Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by ozone and cell ultrastructures

The fluorescence staining method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the effect of ozone (O3) inactivating Cryptosporidium in water and cell ultrastructures variation to shed light on the mechanism of inactivation preliminarily.Results indicated that O3 had a stronger inactivating capability.When the concentration of O3 was above 3.0 mg/L and the contact time was up to 7 min,a significant inactivating effect could be achieved.The turbidity on inactivation effects was also found to be statistically significant in artificial water.With increases in turbidity,the inactivating effect decreased.Inactivation rate improved with a temperature increase from 5 to 25°C,but decreased beyond this.The inactivating capability of O3 was found to be stronger under acidic than that under alkalic conditions.When the concentration of organic matter in the reaction system was increased,the competition between Cryptosporidium and organics with O3 probably took place,thereby reducing the inactivation rate.In addition,the cellular morphology of Cryptosporidium varied with different contact times.At zero contact time,cells were rotundity and sphericity,at 60 sec they became folded,underwent emboly,and burst at 480 sec,the cell membrane of Cryptosporidium shrinked and collapsed completely.     

反硝化脱硫微生物燃料电池的可行性研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)可在去除废水中污染物的同时回收电能.以S2-和NO-3-N分别作为阳极电子供体和阴极电子受体,研究了反硝化脱硫MFC的同步阳极除硫与阴极脱氮,分析了阳极进水S2-浓度对MFC产电性能及污染物去除情况的影响,探究了MFC阳极石墨纤维丝上的硫沉积情况及其对内阻的影响.结果表明,反硝化脱硫MFC在32 d内实现稳定的阳极除硫与阴极脱氮.外阻为100Ω时,电压稳定在(176.0±6.9)m V,相应的S2-和NO-3-N去除负荷分别为(0.94±0.04)kg·m-3NC·d-1和(11.1±0.6)g·m-3NC·d-1.MFC的产电能力随着阳极进水S2-浓度的增加逐渐增强,SO_2-4的生成率和NO-3-N去除负荷受S2-浓度影响较小.在试验S2-浓度下S2-的去除较彻底,SO_2-4的生成率均超过65%.NO-3-N去除负荷维持在12 g·m-3NC·d-1左右,出水NO-2-N浓度均低于0.01 mg·L-1.反硝化过程较完全.在运行过程中,MFC阳极的石墨纤维丝上会沉积颗粒硫,降低电极的有效面积,使MFC的内阻升高.     

铜绿微囊藻细胞培养与藻毒素LR提取的研究

铜绿微囊藻菌CCAP1450/4在室内人工培养的结果表明,较大的无机培养液表面、连续适当光照20uE/（m²·s）及适宜的温度（25℃）有利于该藻菌的生产．通过超声波击碎细胞,离心过滤C₁₈净化柱分离,得到藻毒素．应用高效液相色谱分离主峰纯化藻毒素藻毒素在紫外光谱238nm处出现吸收高峰表明,铜绿微囊藻菌CCAP1450/4中藻毒素的主要成分是藻毒素LR．本研究还探索了简便、快速人工培养铜绿微囊藻菌及高效、叶靠分离纯化藻毒素LR的方法．     

Stimulation of human amniotic fluid cell proliferation and colony formation by cell plating on a naturally produced extracellular matrix

Human amniotic fluid cells exhibit a higher cloning efficiency and rate of cell proliferation when maintained on dishes coated with a naturally produced extracellular matrix (ECM) in comparison with the regular tissue culture plastic. In 22 out of 31 amniotic fluid samples there was by plating the cells on ECM a 2–6 fold increase in number and size of colonies and in the cell density per colony as detected by actual staining and viewing of each colony. These effects yielded, in 21 of 41 additional samples, a reduction ranging from 2–8 days, in the culture time elapsing between amniocentesis and the first harvesting of cells for chromosomal analysis. An even greater effect was obtained with primary cells that failed to attach to plastic surfaces and stayed floating in the medium but did attach and proliferate when seeded on ECM. Cells that were left firmly attached to ECM after the first trypsinization and harvesting of cells for chromosomal analysis yielded colonies ready for second karyotyping in less than half the time required for cells maintained on plastic. Studies with secondary cultures of human amniotic fluid cells have demonstrated a 5–10 fold decrease in serum requirement of cells cultured on ECM as compared with plastic. Addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the cultures further potentiated the effects of ECM. The ECM induced stimulation of cell attachment and proliferation was not associated with any chromosomal anomalies, nor did it interfere with the handling procedure. ECM coated dishes may be useful to reduce the time interval between amniocentesis and diagnosis, in particular when the amniotic cells exhibit an exceedingly slow rate of proliferation on plastic or when large quantities of cells are required for enzymatic studies.     

单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池硝酸根去除系统的建立和性能研究

本文以单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含不同浓度硝酸根的模拟废水,研究了NO~-_3-N初始浓度和开闭路培养方式对单室MFC的启动、硝酸根去除性能和产电性能的影响.结果表明,随着NO~-_3-N初始浓度的提高,MFC的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率达到稳定值所需时间增加,NO~-_3-N平均去除速率提高.当NO~-_3-N初始浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,闭路组MFC的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率达到(3.52±0.28) kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),高于相近条件下许多传统生物反应器的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率.硝酸根去除过程主要发生在MFC运行周期的前期.硝酸根对阳极生物膜中主要产电菌Geobacter的生物量没有影响.当基质充足时,所有闭路组MFC的最大功率密度相近(～27 W·m~(-3)).闭路组MFC比开路组MFC具有更高的NO~-_3-N去除速率,可能与其阳极生物膜具有电化学还原亚硝酸根能力和Thauera易在其阳极上富集有关.     

活性氧和钙离子参与镉诱导的酵母细胞死亡过程调节

以酵母为实验材料,研究了镉(以CdCl2形式添加)对细胞的毒性作用机制.结果显示,浓度为0.25~5 mmol·L-1的镉可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡;随着镉浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高.凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB与镉共同作用后,细胞死亡率明显低于镉单独处理组.经镉处理后,酵母细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高;外源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶能降低镉引发的细胞死亡,特异性Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道特异性抑制剂LaCl3亦可明显降低镉诱发的细胞死亡率.研究表明,镉诱发的酵母细胞死亡过程存在依赖于caspase途径的细胞凋亡途径;镉诱发的死亡与镉处理组胞内ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,ROS可能通过增加胞内Ca2+水平,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡.     

Electrophysiological and morphological correlation of frog retinal ganglion cell classes

We wish to thank Dr. B. G. Grover for advice on recording from the eye cup preparation and J. Dames for her help with the English translation. The work was supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to U.G. (Gr 276/19).     

以苯胺和葡萄糖为燃料的微生物燃料电池的产电特性研究

通过构建空气阴极型双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial FueI Cell,MFC),并以苯胺和葡萄糖为燃料,研究了MFC对苯胺的降解特性及MFC 的产电性能.结果表明,在1000Ω电阻下,500mg·L-1葡萄糖为单一燃料时,MFC的最大输出电压为440mV,最大输出功率密度为215mw·m-2.当苯胺的初始浓度为...     

Development and demonstration of fuel cell vehicles and supporting infrastructure in China

The demand for urban transportation in China, including cars, motorbikes, buses, and trains, is growing substantially. China’s transportation fleet is projected to expand from 16 to 94 million vehicles between 2000 and 2020, with liquid and electricity transport fuel demand growing from about 5 Quadrillion British Thermal Units (Quads) to over 20 Quads in 2035. In response to energy security, economic growth and environmental protection needs, Chinese government agencies, academia and the private sector have organized their programs and investments to advance development and demonstration of sustainable alternative transportation systems. This analysis surveys historic development of fuel cell vehicle (FCV) including fuel cell buses (FCB) technology in China, summarizes recent efforts to scale-up FCV development and associated infrastructure in major Chinese cities, and briefly addresses future directions in Chinese fuel cell and hydrogen energy technology development. Since the late 1990’s, Chinese universities, government institutions and the private sector have implemented research, development, demonstration and deployment programs for electric (EV), fuel cell (FCV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). These efforts have advanced the feasibility of FCVs to be a part of sustainable urban transportation system, including technical performance, infrastructure, and customer acceptance. Three generations of FCVs, START I, START II and START III have been developed, demonstrated and deployed. Similarly, several generations of FCBs have been developed and demonstrated. Collectively, these efforts have demonstrated and deployed over 1,000 FCBs and FCVs in several Chinese cities. Large-scale, intensive-use FCV and FCB demonstration trials, including those during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai World Exposition (EXPO), have been successfully built and operated. Infrastructure, such as hydrogen production facilities, fuelling stations, and maintenance stations have been constructed and operated to support the fleets of FCBs and FCVs. Experiences learned from these FCV research, development, and demonstration activities are the foundation for scaling up infrastructure and fleet trials in a growing number of cities in eastern and western China. An aggressive research and development vision and 2020 technology performance targets provide a foundation for the next generation of EVs, FCVs and HEVs, and, options for China’s efforts to develop a portfolio of sustainable transportation systems.     

真/细菌对疏水性有机物的吸附及其表面特性

比较了干燥后真菌Ophiostoma stenoceras LLC和细菌Pseudomonas veronii ZW菌体细胞的比表面积及其对不同疏水性有机化合物吸附性能,并利用BET、红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线电子能谱（XPS）对细胞表面进行了分析.结果表明,真菌LLC和细菌ZW菌体细胞的比表面积分别为15.8m²/g,11.57m²/g,真菌菌体细胞表面介孔较多,可以更有效地吸附有机化合物.在相同的生长阶段,真菌LLC的细胞表面疏水性（cell surfacehydrophobic,CSH）始终要大于细菌ZW;采用α-蒎烯作为唯一碳源培养时,处于对数生长期的真菌和细菌的CSH均有不同提升.干燥后真菌LLC菌体对各疏水性有机化合物吸附能力为乙酸乙酯> α-蒎烯>正己烷,即疏水性相对较低的化合物更容易被吸附.通过XPS和FTIR表征发现菌体LLC吸附有机化合物后,菌体表面的官能团位置未发生明显变化,推测该吸附过程是物理吸附.     

The effect of NADH on different human and mouse cell lines

Part of the work was supported by the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, and from the Carl Zeiss, Hoechst, and Ernst Leitz companies. Special thanks are due to Dr. K. Wahn, Department of Virology, University of Giessen, for conducting the electron microscope and phase-contrast investigations, to Prof. G. Sauer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, and Dr. W. R. Willems, Department of Medical Virology, University of Giessen, for supplying the different cell lines.     

单室微生物燃料电池产电与脱氮除磷的研究

实验针对空气阴极型单室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC),研究其产电性能及对实验室模拟废水中有机物、氮和磷元素的去除效果.结果表明,在外电阻为1000Ω的情况下,该电池最大输出电压可达371 m V,最大输出功率密度可达301.6 m W·m~(-2),最大电流密度可达2.4 A·m~(-2),内阻为200Ω.当入水氨氮浓度为4 mmol·L~(-1)时,该电池的产电效果最好,对污染物的去除效果也较好.研究还发现,电池最佳运行周期为72 h,阳极室出水最佳曝气时间为6 h,阳极室出水COD、TN和TP的降解率分别为93.3%、19.7%和44.8%.将阳极液曝气处理后,相对于阳极室入水其TN和TP的总去除率分别可达79.6%和95.2%.另外,通过扫描电镜观察到MFC的阳极液中大多为球形菌,阴极电极表面有针状的结晶形成,经能谱测试为鸟粪石结晶.     

燃料电池汽车的环境意义

介绍了燃料电池的结构，特点和燃料电池动力汽车的发展概况；通过比较，阐述了燃料电池汽车的环境意义。