高含盐水样中悬浮物的准确测定

通过理论分析和大量实验工作，找出了现行国家标准的悬浮物测定方法在测定高含盐污水时的不足之处，并且提出了准确的测定方法。新方法不仅能很好地反映水样的实际状况，而且可以推广应用于各种复杂水样的悬浮物的测定。     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来,在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油分处理效果差的状况,回注水中含油、悬浮物较高,回注泵故障频发,回注压力高。分析水质变差原因,同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析,优化缓蚀剂加注方案,制定加药程序,引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果,使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求。     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来，在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油份处理效果差的状况，回注水中含油、悬浮物较高，回注泵故障频发，回注压力高。分析水质变差原因，同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析，优化缓蚀剂加注方案，制定加药程序，引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果，使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到回注标准。     

滤筒法测定水中悬浮物的实践

采用重量法用滤筒替代滤膜进行测定水中悬浮物的比对实验,实验结果表明:滤筒测定水中悬浮物比滤膜测定水中悬浮物更具有易恒重、测定误差小、准确度高、快速、简便、成本低等优点,适合水质监测应用。     

污水处理系统中悬浮物形成机理与处理方法

文章以风城油田稀油污水处理为例,分析污水处理系统中悬浮物的形成机理,并对污水含油、悬浮物、固体含量、粒径中值、聚合物含量、细菌、温度、硫化物、二价铁、pH值等水质指标进行分析,找出影响污水处理的主要因素,并对油水悬浮物处理方法进行室内分析及现场物理、化学方法实践,解决污水处理系统中悬浮物问题。     

烘干时间与滤纸上悬浮物量对悬浮物测定的影响

对水质悬浮物的测定方法进行了探讨。通过控制取样体积，使地表水和低粘度废水在滤纸上的悬浮物量≤50．0mg，而高粘度废水在滤纸上的悬浮物量≤20．0mg，则样品在烘干1h与烘干2h后恒重分析结果相同。     

风城油田超稠油采出水处理工艺及应用

风城油田超稠油采出水具有"含砂高、黏度高、密度高"的特点,大量不易分离的粉砂和泥质附在油中,其乳化稳定性强,处理难度大;沉降脱水罐来水含油量10 000 mg/L,悬浮物500 mg/L,高含油及悬浮物对采出水处理系统影响及冲击较大。采用"两级除油+混凝反应+两级过滤"工艺对超稠油采出水进行处理,处理后净化水含油量≤2 mg/L,悬浮物≤2 mg/L,污水处理合格率100%,污水回用率100%,回用油田注汽锅炉。实现了污水的循环利用,节约清水费用2 463.75万元,可充分利用高温采出水热能,年均节约天然气用量约5 475×10~4 Nm~3,节约天然气费用5 365.5万元。     

钻井废水酸化中和预处理研究

针对钻井废水悬浮物和CODCr含量高的污染特征,对其酸化中和预处理的可行性进行了实验研究,并对其作用机理进行了探讨,以浓H2SO4 调节pH至1.5,加入石灰乳中和使 pH为9,可使CODCr的去除率达到50%,悬浮物的去除率达到80%.处理可在废水池内进行,给下一步利用装置进行混凝处理创造了条件。     

稠油污水中悬浮物特性研究

对稠油污水回用工艺中各处理单元出水中的悬浮物(SS)沉降性能及组成、悬浮颗粒粒径分布及其质量、悬浮物含量与COD值的关系等进行了研究。结果表明:不同处理单元出水中悬浮物特性差别较大。粒径大于50μm悬浮物含量较高,其次为0.45～4μm悬浮颗粒的含量;沉降罐出水和浮选出水中悬浮物对COD影响较大,过滤单元出水中悬浮物对COD几乎没有影响,主要为无机物,并含有一定量的酸溶性物质。     

化学破乳法在钻井废水处理中的应用综述

针对钻井废水含油量高、化学需氧量高、悬浮物浓度及色度高的特点,综述了化学破乳法在钻井废水处理中的应用,详细阐述了化学法破乳的机理、絮凝剂的种类和性能。并提出絮凝剂逐渐由无机向有机和天然高分子化合物,由单一型向复合型转化的发展方向。     

Riparian vegetation and channel morphology impact on spatial patterns of water quality in agricultural watersheds

A model based on theKLS factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) accurately predicted temporal dynamics and relative peak levels of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus in an agricultural watershed with well-protected streambanks and cultivation to the stream edge. Fine suspended solids derived from surface runoff appeared to be a major component of the suspended solids in this stream. The model did not predict the same parameters in a watershed with unstable channel substrates, exposed streambanks, and heterogeneity in riparian vegetation and channel morphology. The rate of increase in concentration of the water quality parameters was higher than predicted in areas without riparian vegetation and with unstable substrates. Peak levels were higher than predicted where unstable channel substrates occurred, and potential energy of the stream was high because of stream alterations (removal of near-stream vegetation and creation of a uniform, straight channel). Timing of the peak levels of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus in these areas seemed related to major flushes of discharge due to delayed inputs from the surface or subsurface or both or to rapid urban drainage. Higher suspended solids concentration in this stream seemed to involve larger quantities of large particles. Thus, the USLE may not adequately predict relative water quality conditions within a watershed when variation in channel morphology and riparian vegetation exists. We make the following recommendations:

1. Models to predict water quality effects of management programs should combine a terrestrial phase (which details hydrologic and erosion processes associated with surface runoff) with an aquatic phase (which details hydrologic processes of scour and sediment transport in channels). The impact of near-channel areas on these hydrologic processes should receive special attention.
2. Sampling schemes should be designed to account for the impact on water quality of both watershed land surface and inand near-channel processes. In order to help distinguish sources of suspended solids, researchers should emphasize analysis of size distribution of particles transported.
3. Best management systems for improving the broadest range of water resources in agricultural watersheds need to be based on an expanded “critical area” approach, which includes identification of critical erosive and depositional areas in both terrestrial and aquatic environments.

     

油田压裂废液处理及回注实验

油田压裂废液具有高COD、高悬浮物等特点,处理达标难度大。以悬浮固体含量、悬浮固体颗粒粒径中值和含油量为指标,实验研究了混凝、微滤膜过滤技术参数,最佳条件为:絮凝剂投加量800～1 000mg/L,助凝剂投加量9～10mg/L,快速搅拌G值250～300s--1,慢速搅拌G值约50s--1,经50、10μm两级微滤膜过滤后悬浮固体含量、粒径中值、含油量满足SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》标准要求。该方法工艺简单,成本低,在一定程度上解决了压裂废液难处理的问题。     

Coliforms removal in full-scale activated sludge plants in India

This paper investigates the removal of coliforms in full-scale activated sludge plants (ASP) operating in northern regions of India. Log2.2 and log2.4 removal were observed for total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC), respectively. However, the effluent still contained a significant number of TC and FC which was greater than the permissible limit for unrestricted irrigation as prescribed by WHO. The observations also suggest that extended aeration (EA) process operating under high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and sludge retention time (SRT) is more efficient in the removal of coliforms. Further attempts have been made to establish the relationship between two key wastewater parameters, i.e. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) with respect to fecal and TC. The relationships were observed to be linear with a good coefficient of correlation. The interrelationship of BOD and SS with coliforms manifest that improvement of the microbiological quality of wastewater could be linked with the removal of SS. Therefore, SS can serve as a regulatory tool in lieu of an explicit coliforms standard.     

Application of a new type of moving bio-film in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic-SBR)

A moving bio-film (MB), made from the inner tube of used tyres was applied in a conventional-aerobic-SBR for increasing the system efficiency and quality of bio-sludge due to good sedimentation (the density of 1.925+/-0.21 g/cm(3)), non-biodegradability and re-usability of the media without any regeneration. The total bio-sludge mass of the MB-aerobic-SBR was about 30% higher than that of the conventional-aerobic-SBR resulting in a reduction of the F/M value of the system and amount of suspended bio-sludge waste. The amount of suspended bio-sludge waste, SVI and SRT of the MB-aerobic-SBR under a low organic loading of 80+/-9.3g BOD(5)/m(3)-d were 1,485+/-146 mg/d, 51+/-3.7 ml/g and 10.1+/-5.1 days, respectively while they were 1,800+/-152 mg/d, 69+/-4.0 ml/g and 8.3+/-5.3 days, respectively in the conventional-aerobic-SBR. The BOD(5), TKN and TP removal efficiencies of the MB-aerobic-SBR were about 1-2, 2-3 and 10-12% higher, respectively, than that of the conventional-aerobic-SBR. Also, the BOD(5) and COD removal efficiencies of the MB-aerobic-SBR were higher than 95% even when the system was operated with synthetic wastewater containing 800 mg/l BOD(5) under a very low HRT of 1.5 days (organic loading of 528+/-50.8 g BOD(5)/m(3)-d). The effluent BOD(5), COD, total kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and suspended solids of the MB-aerobic-SBR under a high organic loading of 528+/-50.8 g BOD(5)/m(3)-d were 45+/-5.1, 37+/-3.6, 4.1+/-1.0, 1.5+/-0.80 and 41+/-2mg/l, respectively.     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE LOXAIIATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: A study was initiated to examine the effects of wind speed, wind direction, freshwater inflow, and tide height on suspended solid concentration and distribution in the Loxahatchee estuary, Florida. Recent efforts to increase freshwater flows in this system raised concerns that suspended solid concentrations would increase as well, which might result in negative impacts for the estuary. The data indicated that total suspended solids (TSS) in the estuary are derived primarily from the inlet and not from freshwater tributaries. In addition, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids were correlated strongly with salinity, suggesting that suspended sediments act conservatively throughout this system. No one environmental factor had an overwhelming influence on suspended solid concentration throughout the estuary; different regions of the estuary were influenced by different factors. Freshwater inflow was negatively related to TSS in the upper reaches of the estuary but was positively related to TSS in the central embayment region of the estuary. We attribute this latter finding to the fact that extremely high inflows both prevented the normal transport upstream of tidal borne suspended sediments and promoted mixing when the freshwater front moving downstream confronted the tidal front moving upstream. Wind speed, wind direction, and tide height had relatively small effects on TSS concentration but were most influential in reaches upstream of the central embayment, where tidal velocity begins to diminish.     

压裂返排液水质特性评价及回用技术研究

为了明确压裂返排液中影响回用的突出污染物,从而针对性地研究现场处理技术,采用水质矩阵法对苏里格气田常用的两种体系压裂返排液的水质特性进行评价。结果表明:影响胍胶压裂返排液回用的污染物重要程度排序为钙镁离子、铁离子、悬浮物和pH值;影响可回收体系压裂返排液回用的污染物重要程度排序为悬浮物、pH值、钙镁离子和铁离子,两者差异明显。以此为基础,针对胍胶压裂返排液,提出“化学絮凝、离子控制、金属网过滤”的现场处理工艺,钙镁离子降低了83.7%,铁离子降低了79.6%,悬浮物降低了85.0%;针对可回收体系压裂返排液,提出“重力沉降、金属网过滤”的现场处理工艺,悬浮物降低了81.0%,处理后水质达到重复配液要求。     

紫外分光光度测定总氮的影响因素探讨

本文介绍了测定总氮过程中,不同消解方法、碱性过硫酸钾的稳定时间、悬浮物粒径对总氮测定的影响。实验表明:碱性过硫酸钾避光在冰箱中至少可保存一个月,悬浮物粒径对总氮的测定无影响,消解总氮时,可在压力锅加热到120℃开始计时,恒温消解30分钟,自然冷却。     

OPTICAL IMPACTS AND SOURCES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN ONONDAGA CREEK,U.S.A.1

ABSTRACT: The degradation of the optical aesthetics in the mouth of Onondaga Creek, New York, that occurs during high flow periods as a result of the influx of large quantities of suspended solids, is documented. Features of the degradation include very low clarity (Secchi disc minimum of approximately 0.1 m) and a brown ‘muddy’ appearance. The reduced clarity is mostly a result of increased light scattering. Loading and concentration profiles obtained for an approximately 35 km interval above the creek mouth over a wide range of flow indicates most of the suspended solids received during runoff events is resuspended stream sediment and eroded bank material. Application of microscopy-based individual particle analysis techniques indicates that the origin of most of these deposits and much of the suspended solids during runoff events is point source inputs, termed ‘mud boils,’ located approximately 32 km upstream of the creek mouth.     

FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VELOCITIES,SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS,AND TEMPERATURES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a field investigation of collecting hydrodynamic and sediment data in Lake Okeechobee with analyses examining mechanisms affecting sediment resuspension in the lake. Lake Okeechobee is a large subtropical lake located in south central Florida. Three‐dimensional flow velocities, suspended solids concentrations (SSC), and temperatures at four locations were measured from January 18 to March 5, 2000. Analyses of these data indicate that wind is the dominant factor in driving flow velocities and therefore transporting suspended solids. Wind direction also affects the SSC, especially in the north central and west littoral areas of the lake. The surface and bottom velocity components frequently flow in opposite directions, forming a stratification of the water column and preventing suspended solids from settling out. This retention of SSC in the water column may have a strong impact on the water quality of Lake Okeechobee. This study provides valuable storm event data and mechanism analyses, which will improve our understanding of the transport of suspended solids, thermal exchanges, and flow patterns within Lake Okeechobee.