莆田市气象灾害及减灾对策研究

根据近17年的莆田市气候影响评价资料,结合实地调查,对莆田市台风、暴雨、冰雹、干旱、寒潮等主要气象灾害的基本特点进行了分析。研究表明,近17年莆田市危害最大的气象灾害是台风灾害,其次为洪涝灾害,揭示了几种主要气象灾害之间的相互关系,并提出相应的减灾对策。     

气候变化对我国农业环境的影响及对策

全球气候变暖的速度在加快,气象规律将逐步改变,气候变化对我国农业的影响以负面为主。本文从大气、土壤、水和生物等方面分析了气候变暖对农业环境的影响,并提出了一些我国农业适应气候变化的对策。     

秦皇岛市气象灾害风险评估技术研究及风险环境区划分

根据国际流行的灾害评估模式,通过对秦皇岛市气象灾害的分布和环境状况的调查,建立风险要素和风险级别的隶属关系矩阵,用层次分析法来确定风险要素权重的排序,凭借DPS数据处理软件（DataProcessingSystem）计算权重,得到综合脆弱度指数集合,获得相关区域的气象灾害风险指数得分。     

青海省气象灾害类型及特征的简要分析

在探讨各种气象灾害时空分布,形成原因的基础上,根据气象灾害的发生特征,提出对防灾减灾的一点认识。     

秦皇岛市气候变化对可持续发展的影响及对策

秦皇岛市46年来气候变暖变干,年平均气温提高1.8℃,≥10℃年积温增加11.4％,无霜期延长22天,但年平均降水量却减少11.5％。这对农业和工业的影响弊大于利,对旅游业的影响则有利有弊。为此应趋利避害,加强水资源的开源节流,发展节水经济和循环经济,发展休闲度假旅游,延长旺季。     

秦皇岛市气候变化对河流径流的影响及对策

50年来秦皇岛市气候明显变暖,多年平均气温上升约2℃;同时变干,降水减少18．3％,进而使河流径流也明显减少,其幅度超过30％。河流径流减少给生态系统带来广泛复杂的影响,也给农业、工业、城乡建设带来威胁,因此必须尽快采取发展节水技术、污水治理循环利用、海水淡化等措施。     

1956--2005年上海气象灾害时空变化分析

根据上海市历史气象灾害资料,对1956---2005年上海5种气象灾害的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：①从时问变化来看,气象灾害年际变化呈波动上升趋势;从各灾种来看,1956--1985年影响上海的5种气象灾害发生的次数基本均衡,而1986—2005年暴雨洪涝和大风两种灾害成为影响上海的主要气象灾害。②从空间变化上看,浦东新区和崇明县为气象灾害高发区,而闵行区和金山区为低发区;对各灾种来说,除暴雨洪涝的发生次数和频度在市区最高外,其余4种气象灾害均是在浦东新区最高,而暴雨洪涝是各区发生次数和频度最高的,龙卷风则是最低的。     

1956-2005年上海气象灾害时空变化分析

根据上海市历史气象灾害资料,对1956-2005年上海5种气象灾害的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:①从时间变化来看,气象灾害年际变化呈波动上升趋势;从各灾种来看,1956-1985年影响上海的5种气象灾害发生的次数基本均衡,而1986-2005年暴雨洪涝和大风两种灾害成为影响上海的主要气象灾害.②从空间变化上看,浦东新区和崇明县为气象灾害高发区,而闵行区和金山区为低发区;对各灾种来说,除暴雨洪涝的发生次数和频度在市区最高外,其余4种气象灾害均是在浦东新区最高,而暴雨洪涝是各区发生次数和频度最高的,龙卷风则是最低的.     

岳普湖县农业气象灾害及防御措施

讨论了岳普湖县农业气候特点,及干旱、大风、霜冻、干热风、雨害、冰雹等气象灾害机制,时空分布,变化趋势及危害损失状况。归纳了灾害天气的防御措施。     

海南州气候变化对生态环境的影响及对策研究

文章针对青海省海南州气象灾害频繁发生、草场退化、土地荒漠化、湖泊水位下降和河流流量减少等生态环境退化现象日益严重的实际，在广泛收集和整理气候、水资源、草地资源等生态环境因子资料的基础上，对海南州的主要气候要素、地表径流、水资源、植被的演替及其相互间的关系等主要生态环境变化特征进行了分析，为海南州经济社会协调发展提供了科学依据。     

秦皇岛区域几类极端天气、气候灾害的特征分析及防灾减灾探讨

秦皇岛区域是气象灾害频发地区,危害最大的有冰雹、暴雨、干旱、洪涝等。通过对秦皇岛地区48年来比较典型的极端天气事件和气候灾害的统计分析,找出极端天气和气候灾害的演变规律,为建立有效的气象灾害监测、预警系统,完善、提高防灾减灾体系提供参考,对提高当地社会和经济,抵御气象灾害的能力,减轻气象灾害具有重要意义。     

洪水灾害风险评价研究综述

洪水灾害是当今世界最严重的自然灾害之一,带来了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。洪水灾害风险评价是科学有效地防洪减灾的前提和基础。文章对洪水灾害风险相关概念进行了界定,从气象、水文水力、社会经济、遥感与GIS和土地利用5个方面对洪水灾害风险评价的常用方法进行了评述,并列出了常用的评价因子。最后指出了未来研究的可能发展方向。     

土地开发对生态环境的影响及其防治对策

环境是一生态系统,它具有自动调节功能,但有一定的限度,超过了限度,会导致生态系统平衡失调。因毁体开荒、开垦草原、围垦滩涂,结果导致生态平衡失调和破坏,造成森林减少、水土流失严重、气候恶化、沙漠化扩大,洪旱灾害频发,使整个生态环境趋于恶化,最终影响到人类自身的生存。本文列举了巴州地区土地开发的现状,分析了土地开发对生态环境造成的影响,并提出了生态环境保护对策与建议。     

The risks of radiation

Summary The risks of radioactivity are a really complicated matter, yet they are much better known than are the risks relating to thousands of chemical poisons that occur in our environment. The greatest mistakes are probably made in the definition of safety margins. Except for the bombs dropped in Japan and one other case in the Marshall Islands, there has always—luckily—been a wide safety margin between fallout radiation and doses dangerous to health; the margin has actually been about 1000-fold. The Chernobyl dose of 0.5 mGy/year that we received is only 1/1000 of the acute dose of 0.5 Gy which would cause a slight and nonpermanent change in the blood picture.There is no such safety margin with respect to many air pollutants. The safety standards for sulfuric or nitric oxides, ozone and so on, have been set only just below the level that already causes a health hazard, and these standards are exceeded once in a while. Otherwise, traffic would have to be forbidden and many industrial plants, especially power stations using coal, would have to stop working whenever a low-temperature inversion occurred. Environmental radioactivity does not represent a likely health risk in Finland unless a nuclear war breaks out. Air pollutants, on the contrary, are a real and almost daily health risk that should be carefully considered when decisions about our energy production are being made.In spite of what happened at Chernobyl, global consumption of nuclear power will double by the year 2000, since there are about 140 nuclear power plants presently under construction. It is not likely that another catastrophe like Chernobyl will happen, yet nuclear plant accidents are of course possible, even if their likelihood is diminished by improving reactor safety and even if any eventual damage could be expected to be smaller. If a reactor is hooded by a containment structure, no significant release of radioactive materials should be possible even in case of an accident. However, we must be prepared to protect the population with carefully planned civil defense and radiation protection measures.I would like to sum up all of this as follows: The risks of radiation are a fact, but the fear they arouse is often disproportionate. There are risks related to all other methods of energy production as well; nuclear power is no exception in that respect. It is good that we aim at greater safety, but I hope that false presumptions will not lead us to mistaking a less safe alternative for a safer one.     

环太湖地区水污染灾害综合防治能力评价

以水污染灾害为研究对象,从水污染驱动力、污染状态、人类响应3个方面构建水污染灾害综合防治能力评价指标体系,运用物元可拓评价模型,使用熵权法确定权重,计算出环太湖地区的综合关联度并进行分析,结果表明:2014～2018年环太湖地区水污染灾害综合防治能力总体上在不断提升,综合防治能力最好的为无锡,其次为常州、苏州和湖州,嘉...     

家装对室内空气的影响及防治对策

随着经济的发展，室内装修已经成为人们改善生活条件，提高生活质量的一种时尚。室内环境在满足使用功能的同时，对人体健康是否有利，是否满足环保要求，已成为公众普遍关注的热点。本文阐述了室内主要污染物的来源及对人体健康的危害，并提出了减少室内装修污染的对策。     

Community resilience to natural disasters in the informal settlements in Mwanza City,Tanzania

The impacts of natural disasters on communities living in hazard prone areas are wide ranging and complex. In Mwanza, steep slopes, rocky hills and river valleys are inhabited by society's poorest people. These areas are prone to natural disasters. Residents have accumulated coping mechanisms for disaster risks and impact reduction. We combine spatial data, household surveys and data from focus groups to identify and rank areas based on their exposure to major disasters. We also examine household and communal mitigation efforts in relation to these disasters. Most areas of the city are exposed to at least one of the natural disasters studied. Pre- and post-disaster risk reduction measures are influenced by the site of homesteads and the socioeconomic situation of households. Current resilience measures are skewed towards the development of physical infrastructure. The challenge of reducing disaster risks in Mwanza involves recognizing the role of non-infrastructure based factors that promote urban resilience to natural disasters.     

安徽砀山水果产区近十年气候变化的R/S分析

基于1996—2005年的地面气象资料,应用R/S方法对砀山近十年平气温、降水和日照量等气候要素进行了分析。结果表明,砀山年平均气温、极端最高气温和极端最低气温均呈下降趋势,年降水量呈上升趋势,年日照量变化和缓,且具有较强的持续性。气候要素年际季节变化趋势表现为:冬、夏季平均温差减小,气温年较差有减小的趋势;降水夏季增加,其他各季节平均降水变率减小,各季节平均日照量变率减小。     

公众参与大气污染防治特征及影响因素分析——以秦皇岛市为例

以秦皇岛市社会公众为调查对象,运用描述性统计和卡方检验方法,对公众参与大气污染防治特征及影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明:公众参与大气污染防治呈现\"两高两低\"特征,即关注度高,认知度低;认同感高,但公共环境行为参与低。年龄、文化程度、经济收入、生活地区差异和公众参与保障机制是公众参与的重要影响因素。