泡沫材料在狭缝空间垂直火蔓延的数值模拟

保温材料的火蔓延特性对建筑防火有重要意义,而其在狭缝等特殊空间结构中的燃烧特性还缺乏深入研究.本文采用CFD模拟技术和并行计算手段对狭缝空间中泡沫材料的竖直火蔓延特性进行了分析研究.计算发现在狭缝宽度为5 -6 cm时,由于侧向补风增强,导致狭缝内存在规则的大尺度涡旋结构.涡旋将火焰向两侧拉扯,而且涡旋强度可以增强狭缝内火蔓延速度.相对开放空间的情况,在狭缝空间中泡沫材料的火焰高度随线热释放速率强度的增加较慢,并且存在最小热释放速率强度.当热释放速率强度小于一定值时,火焰将会熄灭.     

庚烷池火多火源燃烧特性的实验研究

多火源燃烧是森林火灾和城市群发性火灾中重要而又特殊的火灾现象,相关研究很少。通过恒定控制液面高度的实验系统,对直径0.1m、0.2m和0.4m的庚烷池火在单个火源、两火源燃烧和三火源线性排列时的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率等特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,三火源燃烧时中间火源的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率明显高于两火源燃烧和单火源燃烧,三火源燃烧时边上火源与两火源的燃烧状况难以区分。这些燃烧特性随着火源间距的减小,呈现增大趋势。热量反馈增强和空气卷吸受限这两种火源相互作用机制相互耦合,且随着火源间距的减小而增强,在S/D（S为火源间距,D为油池直径）为2～4时,两种机制强烈竞争,在其他参数范围内热量反馈增强效应占主导作用。研究还发现火焰体积与热释放速率有较好的线性相关关系,单位火焰体积的热释放速率约为1614kW/m3。     

建筑火灾顶棚射流的数值模拟及火焰扩展长度处理方法

探讨了建筑火灾数值模拟中常用的火焰区域获取方法及其优缺点。通过火灾动力学模拟软件(Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS)对建筑火灾中的顶棚射流现象进行了模拟计算，其中考虑了不同火源热释放速率与不同火源距顶棚高度等条件的影响。分别采用连续图像法和温度阈值法获取了数值模拟中顶棚射流火焰扩展长度的数据，并与文献中基于试验建立的火焰扩展长度预测模进行了对比。结果表明：通过温度阈值法获取的火焰扩展长度数据受阈值取值的影响较大。通过连续图像法获取的火焰扩展长度数据可以较好地反映出火焰扩展在不同火源热释放速率及不同火源距顶棚高度等条件下的动态变化情况，与前人建立的火焰扩展长度预测模型之间的吻合较好，表明通过连续图像法获取的火焰扩展长度数据较为准确。建筑火灾数值模拟中的火焰扩展长度可通过基于单位体积热释放速率的连续火焰图像获取。研究结论可为建筑火灾数值模拟中火焰燃烧区域的确定提供参考。     

初始引火源燃烧特征对动车车厢轰燃的影响研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究动车组发生火灾时车厢内火焰不断蔓延、火势不断增大导致车厢内轰燃的情况,并得到引起车厢轰燃的临界初始引火源热释放速率及所需燃烧持续时间,采用火灾动力学三维模拟软件FDS模拟其燃烧过程,分析在持续燃烧和非持续燃烧2种状态下不同热释放速率的初始引火源引起的动车组车厢轰燃情况。结果表明:引起动车组车厢轰燃的临界初始引火源热释放速率值为160 k W,燃烧持续时间临界值为1 470 s。随着初始引火源热释放速率的增大,车厢发生轰燃的时间变短,两者之间存在乘幂函数关系;且发生轰燃所需的火源燃烧持续时间也随之缩短,两者之间同样存在乘幂函数关系。根据动车组车厢内常见初始引火源特征,明确了不同行李物品作为初始引火源对动车组车厢发生轰燃的危险性。     

初始引火源燃烧特征对动车车厢轰燃的影响研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究动车组发生火灾时车厢内火焰不断蔓延、火势不断增大导致车厢内轰燃的情况,并得到引起车厢轰燃的临界初始引火源热释放速率及所需燃烧持续时间,采用火灾动力学三维模拟软件FDS模拟其燃烧过程,分析在持续燃烧和非持续燃烧2种状态下不同热释放速率的初始引火源引起的动车组车厢轰燃情况。结果表明:引起动车组车厢轰燃的临界初始引火源热释放速率值为160 k W,燃烧持续时间临界值为1 470 s。随着初始引火源热释放速率的增大,车厢发生轰燃的时间变短,两者之间存在乘幂函数关系;且发生轰燃所需的火源燃烧持续时间也随之缩短,两者之间同样存在乘幂函数关系。根据动车组车厢内常见初始引火源特征,明确了不同行李物品作为初始引火源对动车组车厢发生轰燃的危险性。     

初始引火源燃烧特征对动车车厢轰燃的影响研究

为了研究动车组发生火灾时车厢内火焰不断蔓延、火势不断增大导致车厢内轰燃的情况,并得到引起车厢轰燃的临界初始引火源热释放速率及所需燃烧持续时间,采用火灾动力学三维模拟软件FDS模拟其燃烧过程,分析在持续燃烧和非持续燃烧2种状态下不同热释放速率的初始引火源引起的动车组车厢轰燃情况。结果表明:引起动车组车厢轰燃的临界初始引火源热释放速率值为160 k W,燃烧持续时间临界值为1 470 s。随着初始引火源热释放速率的增大,车厢发生轰燃的时间变短,两者之间存在乘幂函数关系;且发生轰燃所需的火源燃烧持续时间也随之缩短,两者之间同样存在乘幂函数关系。根据动车组车厢内常见初始引火源特征,明确了不同行李物品作为初始引火源对动车组车厢发生轰燃的危险性。     

基于机器学习的热释放速率实时预测方法

火灾态势的实时感知对提升消防救援指挥与决策水平有非常重要的意义。为实现火源热释放速率的实时预测,通过丙烷气体燃烧实验获取火焰体积和高度的实时数据,选取MATLAB中精细高斯SVM做分类训练,建立了基于图像处理的热释放速率预测模型。结果表明,训练完成后的模型可以根据3 s内的火焰体积/高度数据预测得到实时的燃料流量,获取相应的火源热释放速率。该预测模型在已知数据集和未知数据集上都表现出了较高的准确性,为火灾态势发展预测提供了理论和技术基础,有很好的应用前景。     

基于三维图像分析的浮力扩散火焰几何与辐射特性研究

火焰几何特性和辐射特性是刻画火灾规模及其危害的重要参量。利用三维火焰重构技术,获取了丙烷浮力扩散火焰的火焰高度、表面积、体积和火焰面元视角系数的变化规律。结果表明,三维重构的火焰能够表征真实火焰形态的动态变化。平均火焰表面积和体积均可较好地拟合为热释放速率的幂函数,火焰表面积热释放速率随火焰热释放速率的增加趋于常数。平均火焰高度、表面积和体积与火焰外部平均辐射热流之间具有较好的幂函数关系,且拟合指数随着与火源距离的增大而减小。此外,将点源、圆柱辐射模型和火焰面元积分方法得到的辐射计算值与辐射测量值进行比较,发现火焰面元积分方法能够更好地预测火焰外围的瞬时和平均辐射热流分布。     

强制通风对隧道起火影响的全尺寸试验研究

为探究隧道强制通风风速对隧道火灾发展的影响,采用全尺寸实体试验方法,搭建一个长50. 0 m,宽5. 5 m,高8. 2 m的试验隧道,以木垛作为火源,采用一端强制通风的方式进行通风,研究隧道内起火时隧道内部温度变化、火源热释放速率、烟气成分含量等与强制通风风速的关系。结果表明:强制通风的风速对于隧道内起火源的燃烧情况有较大影响;风速的增加会降低火源对隧道上方温度的影响,同时也会降低隧道中的环境温度;强制通风风速的增大会明显增加火源的热释放速率,但是不会影响热释放速率的变化趋势;强制通风风速明显影响烟气中二氧化碳和一氧化碳的体积分数。     

CRH_1型动车组一等座车厢火源热释放速率研究

为了得到不同通风条件和旅客行李条件下CRH1动车组一等座车厢的火源热释放速率的合理取值范围,以CRH1型动车组一等座车厢为研究对象,以锥形量热仪和大型量热仪测定的高速客车车体内材料和行李的燃烧性能为输入参数,运用FDS软件模拟6种火灾场景下车厢的火源热释放速率随时间的变化规律,分析了通风条件、火灾荷载密度、可燃物间距和行李重量对车厢火源热释放速率的影响。研究结果表明:在不考虑旅客行李时,各种通风条件下车厢最大火灾热释放速率在1.86-4.34MW之间;在车门与车窗开启条件下,与不考虑旅客行李的情况比较,人均携带10、20kg行李时,火源热释放速率分别增加了12.84、15.38MW,增加的幅度分别为570%和684%。     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.     

我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究

从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。