开发利用蚌蜱地区矿泉水资源

蚌蝉地区矿泉水主要分布于蚌蜱市淮河以南地区.根据其特殊组分的含量可定为饮用天然矿泉水和医疗矿泉水.目前蚌蟑地区饮用天然矿泉水总开采量约为1.2万m~3/d。特殊组分偏硅酸含量为25～39.0mg/L。锶含量0.3～1.7mg/L,放射性氡1.7～6.25马海/L,达到国家和部颁饮用天然矿泉水标准(偏硅酸大于2.5mg/L。锶0.2～5.0mg/L),属含氡的锶偏硅酸矿泉水.主要分布在以下3个地区:①张公山-老虎山以南地区.矿泉水类型基本上都为 HCO_3-Ca 型水。pH 值7.3～7.87,总矿化度0.4～0.6/L,总硬度12.38～17.44德国度,含锶0.4～0.6mg/L,偏硅酸25～40mg/L,氡一般1.7～5马海/L,属含氡的锶偏硅酸重碳酸钙型饮用天然矿泉水.②张公山-雪华山以北地区。矿泉水类型主     

天然含硅饮用矿泉水的化学成因与开发前景

我国幅员辽阔,饮用矿水资源丰富。其中,含硅饮用矿水(偏硅酸矿水)在全国许多省区均有发现,如吉林省长白山区就有31处,天然流量达187702m~3·d~(-1);在四川省已鉴定的10余处矿泉水中,有8处是偏硅酸泉。含硅饮用矿水的形成,笔者曾在“华蓥山九洞含硅饮用矿泉水形成的水文地球化学机理”一文中进行了初步的化学热力学探讨。本文拟再次从化学     

关于“水质标准”和“检验标准”几个问题的讨论

ＧＢ５７４９－８５《生活仗用水》水质标准和ＧＢ８５３７—８７《饮用天然矿泉水》水质标准（简称“水质标准”）与ＧＢ８５３８．１～８５３８．６３—８７《使用水天然矿泉水检验方法》标准（简称“检验标准”）之间，其大肠菌群、偏硅酸等检验项目的不协调和计量单位的脱节，给使用者带来麻烦甚至错误。饮用水的粪便污染危及人体健康，望能引起社会各界的广泛重视，并对上述标准加以修改。     

五大连池药泉山矿水锶元素水文地球化学特征

通过对五大连池药泉山矿水群水样中的Sr2 含量和87Sr/86Sr值分析,得到如下结论:①位于药泉山矿水区内南北泉和桦林沸泉的锶浓度较高。由于药泉山矿水区独特的地下水循环体系使其在断裂处涌出地面形成矿泉水,锶的浓度和矿化度很高,两者成正相关,所以药泉山矿水锶的来源和矿化度的来源一致。②药泉山87Sr/86Sr值在0.706—0.7080之间,接近于华力西期花岗闪长岩,证明矿水中的锶主要来源该岩层。其它各泉的锶同位素组成基本一致,显示出锶的同源性,因此可以判断药泉山矿水中的锶来源于华力西期花岗闪长岩层。     

青海省化隆县昂思多矿泉水的水质

对昂思多乡地区不同泉眼泉水的水质进行随机抽检，结果表明该区域内泉水的理化和微生物指标不仅符合国家生活饮用水的标准，同时符合天然饮用矿泉水的标准，属富锶型偏碱性中等软水，而且该地区泉水未受到有机物的污染，可将昂思多乡泉水做为优质的天然饮用矿泉水水源。     

四川卧龙热矿水的化学

矿泉水是一个十分复杂的物理化学体系。本文从无机地球化学和化学热力学的角度出发,讨论了卧龙饮用天然热矿水的硅、锶、氡、碳酸盐化学和稳定同位素特征。为该矿水水文地球化学、环境化学和生物化学等方面的进一步研究提供了化学基础资料。     

青海玛沁野马滩构造岩溶泉成因及开发利用分析

野马滩水源地为玛沁县第一水源地,是依靠引取野马滩构造岩溶泉为主,该泉观测期内泉水流量最大为0.59542m~3/s,最小为0.46530m~3/s,泉水中锶含量0.52mg/L,矿化度403.26~405.36mg/L,总硬度220.18~225.18mg/L,地下水化学类型为H.S-C.N,为含锶低矿化天然矿泉水。其流量大、水质好且动态稳定,具有集中供水意义。文章在分析研究泉水出露的水文地质背景条件及水文地质特征等基础上,认为三山夹两谷是构成地下水坝的地形条件。二叠系灰岩地层及北东向张性断裂发育是构成地下水赋存运移通道。背景条件中北北西向下盘阻水是地下水成群分布的构造条件。依据泉水流量及动态变化开发利用潜力分析,认为野马滩泉引泉引流开采方式40 000m~3/d的可开采量是有充分保证的,并提出了水资源保护的方案。     

经济欠发达山区矿泉水资源的开发利用--以梅州市为例

基于矿泉水与人体健康的关系、在社会经济发展中的作用,以及对梅州市矿泉水资源条件及其开发利用现状的调研,探讨了经济欠发达山区矿泉水资源的开发利用对策和前景.认为应统一资源管理,加强质量监督力度,打造优质品牌,提高市场竞争能力,争取与食品、旅游等部门联营,使矿泉水产品多样化、系列化;结合地方工业建设和梅州旅游市场需求,培育矿泉水消费市场.     

民和县古鄯镇七里寺天然矿泉水的水质特性及其使用价值初探

本文介绍了青海省民和县七里寺矿泉水1~#、2~#、3~#泉的全面水质分析测试结果。参照矿泉水的医学研究成果,初步探讨了其医疗价值,并提出建立环境卫生防护带保护矿泉资源和开展饮用矿泉水临床医学检验,以提高七里寺矿泉水开发的应用价值。     

胶东地区饮用天然矿泉水判别分析

胶东地区是富含饮用天然矿泉水的地区之一。本文根据野外调查、采样和化验结果,探讨饮用天然矿泉水形成的地质基础,建立了判别函数,为合理开发利用矿泉水资源,提高投资有效性提供了科学依据。1 采样与化验胶东地区饮用天然矿泉水调查研究工作始于1988年9月,历时1年半,共采取水样143个。调     

Kinetics of chromate adsorption on goethite in the presence of sorbed silicic acid

The adsorption of chromate on mineral surfaces has received much attention due to its toxicity in natural systems. Spectroscopic studies have demonstrated that chromate forms inner-sphere complexes on variable-charge surfaces. However, in natural systems chromate has been observed to be fairly mobile, which has been explained by the presence of naturally occurring ligands competing with chromate for mineral surface sites. Silicic acid is a ubiquitous ligand in soil and water environments and also sorbs strongly to variable-charge surfaces. Yet little research has examined its influence on chromate adsorption to variable-charge surfaces such as goethite. This study examined the influence of silicic acid (0.10 and 1.0 mM) on the adsorption kinetics of chromate (0.05 and 0.10 mM) on goethite over a range of common soil pH values (4, 6, and 8). The rate and total quantity of chromate adsorption decreased in all the experiments except at a pH value of 4 and a chromate concentration of 0.05 mM. The inhibition of chromate adsorption ranged from 3.1% (pH = 4, Si = 0.10 mM, chromate = 0.10 mM) to 83.3% (pH = 8, Si = 1.0 mM, chromate = 0.05 mM). The rate of chromate adsorption decreased with an increase in pH and silicic acid concentration. This was attributed to a reduction in the surface potential of goethite on silicic acid adsorption as well as a competition for surface sites. The presence of naturally occurring ligands such as silicic acid may be responsible for the enhanced mobility of chromate in natural systems and demonstrates the importance of competitive adsorption for evaluating the mobility of trace elements.     

涠洲12-1油田油井结垢机理研究

采用X射线衍射法分析了涠洲12-1油田A3油井井筒垢样,并对结垢离子的来源、结垢机理、结垢原因及结垢部位进行了分析。结果表明,涠洲12-1油田中块油井垢样的主要成分中61.3%是BaSr(SO4)2。结垢阳离子主要源于地层中含锶、钡等重矿物在高温、高压及高矿化度条件下的溶解和解离,结垢阴离子主要源于地层中硫酸盐矿物(如BaSO4、SrSO4)溶解、解离及注入水(海水)。结垢是注入水与地层水不配伍引起的,涠洲12-1油田防垢应以预防BaSr(SO4)2为主。     

ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES IN MINE DRAINAGE REDUCTION A COST-EFFECTIVENESS APPROACH1

ABSTRACT Twenty-seven watersheds in the Susquehanna River Basin are severely degraded by acid mine drainage pollution. Approximately 620 miles of significant tributaries as well as 230 miles of principal rivers are either sterile or intermittently degraded by acid slugs. As a result of the acid discharges, many uses of the streams, such as water supply and recreation, are precluded. In the past, acid mine drainage abatement programs did not look beyond the immediate problem area. No considerations were given to the blending effect of natural alkalinity in other streams. Since the abatement of acid mine drainage pollution is extremely costly, a method of minimizing these costs was needed. The systematic, cost-effectiveness approach, discussed in this paper presents such a method. This system allows the water resources planners to control the allocation of funds for maximizing the abatement of acid mine drainage.     

塔里木盆地南缘和田地区生活用水地下水质分析

干旱区水资源短缺，生产用水、生态用水与人民群众的生活用水矛盾突出。针对和田地区农村改水的地下饮用水状况的分析和评价，结果表明，地下饮用水的色度、浑浊度以及砷、泵、镉、铬、铅、硝酸盐等超标率均为零。总硬度、Cl^-、SO4^2-及F^-等指标的超标率较高，而这些物质的存在对于水质的理化性状影响较大，并因此而引发人体健康教育改变。和田地区总体饮用I级水的人口数量多，但局部的超标水依然存在。应通过对区域自然地理状况和人文因素的系统研究和科学论证，加强水源保护，改进卫生条件和卫生观念，建立农村饮水监测网，加强系统监测、监督和管理，以保障人民群众安全的生活用水。     

BIODEGRADATION OF DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS AS A POTENTIAL REMOVAL PROCESS DURING AQUIFER STORAGE RECOVERY1

ABSTRACT: The biodegradation potential of two drinking water disinfection byproducts was investigated using aquifer materials obtained from approximately 100 and 200 meters below land surface in an aerobic aquifer system undergoing aquifer storage recovery of treated surface water. No significant biodegradation of a model trihalomethane compound, chloroform, was observed in aquifer microcosms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In contrast, between 16 and 27 percent mineralization of a radiolabeled model haloacetic acid compound, chloroacetic acid, was observed. These results indicate that although the potential for biodegradation of chloroacetic acid exists in deep aquifer systems, chloroform entrained within these aquifers or formed in situ will tend to persist. These results have important implications for water managers planning to meet anticipated lowered permissible levels of trihalomethanes in drinking water.     

IRRIGATION METHODS AND TRANSPORT OF IMAZAMETHABENZ‐METHYL TO GROUND WATER: GREENFIELDS BENCH,MONTANA1

ABSTRACT: A series of gravel terraces support a shallow aquifer that is the sole source of drinking water for three public water supplies and more than 400 private wells on the Greenfields Bench in west‐central Montana. Farming practices on the Greenfields Bench include irrigation of malting barley and the yearly application of herbicides for the control of weeds. The most commonly used herbicide (imazamethabenz‐methyl, U.S. trade name Assert®) has been found in the ground water on the Greenfields Bench. An experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 to characterize the transport of Assert and its acid metabolite to ground water under three irrigation methods: flood, wheel line sprinkler, and center pivot sprinkler. Results show that Assert concentrations in ground water are controlled by hydraulic loading rates of each irrigation method, Assert persistence in soil, hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer, and adsorption/desorption of Assert onto clay particles and organic matter.     

HYDROGEOLOGY AND PATHS OF FLOW IN THE CARBONATE BEDROCK AQUIFER,NORTHWESTERN INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assessing the ground-water resources of the carbonate bedrock aquifers in Indiana and Ohio as part of their Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis program. Part of this assessment includes the determination of unknown aspects of the hydraulic characteristics, boundaries, and flow paths of the carbonate aquifer. To accomplish this, the USGS drilled three wells through the carbonate aquifer near the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Geophysical logs were used to help determine depths and thicknesses for testing and to help describe geology at the three wells. Packer tests were used to determine direction of ground-water flow and to provide data for an analysis of the distribution of transmissivity in the carbonate aquifer. Transmissivity of the carbonates is associated with two physical characteristics of the rocks: fractures and interconnected porosity. Almost all of the transmissivity is derived from horizontal fracturing; however, only a few of the fractures present in the carbonate are transmissive. Some transmissivity is associated with a zone of fossiliferous, vuggy dolomite, which yields water from the rock matrix. Most of the transmissivity is associated with large fractures and solution crevices in the upper 30 feet of the bedrock; less transmissivity is associated with the deeper vuggy reef material, even where extensively fractured. Transmissivity of individual fractures and fossiliferous zones ranges from 300 to 27,000 feet squared per day. The aquifer bottom is defined by a lack of transmissive fractures and an increased shale content near the contact of the Silurian and Ordovician sections. Water-level data from the three wells indicate that flow is horizontal at well site 1 north of the Kankakee River, upward at well site 2 near the river, and downward at well site 3 south of the river. Most of the flow occurs in the upper part of the carbonate bedrock where fracturing and solution-enlarged crevices are most developed. Water levels indicate the the Kankakee River is a hydrologic boundary for the regional carbonate bedrock aquifer.     

THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT1

ABSTRACT: The stability in water of a novel new chloramine agent, 3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (agent I), which is an excellent water disinfectant, has been compared to the stabilities of several other water disinfectants. The agents tested in addition to agent I included N-chlorosuccinimide, 2, 4-dichloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin, tichloroisocyanuric acid, calcium hypochlorite, commercial grade HTH, and household bleach. The total chlorine content of a water solution of agent I in a demand free environment remains constant over a period of at least eight weeks, while that for all of the other agents declines markedly over that time period. An explanation for these observations will be offered. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory scale treatment plant had shown that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to chlorine gas for water disinfection.     

Variations of permeability and pore size distribution of porous media with pressure

Porosity and permeability of porous and fractured geological media decrease with the exploitation of formation fluids such as petroleum, natural gas, or ground water. This may result in ground subsidence and a decrease of recovery of petroleum, natural gas, or ground water. Therefore, an evaluation of the behavior of permeability and porosity under formation fluid pressure changes is important to petroleum and ground water industries. This study for the first time establishes a method, which allows for the measurement of permeability, porosity, and pore size distribution of cores simultaneously. From the observation of the pore size distribution by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time spectrometry the mechanisms of pressure-dependent porosity and permeability change can be derived. This information cannot be obtained by traditional methods. As the large-size pores or fractures contribute significantly to the permeability, their change consequently leads to a large permeability change. The contribution of fractures to permeability is even larger than that of pores. Thus, the permeability of the cores with fractures decreased more than that of cores without fractures during formation pressure decrease. Furthermore, it did not recover during formation pressure increase. It can be concluded that in fractures, mainly plastic deformation takes place, while matrix pores mainly show elastic deformation. Therefore, it is very important to keep an appropriate formation fluid pressure during the exploitation of ground water and petroleum in a fractured formation.