松科植物对干旱胁迫的反应

水分亏缺是制约树木生长的重要环境因子，植物通过形态、生理以及分子水平来适应水分亏缺．渗透调节使植物在低水势下维持正常生理活动，是植物忍耐水分亏缺的重要生理机制．干旱胁迫下，植物形态结构变化有利于水分吸收和传导，从而提高水分利用效率；同时，生物量向根部的分配增加，叶面积/边材面积比发生变化，这种生物量分配转移提高了根和茎向叶片输水能力，从而防止气穴现象；干旱胁迫容易引起光能过剩，过剩的光能会对光合器官产生潜在的危害．依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散是光保护的主要途径；同时酶促及非酶促系统也是防止光合器官破坏的重要途径；脱落酸作为一种激素逆境信号，活化了与抗旱诱导有关的基因．本文从形态变化、渗透调节、气穴现象、光合作用、水分利用效率、脱落酸以及分子机理等方面阐述了松科植物对干旱胁迫的响应，并对耐旱指标的筛选进行了讨论，干旱胁迫下，各耐旱机理相互制约，需要联合各个方面的因素来考虑整个植物对干旱的反应．参99。     

亚热带阔叶林植物叶片虫食特征研究

植物与昆虫是森林生态系统的重要组成成分,两者通过长期的协同进化形成了密切的相互关系,在森林生态系统中发挥着承上启下的作用,连接了初级生产和高级消费,是森林生态系统中重要的动态中心。植物叶片的虫食特征是植物与昆虫相互作用关系的重要表征。选取福建梅花山和浙江天童两地76种常绿阔叶林植物为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内统计分析相结合的方式对植物叶片的虫食率和虫食频度进行了研究,以期了解亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片所面临的食叶昆虫取食压力。结果表明:76种植物平均虫食率为7.21%,虫食频度为32.95%。多数植物的叶片虫食率低于10%,叶片虫食频度主要分布在10%-60%之间。乔木种与灌木种、优势植物与伴生植物之间的叶片虫食率和虫食频度均不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。超过60%的叶片虫食率和虫食频度发生在展叶期。福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物的叶片虫食率(P=0.012)和虫食频度(P=0.74)均高于浙江天童。植物幼叶的虫食率随着海拔的升高而下降。以上结果表明,常绿阔叶林植物的叶片虫食强度介于热带雨林(11.1%)和温带森林(7.1%)之间,展叶期是叶片虫食发生的主要阶段,表现出过渡性特征;叶片的虫食在不同生活型和优势程度的植物间存在差异;叶片虫食率随纬度的升高和海拔的上升而降低。     

新疆塔里木河下游生态输水对胡杨叶片MDA含量的影响

结合塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水位变化的监测和胡杨叶片中能够指示环境变化的丙二醛(MDA)含量的测定，对塔里木河下游地下水位变化与胡杨叶片中MDA积累变化关系进行了分析．结果表明，胡杨叶片MDA含量随着地下水位的下降、干旱胁迫程度的增强呈现出明显增加态势，与地下水位变化存在密切关系．结合野外样地调查分析得出：地下水位埋深在4．42m时，胡杨生长已受到水分胁迫；在5．78-6．46m之间，胡杨受到中度水分胁迫，胡杨的生长发育将受到明显的抑制；而在8．89～9．74m之间，胡杨受到重度水分胁迫，将面临着死亡的威胁．图6参22     

增强的UV—B辐射对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）不同叶位叶片生长、光合作用和呼吸作用的影响

在植物生长室中，黄瓜植株第1片真叶出现后，用人工UV－B光源照射60d，测定植物各叶位叶片的生长和生理活动。结果表明，UV－B辐射条件下，植物出叶时间被延迟，叶面积和叶干重下降，降幅与叶位高低正相关；叶片含水量降低，老龄叶片（1叶，下位叶）和幼龄叶片（第5叶，上位叶）的水分降幅均高于成年叶片（第3叶，中位叶）；叶片的伸展速度，叶片数目以及单叶面积减少,致使黄瓜总叶面积下降；植株节间长度缩短,是植株矮化的重要原因；根、茎、叶等器官之间的相关生长变化不大，叶片生长在其中起重要的协调作用。UV－B降低Pn和EAQE，对光合的抑制程度随叶位升高而增加，UV－B辐射后，黄瓜叶片的光呼吸显著提高，增幅与叶片发育阶段有关，UV－B对黄瓜第1叶的暗呼吸没有影响，第2、3叶略微下降，第4叶显著升高，分析认为，植株矮化叶面积减少有利于植物适应UV－B辐射；水分含量和光合作用减少、呼吸作用增强是黄瓜生长受抑制的生理基础。图2表2参18     

逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展

介绍了逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展。在逆境下,植物的叶片形态、解剖构造和内含物质等方面产生变化或特化,以保证植物正常的生命活动。解剖构造与树木的抗旱性关系密切,渗透调节是一个重要的抗旱性和抗盐性机制。植物为了减少虫害的发生,采用防卫和逃避相结合的策略保护自己。叶片中午受到强光胁迫时存在明显的＂避光运动＂,栅栏组织的叶绿体通过不同的运动排列方式来调整对光辐射的吸收,减少光胁迫。植物在阴蔽的环境中,通过大的叶面积等方式保证在弱光条件下充分利用光能。在干旱和盐胁迫下,叶片变小或消失,叶片表皮角质化,在叶片或细胞外形成一些机械组织,叶肉质化,白天叶片气孔关闭等方式增加耐盐性。多年生落叶树木和不落叶的植物通过不同的方式增加抗寒力。基因对叶性状的影响尚有争议。叶性状的差异可能是对不同环境的反映,或者是它们的年龄和基因引起的。最后,对叶性状的研究前景作了展望。     

PEG模拟干旱条件下尾叶桉和枫香苗木的生理响应

以尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)幼苗为试验材料,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)人工模拟水分胁迫环境,设置三个胁迫强度处理(轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫)和三个胁迫持续时间处理(持续12h、24 h、36 h),研究幼苗叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、脯氨酸质量分数、叶绿素质量分数、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和可溶性糖质量分数的变化,结果表明:经水分胁迫处理后,6种树种幼苗叶片相对含水量皆显现下降的趋势,水分胁迫处理12 h的尾叶桉叶片相对含水量下降幅度小于枫香;随着水分胁迫强度的加深及持续时间的延长,2种树种幼苗叶片内相对电导率呈波动性上升的趋势;脯氨酸质量分数都有明显的增加,枫香叶片内脯氨酸质量分数的变化幅度大于尾叶桉叶片;苗木叶片叶绿素质量分数出现不规则波动;尾叶桉的SOD活性胁迫12 h和24 h时在中度胁迫达到最大,胁迫36 h在轻度胁迫时达到高峰,而枫香的SOD活性经不同胁迫时间的胁迫处理后,在轻度胁迫时达到高峰;随胁迫强度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,尾叶桉叶片MDA含量有逐渐上升的趋势,枫香叶片MDA含量变化趋势表现为增加、下降、再增加;经水分胁迫处理12 h时,随着水分胁迫强度的加剧,尾叶桉的可溶性糖质量分数显著增加.而枫香的可溶性糖质量分数在中度时下降,水分胁迫处理24 h时2种苗木的可溶性糖质量分数波动,处理36 h时轻度胁迫后下降.结果表明,叶片相对含水量、SOD活性和可溶性糖质量分数可以作为评价苗木抗旱性的依据,尾叶桉的抗旱能力大于枫香.     

水分胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内保护酶系统活力的影响

比较了两种不同的水分胁迫方式（田间干旱迫和温室渗透胁迫）下，内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内SOD、POD和CAT活性以及MDA含量变化的影响，结果表明，当植物未遭受水分胁迫时，感染植株叶内SOD和POD活性明显高于非感染植株，在温室渗透胁迫下，随着胁迫强度和胁迫时间的增加，感染植株叶内SOD活性明显高于非感染植株，MDA含量大大低于非感染植株，而在田间干旱胁迫下，感染植株的这种优势表现得并不明显，图2表2参23     

镉对南美蟛蜞菊光合特性的影响

镉(Cd)积累是造成土壤重金属污染的重要因素之一,它是一种对植物生理代谢过程产生诸多影响的环境胁迫因子,光合作用的变化可以直接反映植物对Cd胁迫的适应特性.通过对外来植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.)生长过程不同程度的Cd胁迫处理,利用光合气体交换与叶绿素荧光技术,初步观测盆栽土壤中不同质量分数的Cd对南美蟛蜞菊叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素质量分数与荧光特征等光合特性的影响.结果显示:①当土壤中Cd质量分数达到5 mg·kg-1时,叶片净光合速率Pn明显降低,但蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度gs降幅较小,水分利用率WUE则没有表现出明显差异;②随着土壤中Cd的增加,叶绿素a质量分数与叶绿素a/b降低,但叶绿素b变化不明显;③ Cd质量分数达到2 mg·kg-1时,初始荧光Fo与光化效率Fv/Fm变化明显,光系统Ⅱ电子传递速率ETR和量子效率ΦPSⅡ从Cd质量分数为0.5 mg·kg-1起有明显变化.由此看出,Cd对叶绿素有一定程度的破坏作用,其中光反应中心对Cd胁迫尤为敏感,叶片光合速率和光能转化效率的下降与此密切相关.     

浙江千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型和取食强度研究

选择千岛湖地区不同大小岛屿为样地,对苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)叶片虫食状类型和取食强度进行了研究.结果表明,千岛湖地区苦槠叶片昆虫取食状类型为16种,但取食频率不同.取食频率和取食部位对叶片危害程度的分析结果显示,缘食状、掏食状、顶食状、阴面食状和叶中脉状对植物叶片的影响更大.16种取食状中,缘食状和顶食状、缘食状和阴面食状之间呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),缘食状与大孔状、顶食状与大孔状、顶食状与掏食状、阳面食状与阴面食状之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).苦槠叶片被昆虫取食的频率为84%,但绝大多数受害程度低.     

盐胁迫条件下三角滨藜叶片中盐分的积累与分配

用扫描电镜和能谱仪测定不同浓度NaCl胁迫2wk后的三角滨藜幼叶和成熟叶中Na 在细胞外和细胞内的分布情况,并利用原子吸收分光光度计测定叶片中Na 的积累量,同时还观测了盐囊泡及其与盐的积累、分泌之间的关系.结果表明,在盐胁迫下,三角滨藜叶片中的Na 积累量随根外溶液盐浓度的升高而增加,而盐囊泡的含盐量并无显著变化.同时发现,叶片中的Na 主要积累在细胞内.因此,可以认为,三角滨藜主要靠吸收并在细胞内积累Na 来降低渗透势,保证植株的水分吸收,而三角滨藜的盐囊泡在盐分分泌与抗盐中并无实质性作用.图2表3参12     

Mother really knows best: host choice of adult phytophagous insect females reflects a within-host variation in suitability as larval food

Non-random distribution patterns of specialized phytophagous insects on their hosts may depend on intraspecific differences in plant tissue quality, including nutrients and secondary compounds. Secondary compounds are involved in plant resistance, but are also important for the recognition and acceptability of plants as resources by specialized insects. If individuals within a plant species vary in their content of such secondary substances, there may also be qualitative differences between them. In such cases, natural selection will favor insects with the ability to distinguish and prefer the more suitable plants. In Sweden, the leaf beetle Gonioctena linnaeana Schrank (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) is highly specialized on one host, the native willow Salix triandra L (Salicaceae). Field observations reveal that some host plants in a population harbor many feeding larvae, causing severe defoliation, whereas neighboring plants may have few or no feeding larvae. Our hypothesis is that the distribution pattern of G. linnaeana larvae in this population results from qualitative differences between individual host plants in combination with the ability of G. linnaeana females to distinguish between plants that are suitable and not suitable for offspring performance. We examine whether larval survival differs depending on diet and whether the content of secondary chemical compounds explains female preference. Based on the higher survival rate of larvae reared on leaves from preferred hosts, we conclude that G. linnaeana females have evolved a behavior that maximizes offspring performance and thus positively affects female fitness. A chemical survey of the plants indicates that luteolin-7-glucoside and an unidentified flavonoid are important for separating the preferred from the non-preferred plants.     

大气污染对植食昆虫的影响及作用机制

综述了植食昆虫对二氧化硫、氮氧化物、酸雨、臭氧和氟化物污染的不同反应 ,其基本规律是 :中低浓度的大气污染促进植食昆虫的生长、发育 ,较高浓度的大气污染抑制植食昆虫的生长 ,不同种类的昆虫反应不同 ,植食昆虫对臭氧污染的反应多变而没有较统一的规律。另外 ,还论述了植食昆虫对大气污染的反应机理 :一是大气污染→植物→昆虫途径 ,二是大气污染→生态系统→昆虫途径     

植物抗盐机理的研究进展

盐胁迫是抑制植物生长 ,降低农作物产量的主要环境因素之一 .长期以来 ,关于如何提高植物的抗盐性 ,增加在盐胁迫下农作物的产量一直是人们关注的焦点 .植物对盐胁迫的反应机制和抗盐机理的探明 ,是指导通过生物工程方法或其它措施改造植物提高其抗盐能力的前提 .由于植物的抗盐性状涉及生理生化多方面的因素 ,是一个多基因控制的极为复杂的反应过程 ,而且不同植物甚至同一种类不同品种的植物 ,对盐胁迫的反应及其适应机制也不尽相同 .植物抗盐能力的强弱差异较大 ,有些植物在 2 0 0～ 50 0ｍｍｏｌ/ＬＮａＣｌ的条件下能继续生长 ,完成其生…     

Impact of an invasive oak gall wasp on a native butterfly: a test of plant-mediated competition

Phytophagous insects commonly interact through shared host plants. These interactions, however, do not occur in accordance with traditional paradigms of competition, and competition in phytophagous insects is still being defined. It remains unclear, for example, if particular guilds of insects are superior competitors or important players in structuring insect communities. Gall-forming insects are likely candidates for such superior competitors because of their ability to manipulate host plants, but their role as competitors is understudied. We investigate the effect of invasive populations of an oak gall wasp, Neuroterus saltatorius, on a native specialist butterfly, Erynnis propertius, as mediated by their shared host plant, Quercus garryana. This gall wasp occurs at high densities in its introduced range, where we stocked enclosures with caterpillars on trees that varied in gall wasp density. Biomass production of butterflies was lower in enclosures on high-density than on low-density trees because overwintering caterpillars were smaller, and fewer of them eclosed into adults the following spring. To see if the gall wasp induced changes in foliar quality, we measured host plant quality before and after gall induction on 30 trees each at two sites. We found a positive relationship between gall wasp density and the percentage change in foliar C:N, a negative relationship between gall wasp density and the percentage change in foliar water at one site, and no relationship between the percentage change in protein-binding capacity (i.e., phenolics) and gall-wasp density. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between foliar quality and butterfly performance. Our results provide evidence for a plant-mediated impact of an invasive oak gall wasp on a native butterfly and suggest that gall wasps could act as superior competitors, especially when they occur at high densities.     

Evolution of plant volatile production in insect-plant relationships

Summary The production of volatile secondary plant substances during the evolution of terrestrial plants is reviewed in regard to the defensive systems of plants to microorganisms and herbivores. Plant volatiles can be produced by both anabolic and catabolic processes. Although attraction of pollinators is a well-studied phenomenon, functions of volatiles range from excretion of waste products to the production of compounds attracting natural enemies of herbivores. During the evolution of the angiosperms a diversity of volatiles were selected to defend generative parts against microorganisms. Many of these allomones were related to or even identical with sex pheromones of insects. As a result flowers of angiosperms became utilized as a mating site. Consequently insects visiting flowers became involved in pollination, facilitating the steps from anemophily to entomophily. The efficiency of entomophily was increased because of nutritional rewards.An evolutionary scenario for the impact of plant volatiles on insects is presented and the role of volatile allomones in the establishment of plant-insect relationships is emphasized by (1) their strong antimicrobial properties, (2) strategies to protect symbiotic microorganisms, (3) their function as repellents and deterrents, (4) the use of volatile allomones as kairomones. These facts speak for an adaptation of insects to plant physiology and a limited importance of phytophagous insects in selection pressure upon plants. Herbivorous insects have realized specific adaptations to be able to discriminate between complex odour blends, but the utilization of chemical groups among insect taxa is different.The main theories on plant chemical defence do not discuss the impact of volatiles on host plant selection and may be apt to revision when pheromones, allomones, kairomones and synomones are not taken into account.     

水分条件对中山杉406光合特性的影响

采用室内盆栽方式,以两年生落羽杉属杂交树种＂中山杉406＂（Taxodium‘Zhongshanshan 406’）为试验材料,设置对照、渍水和淹水3种处理,研究了水分条件对中山杉406叶片的叶绿体色素、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2摩尔分数（Ci）等光合特性的影响。结果表明,中山杉406的叶绿素a、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素质量分数随土壤水分增加而逐渐降低,但处理间均无显著差异。同样,不同处理间的Tr、Gs和Ci等光合参数无明显规律。光合-光强响应曲线表现出明显的光饱和限制。不同光强下,对照与淹水处理的中山杉406叶片净光合速率高于渍水处理,但处理间没有显著差异。而光饱和在对照处理显著（P〈0.05）高于渍水和淹水处理。在渍水和淹水下,中山杉406的光合特性没有发生明显变化,表明其具有良好的耐湿耐水特性,在湿地的恢复与构建方面有广阔的应用前景。     

Salicylic acid to decrease plant stress

Pollution and climate change degrade plant health. Plant stress can be decreased by application of salicylic acid, an hormone involved in plant signaling. Salicylic acid indeed initiates pathogenesis-related gene expression and synthesis of defensive compounds involved in local resistance and systemic acquired resistance. Salicylic acid may thus be used against pathogen virulence, heavy metal stresses, salt stress, and toxicities of other elements. Applied salicylic acid improves photosynthesis, growth, and various other physiological and biochemical characteristics in stressed plants. Salicylic acid antagonizes the oxidative damaging effect of metal toxicity directly by acting as an antioxidant to scavenge the reactive oxygen species and by activating the antioxidant systems of plants and indirectly by reducing uptake of metals from their medium of growth. We review here the use of exogenous salicylic acid in alleviating bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, heavy metal toxicity, toxicity of essential micronutrients, and salt stress.