-free inhibitors are considered is still scarce and further experimental and theoretical analyses are requested. In this work, the ignition temperature of phosphorous-free inhibitors (coal fly ash and calcium carbonate) mixed with lycopodium dust have been studied in terms of LIT analysis (hot plate thickness: 5 mm, 12.5 mm and 15 mm), and by the Godbert-Greenwald test for the MIT. Both coal fly ash and calcium carbonate have been tested at different concentrations and particle sizes.Results show that the effects of the inhibitor can be counter-productive when layer ignition temperature is considered even if the minimum ignition temperature of the dust suspension shows a positive effect from the safety point of view. This behavior has been analyzed in the terms of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the mixture, by using Maxwell's equation for two-phase solid mixtures. Standard empirical correlations for the ignition temperature of solid mixtures have been also tested, showing their weakness in reproducing mixture behavior.     

Numerical study on the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a tube into air

Spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a tube into air is investigated using a modified version of the KIVA-3V CFD code. A mixture-averaged multi-component approach is used for accurate calculation of molecular transport. Autoignition and combustion chemistry is accounted for using a 21 step kinetic scheme. Ultra fine meshes are employed along with the Arbitrary Lagrangia–Eulerian (ALE) method to reduce false numerical diffusion. The study has demonstrated a possible mechanism for spontaneous ignition through molecular diffusion.

In the simulated scenario, the tube provided additional time to achieve a combustible mixture at the hydrogen–air contact surface. When the tube was sufficiently long under certain release pressure, autoignition would initiate inside the tube at the contact surface due to mass and energy exchange between low temperature hydrogen and shock-heated air through molecular diffusion. Following further development of the hydrogen jet downstream, the contact surface became distorted. Turbulence plays an important role for hydrogen/air mixing in the immediate vicinity of this distorted contact surface and led the initial laminar flame to transit into a stable turbulent flame.     

Inhibiting effect of inhibitors on ignition sensitivity of wood dust

Wood products are easy to produce dust in the production and processing process, and have a serious explosion risk. In order to improve the safety of wood products production, the inhibiting effects of magnesium hydroxide (MTH), SiO₂, melamine polyphosphate (MPP) on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of wood dust were experimentally studied. The results showed that the inhibiting effects of inhibitors on the MIE of wood dust show the order of MPP > SiO₂>MTH. The order of the inhibiting effects on the MIT of wood dust was MPP > MTH > SiO_2. When 10% MPP was added to wood dust, the time when the flame appears (T_appear) and the time when the flame reaches the top of the glass tube (T_top) obviously rose to 80, 140 ms. Therefore, MPP had the best inhibiting effect on the ignition sensitivity of wood dust.According to thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, the introduction of MPP leaded to lower maximum mass loss rate (MMLR), higher temperature corresponding to mass loss of 90% (T_0.1), residual mass and heat absorption. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) results showed that MPP produced H₂O (g) and NH₃ (g) during the thermal decomposition process, which diluted the oxygen.