Does a parthenogenesis-inducing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wolbachia</Emphasis> induce vestigial cytoplasmic incompatibility?

Wolbachia is a maternally inherited bacterium that manipulates the reproduction of its host. Recent studies have shown that male-killing strains can induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) when introgressed into a resistant host. Phylogenetic studies suggest that transitions between CI and other Wolbachia phenotypes have also occurred frequently, raising the possibility that latent CI may be widespread among Wolbachia. Here, we investigate whether a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia strain can also induce CI. Parthenogenetic females of the parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica regularly produce a small number of males that may be either infected or not. Uninfected males were further obtained through removal of the Wolbachia using antibiotics and from a naturally uninfected strain. Uninfected females that had mated with infected males produced a slightly, but significantly more male-biased sex ratio than uninfected females that had mated with uninfected males. This effect was strongest in females that mated with males that had a relatively high Wolbachia titer. Quantitative PCR indicated that infected males did not show higher ratios of nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA content. Wolbachia therefore does not cause diploidization of cells in infected males. While these results are consistent with CI, other alternatives such as production of abnormal sperm by infected males cannot be completely ruled out. Overall, the effect was very small (9%), suggesting that if CI is involved it may have degenerated through the accumulation of mutations.     

丹江口库区新生消落带不同土地利用酶活性比较

随着南水北调中线工程的建成,丹江口水库水位上涨形成了大量新生消落带,消落带生态环境变化对水库水质具有较大影响,土壤酶活性和土壤养分的改变在一定程度上能反映土壤生态环境的变化.基于此,以丹江口水库新生消落带为研究区域,选取库周从未经历淹没的区域作为对照,采用裂区试验设计方法,以样地类型（新生消落带和对照区）为主处理,以3种不同土地利用类型（林地、农田和草地）为副处理,研究了土壤酶（脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶）活性与土壤养分之间的关系.结果表明:①新生消落带土壤中w（TN）、w（NO₃--N）和w（OM）均显著低于对照区（P < 0.05）,而农田、草地的w（NH₄+-N）与林地的w（TP）显著高于对照区（P < 0.05）.②与对照区相比,新生消落带农田和草地的脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均降低,其中,农田和草地脲酶活性分别降低了79%和54%,而林地脲酶与过氧化氢酶显著增加,林地脲酶活性升高了133%,林地碱性磷酸酶与转化酶活性变化不显著.③不同土地利用类型的土壤理化性质对酶活性的影响不同,新生消落带农田土壤含水量、w（NH₄+-N）的升高及w（TN）、w（TP）、w（OM）的降低是导致酶活性降低的主要影响因素,新生消落带林地土壤pH、w（TP）、w（TN）对酶活性的增加有主要影响,新生消落带草地土壤含水量、w（NH₄+-N）、w（TN）、w（TP）、w（OM）对酶活性的降低有主要影响.研究显示,消落带林地在淹没期间能够吸附固定土壤及水体中的氮磷,水落后土壤酶活性的升高有利于土壤中养分的分解,减少氮磷对库区水体的污染.      

鄱阳湖湿地土壤酶及微生物生物量的剖面分布特征

为探明淡水沼泽湿地土壤微生物功能活性随土壤剖面深度的变化,以鄱阳湖区内典型的苔草湿地土壤为研究对象,选择剖面深度为1 m共5层(0~20、>20~40、>40~60、>60~80、>80~100 cm)的土壤,对土壤酶[Bglu(β-葡萄糖苷酶)、NAG(乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶)、Bxyl(β-木糖苷酶)、Phos(酸性磷酸酶)、Phox(酚氧化酶)、Pero(过氧化物酶)]活性、w(MBC)(微生物生物量碳含量)和w(MBN)(微生物生物量氮含量)及土壤理化性质进行研究.结果表明,代表微生物功能活性的土壤酶和w(MBC)、w(MBN)均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低,表层(0~20 cm)土壤中的酶活性和w(MBC)、w(MBN)均显著高于深层土壤.值得注意的是,不同土壤酶活性随着剖面深度的变化规律不一,但总体酶活性在土壤深度为>40~60 cm时达到稳定,并且仍都具有较高活性;表层土壤中w(MBC)为65.58~161.90 mg/kg,w(MBN)为7.39~16.28 mg/kg,二者占所研究剖面土壤总微生物碳氮含量的51%~69%.进一步的相关性分析发现,土壤微生物功能特性与有机质AFDM(去灰分干重)、w(TOC)、w(TN)、含水量及pH存在显著的相关性,其中土壤w(TOC)、w(TN)是影响鄱阳湖湿地土壤微生物数量和活性的最主要因素.研究显示,土壤深度对湿地土壤微生物功能特性及土壤性质具有显著影响,表层土壤中微生物功能活性最高,但湿地深层土壤中仍存在大量的微生物,由微生物参与的代谢活动仍然活跃,深层土壤微生物功能特性不容忽视.      

Feminization of genetic males by a symbiotic bacterium in a butterfly,Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Wolbachia are symbiotic bacteria found in many arthropods and filarian nematodes. They often manipulate the reproduction of host arthropods. In the present study, female-biased sex-ratio distortion in the butterfly Eurema hecabe was investigated. Breeding experiments showed that this distorted sex ratio is maternally inherited. When treated with tetracycline, adult females of the thelygenic line produced male progeny only. After PCR using Wolbachia-specific primers for the ftsZ gene a positive result was seen in the thelygenic females, but not in male progeny from tetracycline-treated females, or individuals from a Tokyo population with normal sex ratio and reproduction. Cytological observations showed that thelygenic females lack the sex chromatin body (W chromosome). The results strongly suggest that the sex-ratio distortion in E. hecabe is due to feminization of genetic males by Wolbachia.     

草海湖沉积物中重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

贵州草海湖是典型的高原天然淡水湖泊,属于长江上游金沙江支流的上源湖泊,研究其沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险评价对该区域及下游的水质监控与污染防治具有重要意义. 2017年7月采集贵州草海湖柱状沉积物,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪法和双道原子荧光光度计法分析沉积物中Zn、Cd、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Pb、Cu、As等9种重金属元素的质量分数,并利用地累积指数法、富集系数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行重金属污染评价.结果表明:草海湖表层沉积物各重金属质量分数平均值表现为w（Fe）（31 400.00 mg/kg）> w（Zn）（219.18 mg/kg）> w（V）（59.76 mg/kg）> w（Cr）（56.16 mg/kg）> w（Pb）（54.01 mg/kg）> w（Ni）（33.58 mg/kg）> w（Cu）（20.35 mg/kg）> w（As）（15.41 mg/kg）> w（Cd）（0.84 mg/kg）.表层（0~10 cm）沉积物中w（Fe）、w（Cr）、w（V）、w（As）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）分布较均匀,其元素主要来源于岩石风化、土壤侵蚀等自然源;w（Zn）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）分布相对离散,主要来源于农业、炼锌业和交通运输等人为源;在垂直（0~25 cm）方向上,w（Pb）、w（Cu）、w（V）、w（Ni）以波动型为主,w（Zn）、w（Cd）、w（As）主要为稳定型,w（Cr）和w（Fe）为富集型.重金属污染评价结果显示,草海湖沉积物中元素Zn、Pb均为偏中度污染、Cd为中度污染,其潜在生态风险高低表现为下游 > 上游 > 中游.研究显示,草海湖下游区域为中等潜在生态风险,Cd为主要的潜在生态风险因子,重金属的质量分数主要受土法炼锌和农业施肥等人为活动的影响.      

遵义市湘江河表层沉积物中重金属赋存形态及潜在生态风险

遵义市湘江河流经主城区,沿岸人口密度大,流域内生活污水和工农业活动产生的重金属汇入湘江河,为了解该河段的重金属污染分布特征及评价潜在生态风险,采用改进的BCR连续提取法提取并分析遵义市主城区湘江河8个表层沉积物样本中9种重金属元素的赋存形态,分别使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Cd）、w（Cr）、w（Mn）和w（Ni）,原子荧光光度法测定w（As）和w（Hg）.结果表明:①w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Cd）、w（Cr）、w（Mn）、w（Ni）、w（As）和w（Hg）的平均值分别为64.89、313.75、75.93、1.44、93.95、1507.98、33.74、13.50和0.68 mg/kg,除w（As）外,其他重金属的平均值均高于贵州沉积物重金属背景值.②w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Cd）、w（Mn）和w（Hg）在不同采样点间的变异系数分别为54.91%、93.33%、78.73%、85.00%、106.46%和93.44%,受人为活动的干扰较大.Cu与Cr、Zn与Pb、Cd与Pb之间存在极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）,其污染来源可能具有同源性.③重金属的赋存形态在不同采样点间的空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、As和Hg的主要赋存形态为残渣态,占比分别为52.72%、59.31%、84.39%、79.09%、89.14%和99.87%;Mn以酸提取态为主,占比为61.58%;Cd以可氧化态为主,占比为50.19%.次生相与原生相分布比值法（RSP）评价结果显示,Cr、Ni、As和Hg对湘江河水环境产生潜在生态危害的风险较低,Mn和Cd的生态危害风险较高.      

Examining the “evolution of increased competitive ability” hypothesis in response to parasites and pathogens in the invasive paper wasp Polistes dominula

Successful invaders often become established in new ranges by outcompeting native species. The “evolution of increased competitive ability” hypothesis predicts that invasive species are subjected to less predation and parasitization than sympatric native species, and thus can allocate resources from defence and immunity to growth and fecundity, thereby achieving higher fitness. In this study, we examined whether American invasive Polistes dominula paper wasps have reduced immunocompetence. To explore this scenario, we tested their susceptibility towards parasites and pathogens at both the individual (immune defence) and colony levels, i.e. hygienic behaviour (removal of diseased individuals by nestmates). First, we examined the response to the specific coevolved parasite Xenos vesparum (lost after invasion) in terms of individual host susceptibility and hygienic behaviour. Second, we explored the response against general pathogens by quantifying the bacterial clearance in individual wasps after a challenge with Escherichia coli and hygienic behaviour after a challenge with the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Our results show that American invasive P. dominula have a higher response against X. vesparum at the colony level, but at the individual level their susceptibility is not significantly different from conspecifics of the native range. On the other hand, invasive P. dominula display lower response after a challenge with general pathogens at both the individual and colony levels. While supporting the hypothesis of a reduction of immunocompetence towards general pathogens in invasive species, these findings also suggest that the response against coevolved parasites might follow different evolutionary pathways which are not always easily predictable.     

Characterization of intersex production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma kaykai</Emphasis> infected with parthenogenesis-inducing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wolbachia</Emphasis>

Sexually aberrant individuals, displaying both male and female characteristics, are rare in occurrence but are documented throughout the animal kingdom. In parasitoid wasps of the genus Trichogramma, such individuals typically appear as a result of rearing Wolbachia-infected thelytokous wasps at high temperatures. Sexually aberrant Trichogramma have been referred to interchangeably in the literature as gynandromorphs, sexual mosaics and intersexes. However, accurately used, the terms “gynandromorph” and “sexual mosaic” describe an individual composed of a mixture of genetically distinct tissues corresponding to the sexual phenotypes observed, while “intersex” refers to an individual having a uniform genetic constitution but with some tissues exhibiting sexual phenotypes conflicting with the associated genotype. Here, we investigate the heat-induced production of sexually aberrant offspring by thelytokous Trichogramma kaykai. Aberrant individuals were rare, but each was characterized as one of 11 morphotypes ranging from very feminine to very masculine. Overall, the production of aberrant individuals increased with time from the onset of maternal oviposition. However, while the production of males also increased with time, the degree of masculinity of aberrant individuals did not; the different morphotypes appeared to be produced haphazardly. We conclude that the aberrant individuals produced by T. kaykai are actually intersexes and not gynandromorphs. The wasp's close association with Wolbachia and the absence of intersexes in uninfected populations allow us to discuss a possible origin of the condition.     

Sex-dependent immune response in a semelparous spider

Previous studies on arthropods showed that seasonality and parity in breeding considerably impact the direction of sex differences in immunocompetence, and it has been suggested that life span and the time window available for breeding play key roles in shaping sex-differences in immunity. One proposed mechanism behind this phenomenon is differential investment into life history traits in sexes. Here, we tested whether in a seasonally breeding semelparous arthropod sexes differ in their immunocompetence, predicting that females would show weaker immune response than males. We compared encapsulation efficiency (a well-established and widely used method for assessing immunocompetence) of freshly matured, virgin males and females of the lycosid spider Pardosa agrestis (Westring, 1861). On average, males mounted stronger immune response than females and the extent of encapsulation was positively associated with prosoma length in males, but not in females. Also, time until maturation was positively related to the extent of encapsulation in both sexes, but did not significantly affect adult prosoma length. We propose that sex-difference in encapsulation is likely shaped by combined effects of relatively higher costs of reproduction in females, narrow time window of reproductive activity, and the absence of trade-off between current and future reproduction.     

Derivated fetal haemoglobin as a marker for red cell age in the human fetus reflecting stimulated or impaired red blood cell production

We have determined whether derivated fetal haemoglobin (dHbF, consisting of glycated and acetylated HbF) can be used as a cell age marker for fetal red blood cells (RBCs). Cord blood was obtained between 19 and 39 weeks of gestation from 28 alloimmunised anaemic fetuses (23 RhD+ and 5 Kell) and from 20 non-anaemic fetuses and newborns (controls). Density gradient centrifugation was applied to 36 samples (20 RhD+, 15 controls and 1 Kell) to obtain fractions of increasing cell age. Blood samples were used for measurements of mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), pyruvate kinase activity (PK) and derivated fetal haemoglobin (dHbF) by cation-exchange HPLC. Reticulocytes were counted only in the whole blood samples. In all density gradient separated RBC fractions, the values for MCV, MCH and PK activity decreased and those of MCHC and dHbF increased with increasing density (equivalent to increasing cell age). The mean density was lower for RBCs of the anaemic RHD group (1.072±0.007 g/ml) than for the non-anaemic controls (1.077±0.005 g/ml) (p<0.05) The RBC density of the Kell sensitised fetus did not differ from those of the controls. In the control group, the values of the cell age markers in whole blood changed significantly with the gestational age, showing an increase of mean age of the erythrocyte population. The best linear relationship was found for dHbF (y=6.28+0.17*weeks; r=0.84; p<0.001). In the anaemic RhD+ fetuses, the RBC age markers did not change with gestational age; the dHbF percentages were lower, and the MCV, MCH, PK values and the reticulocyte counts were higher than in the controls (0.05<p<0.001). The dHbF values of the Kell sensitised fetuses were above (p<0.01) and the reticulocyte counts were below normal (p<0.05) for gestational age. For the anaemic fetuses, a significant number of the dHbF values (86%) and of the reticulocyte counts (78%) differed from the values of the controls (p<0.01). The dHbF percentages in RhD+ fetuses showed the best correlation with the Hb deficit, which is a measure for anaemia (r=−0.81, p<0.0001). We conclude that the percentage derivated HbF may indicate whether the RBC production is normal for gestational age. It may in that sense reflect stimulated or impaired erythropoiesis in alloimmunised haemolytic anaemia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immune challenges and visual signalling in tree frogs

In animals, mate-choice is often based on sexual signals that carry information and help the receiver make the best choice to improve the receiver’s fitness. Orange visual sexual signals have been hypothesised to carry immune information because they are often due to carotenoid pigments which are also involved in immunity response. Although many studies have focused on the direct relationships between coloration and immunocompetence, few studies have simultaneously studied immunocompetent response and coloration variation after an immune challenge. We tested this hypothesis on starved and ad libitum-fed males of the European tree frog Hyla arborea. Our results show that male coloration is not a reliable indicator of its immune response capacity in this species. However, after an immune challenge induced by a PHA (Phaseolus vulgaris phytohaemagglutinin) injection, starved males presented a significant coloration loss and this alteration was related to the immune response intensity. Taken together, these results suggest that the brighter (lighter) coloration may be used as a cue by female to exclude males with a recent immune challenge, due to diseases or parasites for example.     

硫碳比对芦苇碳源-硫耦合表面流湿地脱氮的影响

针对农田退水中NO₃--N占比高、碳氮比低的问题,提出PS-SFW（Phragmites australis and sulfur combined surface flow constructed wetland,芦苇碳源-硫耦合表面流人工湿地）,对其强化农田退水脱氮的可行性进行了研究,并与SFW₀（无芦苇碳源-硫填充的常规表面流湿地）进行对比,重点研究了HRT（水力停留时间）为3、2、4 d条件下S/C（质量比,分别为0.32、0.56）对PS-SFW脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,HRT为3 d（第29~40天）时,PS-SFW_0.32（S/C比为0.32）、PS-SFW_0.56（S/C比为0.56）和SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）分别为55.9%±11.0%、66.0%±10.0%和7.0%±3.0%,w（TN）分别为36.9%±1.0%、40.3%±3.0%和4.5%±2.0%,PS-SFW_0.56对TN和NO₃--N去除效能高于PS-SFW_0.32,远高于SFW₀;HRT为4 d时（第41~81天）及HRT为3 d（第130~149天）时,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56、SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）为66.3%±5.0%、90.5%±4.0%、14.4±4.0%和53.4%±3.0%、62.9%±10.0%、48.5%±5.0%,w（TN）为55.5%±5.0%、75.4%±5.0%、14.4%±3.0%和48.8%±2.0%、57.5%±6.0%、44.1%±5.0%,PS-SFW_0.56对NO₃--N和TN的去除效能均优于PS-SFW_0.32,并且优于SFW₀.HRT为2 d（第82~129天）时,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56、SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）为47.7%±7.0%、46.6%±6.0%和26.8%±4.0%,w（TN）为37%±6.0%、36.6%±6.0%和24.0%±3.0%,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56对氮的去除效能接近,但仍优于SFW₀.研究显示,PS-SFW运行条件应优选S/C为0.56、HRT为4 d.      

模拟酸雨对毛竹入侵阔叶林缓冲区土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

为了分析酸雨对毛竹入侵阔叶林缓冲区土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张形成的竹阔混交林为研究对象,选取T₁（pH=4.0）、T₂（pH=2.5）两个模拟酸雨梯度,并以pH=5.5为对照（CK）,应用Illumina MiSeq高通量测试技术分析不同强度酸雨胁迫下土壤细菌群落组成和多样性变化及其关键影响因素.结果表明:①随着酸雨强度增加,竹阔混交林土壤w（TN）（TN为总氮）、w（OC）（OC为有机碳）、C/N和w（AN）（AN为碱解氮）显著升高,而pH、w（DOC）（DOC为可溶性有机碳）、w（MBC）（MBC微生物量碳）和w（MBN）（MBN为微生物量氮）显著下降（P < 0.05）.②与CK相比,模拟酸雨处理（T₁、T₂）显著降低了细菌群落的OTUs数量、Chao1指数和Ace指数（P < 0.05）.③竹阔混交林土壤细菌包括34门96纲247目401科698属,其中变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门为3种处理下共有的优势菌门（相对丰度>1%）.变形菌门和放线菌门相对丰度在CK处理下最高,酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门相对丰度在T₂处理下最高.与CK相比,Arthrobacter属和Elsterales属相对丰度变化显著,可作为酸雨胁迫下土壤细菌群落结构变化的指示种.主坐标（PCoA）分析和相似性检验结果显示,模拟酸雨改变了土壤细菌群落结构.④冗余分析（RDA）和相关性分析表明,不同酸雨处理的竹阔混交林土壤细菌多样性与土壤pH、w（TN）密切相关（P < 0.05）.研究显示,不同模拟酸雨处理下土壤细菌群落结构和多样性有明显差异,主要可能受到土壤pH、w（TN）的影响.      

外加氮源影响下铁铝氧化物在土壤氮素转化中的作用

土壤中铁铝氧化物在团聚体稳定性和有机碳吸附方面具有重要作用,而氮添加对土壤氮循环影响的变化也可能与其有关,但是目前尚缺乏在氮循环方面的研究.为了探究铁铝氧化物在土壤氮素转化中的作用,选择福建省建瓯罗浮栲森林土壤为研究对象,采用选择性溶提技术准备不同的土壤——未经处理（T1）的土壤和去除游离态铁铝氧化物（T2）土壤、去除非晶质铁铝氧化物（T3）土壤、去除络合态铁铝氧化物（T4）土壤,在这些土壤中添加不同形态氮（40 mg/kg）——丙氨酸（氨基酸态氮,AA）、硫酸铵（铵态氮,AN）、硝酸钠（硝态氮,NAN）和亚硝酸钠（亚硝态氮,NIN）,进行室内培养试验,分析氮含量变化和氮素转化情况.结果表明:①与CK处理相比,AA和AN处理均增加了T1土壤中w（NH₄+-N）,NAN处理增加了w（NO₃--N）,但低于添加量,表明添加氨基酸和铵态氮均会促进氮矿化,添加硝态氮会增加NO₃--N的固定且抑制其硝化.②在CK处理下,与T1土壤相比,T2和T4土壤中w（NH₄+-N）、w（NO₃--N）和w（氨基酸）均降低,但T3土壤中w（NH₄+-N）和w（氨基酸）增加、w（NO₃--N）降低,表明土壤中游离态氧化铁铝和络合态氧化铁铝的存在有助于氮素矿化,非晶质氧化铁铝有助于硝化.③在不同氮处理下,各土壤的氮含量及其转化速率与CK处理规律相似.与CK处理相比,各氮处理均未显著增加T2和T4土壤中w（NH₄+-N）,且AA和AN处理均未影响T2、T3和T4土壤中w（NO₃--N）和w（氨基酸）.结果显示,氮添加并没有改变铁铝氧化物的作用,其中,矿化和氨化作用均表现为游离氧化铁铝>络合氧化铁铝>非晶质氧化铁铝,硝化作用表现为非晶质氧化铁铝>游离氧化铁铝>络合态氧化铁铝.因此,土壤铁铝氧化物的不同存在状态应该是调节氮素转化的重要土壤条件.      

Geographical variation in parasitism shapes larval immune function in a phytophagous insect

Two of the central goals of immunoecology are to understand natural variation in the immune system among populations and to identify those selection pressures that shape immune traits. Maintenance of the immune system can be costly, and both food quality and parasitism selection pressure are factors potentially driving immunocompetence. In tritrophic interactions involving phytophagous insects, host plants, and natural enemies, the immunocompetence of phytophagous insects is constrained by selective forces from both the host plants and the natural enemies. Here, we assessed the roles of host plants and natural enemies as selective pressures on immune variation among natural populations of Lobesia botrana. Our results showed marked geographical variation in immune defenses and parasitism among different natural populations. Larval immune functions were dependent of the host plant quality and were positively correlated to parasitism, suggesting that parasitoids select for greater investment into immunity in moth. Furthermore, investment in immune defense was negatively correlated with body size, suggesting that it is metabolically expensive. The findings emphasize the roles of host plants and parasitoids as selective forces shaping host immune functions in natural conditions. We argue that kinds of study are central to understanding natural variations in immune functions, and the selective forces beyond.     

南京北郊PM2.5中有机组分的吸光性质及来源

对南京北郊2018年9月~2019年9月PM_2.5中有机组分的吸光性质进行了研究,并利用PM_2.5化学组成及主成分分析法分析该地区吸光性有机碳（棕碳,brown carbon,BrC）的主要来源.结果表明,水溶性有机碳（water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC）和甲醇可提取有机碳（methanol extractable organic carbon,MEOC）在365 nm处光吸收系数（Abs_365,w和Abs_365,m）的平均值分别为（3.22±2.18）Mm^-1和（7.69±4.93）Mm^-1.Abs_365,w和Abs_365,m分别与WSOC（r=0.72,P<0.01）和MEOC（r=0.62,P=0.04）的质量浓度显著相关,均表现为冬高夏低,夜高昼低的时间变化特征.这可归结于冬季和夜间的气象特征（例如边界层高度降低和大气稳定度升高）、冬季一次源排放的增加以及夏季和白天更强的"光漂白作用".Abs_365,m/Abs_365,w的年均值（2.60±0.92）远高于MEOC/WSOC（质量浓度比值,1.37±0.30）,表明MEOC中非水溶性组分的吸光作用更强,在BrC的吸光作用中占主导地位.WSOC、MEOC、Abs_365,m和K⁺均未表现出强相关性（r<0.60）,因此生物质燃烧不是该地区BrC的主要一次来源.WSOC和MEOC质量吸收效率（MAE_365,w和MAE_365,m）及其比值（MAE_365,m/MAE_365,w）的季节变化和Abs₃₆₅相同.MEOC中非水溶性组分的MAE₃₆₅［（4.10±5.15）m²·g^-1］分别是MAE_365,w和MAE_365,m的6.0和2.9倍,支持BrC的吸光作用受非水溶性有机组分主导这一推断.和WSOC的埃氏吸收指数（Å_WSOC）相比,MEOC的埃氏吸收指数（Å_MEOC）随时间变化更显著,这可能与非水溶性吸光组分排放的季节变化有关.主成分分析结果显示,本研究PM_2.5中有机组分的吸光作用主要来源于二次形成过程和人为活动相关的一次排放,而不是生物质燃烧.     

养猪场恶臭污染的预测模型及感官评估研究

现代化、集约化养殖技术促进了养猪业的高效发展,但养殖过程中产生的恶臭污染对环境的影响也逐渐显露出来.为正确识别养猪场恶臭物质组成、建立基于关键致臭物质的恶臭气体预测模型、感官评估恶臭对人产生的心理影响,对天津市某养猪场母猪舍、育肥舍及舍外的恶臭气体进行采样.应用GC-MS,分析物质组成;根据阈稀释倍数计算结果,确定关键致臭物质;通过研究各组分对复合恶臭的影响,建立复合恶臭气体预测模型;结合臭气浓度与人群实际心理感受,提出养猪场厌恶临界点.结果表明:①该养猪场共检出恶臭物质48种,各类型恶臭物质质量分数大小依次为w（氨）> w（含氧烃）> w（硫化物）> w（烷烃）> w（卤代烃）> w（烯烃）> w（芳香烃）.②该养猪场关键致臭物质为氨与乙醇,其中氨对复合臭气浓度的影响最大.③养猪场复合恶臭气体预测模型为O=0.34I₁+0.75I₂+5.81（其中,O为复合臭气浓度指数,I₁、I₂分别为乙醇和氨的恶臭气体指数）,经实际样品检验该模型具有良好的预测效果.④养猪场气味属厌恶范畴,厌恶程度随臭气浓度的增加而增强.⑤养猪场厌恶临界点为13,即臭气浓度大于13时,就会对人群产生干扰.研究显示,养猪场恶臭气体组成复杂,对人群的干扰可以用愉悦度进行评价,根据关键致臭物质可以预测感官恶臭污染.      

Variation in sex pheromone emission does not reflect immunocompetence but affects attractiveness of male burying beetles—a combination of laboratory and field experiments

Life history theory predicts a trade-off between male sexual trait expression and immunocompetence. Using burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides, as a model, we investigated the relationship between male immune function, sex pheromone emission, and attractiveness under field conditions. In the first experiment, we tested whether there is a positive correlation between immune capacity, sex pheromone characteristics (quantity, relative composition, and time invested in pheromone emission), and male attractiveness. As a measurement of immune capacity, we used an individual’s encapsulation ability against a novel antigen. In the second experiment, we specifically examined whether a trade-off between chemical trait expression and immune function existed. To this end, we challenged the immune system and measured the subsequent investment in sex pheromone emission and the attractiveness of the male under field conditions. We found that a male’s immunocompetence was neither related to the emission of the male’s sex pheromone nor to its attractiveness in the field. Furthermore, none of the immune-challenge treatments affected the subsequent investment in pheromone emission or number of females attracted. However, we showed that the same males that emitted a high quantity of their sex pheromone in the laboratory were able to attract more females in the field. Our data suggest that the chemical signal is not a reliable predictor of a male’s immunocompetence but rather is a general important fitness-related trait, with a higher emission of the sex pheromone measured in the laboratory directly affecting the attractiveness of a male under field conditions.     

洞庭湖区典型内湖表层沉积物中氮、磷和重金属空间分布与污染风险评价

为了解洞庭湖区内湖表层沉积物中氮、磷和重金属污染空间分布及其生态风险,分别对南湖、黄盖湖、冶湖、鹤龙湖、洋沙湖、湘阴东湖、华容东湖等7个内湖进行现场调查及表层沉积物采样,采用主成分分析法、相关分析法分析了氮、磷和重金属的来源,同时运用综合污染指数法（FF）、地积累指数法（I_geo）与潜在生态风险指数法（RI）评价内湖的污染现状及其生态风险.结果表明:①南湖w（TN）高于洞庭湖区土壤背景值,累积倍数为0.03倍;华容东湖、南湖、冶湖、湘阴东湖、洋沙湖、黄盖湖w（TP）均高于洞庭湖区土壤背景值,累积倍数分别为1.94、1.63、0.84、0.53、0.28、0.26倍;各内湖中w（Cd）、w（Hg）、w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Cr）、w（Zn）、w（Ni）均高于洞庭湖沉积物背景值,累积倍数平均值分别为1.09、2.29、1.24、1.62、0.66、0.44、1.78倍.②主成分分析与相关性分析表明,第1主成分TN、Cu、Cr、Ni的质量分数主要受农业生产及养殖业影响,第2主成分Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn的质量分数受工业活动影响最大,第3主成分TP、As、Sb的质量分数主要受生活污染影响.③综合污染指数表明,南湖表层沉积物氮、磷面临重度污染,华容东湖、黄盖湖面临中度污染,湘阴东湖、鹤龙湖、洋沙湖面临轻度污染.④地积累指数表明,南湖表层沉积物重金属面临严重污染,黄盖湖、鹤龙湖面临重污染,湘阴东湖、华容东湖、冶湖面临偏中度污染,洋沙湖面临轻度污染.⑤潜在生态风险指数表明,南湖、湘阴东湖表层沉积物重金属面临较高风险,其余5个内湖面临中等风险.研究显示,洞庭湖区内湖表层沉积物不同程度受氮、磷及重金属污染,南湖综合污染尤为严重,内源污染应引起重视.      

洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属变化趋势及风险评估

为掌握洞庭湖重金属污染的变化趋势及风险,利用2007—2017年洞庭湖表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As的连续监测数据,通过潜在生态风险指数法进行评价,并通过Daniel趋势检验和M-K（Mann-Kendall）突变检验对重金属的变化趋势进行分析,同时结合历史文献数据对1984—2017年洞庭湖沉积物中重金属的演变特征进行分析.结果表明,2007—2017年洞庭湖沉积物重金属RI（综合潜在生态风险指数）范围为32.63~917.23,平均值为196.24,属于“较高”风险水平,空间分布呈南洞庭湖>东洞庭湖>西洞庭湖,不同重金属单因子潜在生态风险水平呈Cd > Hg > As > Pb > Cu > Cr的特征.Daniel趋势检验和M-K突变检验结果显示,2007—2017年除西洞庭湖的w（Pb）、东洞庭湖和西洞庭湖的w（Hg）外,其他重金属质量分数在各湖区都呈下降趋势;东洞庭湖和南洞庭湖重金属潜在生态风险水平分别在2014—2015年和2016年发生了突变.1984—2017年洞庭湖沉积物中重金属质量分数演变特征分析表明,1984年和1990—1999年全湖重金属综合潜在生态风险分别为“较高”和“中等”水平,2004—2010年和2011—2015年均为“很高”水平,2016—2017年降至“较高”水平,同时w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Cd）、w（As）在2016—2017年下降明显,而w（Cr）、w（Hg）还有上升趋势.研究显示,洞庭湖重金属污染在2014—2017年有明显下降趋势,其主要原因可能是湘江和洞庭湖的全面综合治理,Cr、Pb和Hg在部分湖区还存在持续污染,应作为洞庭湖重金属下一步防治的重点.