经手口途径摄入室内含PAHs灰尘颗粒的致癌风险评价

为了探究经手口途径摄入被PAHs污染室内灰尘的致癌风险,构建了居民经手口途径摄入被污染室内灰尘颗粒的概率风险模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法评价了中国上海地区居民由PAHs引起的致癌风险,分析了致癌风险的主要来源及手口途径中各参数的重要程度。结果表明:幼儿和儿童所承受的风险最大,婴儿和成年人次之,青少年和老年人较小;对于致癌风险,幼儿和儿童超过10-6的概率都为80%,但超过10-4的概率都小于5%,婴儿和成年人超过10-6的概率都为50%,但婴儿超过10-4的概率小于5%,成年人的小于0.1%,青少年和老年人超过10-6的概率分别为10%和15%,不会高于10-4;室内硬表面灰尘引起的致癌风险远大于软表面灰尘引起的致癌风险;与致癌风险相关性最大的因素为灰尘颗粒中PAHs的等效斜率、灰尘在室内软硬表面的浓度、手到口途径发生的频率和颗粒物从手掌皮肤表面到口腔的转移率。     

广西某城市饮用水水源地重金属健康风险评价

为阐明城市饮用水水源地重金属污染物的健康风险水平,根据广西某市主要的3处饮用水水源地水质监测结果,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对水源地原水中Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg、Fe和Zn等重金属通过饮用水途径引起的环境健康风险进行评价。结果表明:非致癌物质对成人和儿童引起的总非致癌风险在10-10~10-9a-1之间,远低于US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平(10-4a-1);致癌物质对成人和儿童引起的人均年致癌风险大小顺序均为CrAsCd;河流、湖库型水源地总致癌风险均超过US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平(10-4a-1),其中儿童人群总致癌风险在8.43×10-5~6.26×10-4a-1之间,明显高于成人6.05×10-5~4.52×10-4a-1的水平。Cr对儿童和成人总致癌风险贡献最高,是最主要的致癌物。     

沥青烟中16种PAHs组成及毒性当量变化规律研究

因含有“三致作用”的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)类物质，沥青烟对人体健康具有潜在威胁。为更合理评价沥青烟产生的健康风险，基于室内试验对沥青产烟规律进行分析，并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法，对不同温度下产生沥青烟中美国环保署(Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)优先控制的16种PAHs进行了定性定量检测，同时结合等效毒性当量法对沥青烟气毒性当量及其变化规律进行分析。研究表明，在试验温度区间，沥青产烟量随温度升高呈非线性增大的变化趋势，随暴露面积增大呈线性增大的变化趋势。沥青烟中16种优控PAHs质量比随温度升高呈增长的变化趋势，其中，低相对分子质量PAHs增长速率随温度升高显著增大，高相对分子质量PAHs增长速率随温度升高增长较为稳定。在16种PAHs总量中，高相对分子质量PAHs质量比最低，低相对分子质量PAHs质量比最高。16种PAHs的毒性与其质量比相反，高相对分子质量PAHs对沥青烟毒性当量贡献值超过83%,低相对分子质量PAHs对沥青烟毒性当量贡献值低于4%,几乎可忽略不计。降低产烟温...     

和龙水库水质调查与健康风险评价

为研究和龙水库水质状况及对人体健康产生的危害风险,采用单因子评价法和有机污染综合指数法对和龙水库20个采样点为期1a的水质监测数据进行了评价;并采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对水库主体水域水体进行人体饮用健康风险评价.结果表明,和龙水库主体水域水质采样年度整体为Ⅳ类水,且春季水质为开始污染水平,其余各季节水质为一般水平.水库水体中化学物质As所产生的致癌风险为1.59× 10-5～3.37× 10-5a-1,远高于人体最大可接受风险(1×10-6a-1).而由Cu、Zn、Mn和NH4+-N所引起的非致癌风险(10-10～ 10-11 a-1)均低于最大可接受风险(1×10-6a-1).和龙水库周边养猪场的污水排放可能是其主要污染源,养猪场附近河段的水体全年为劣Ⅴ类,属于严重污染水平;主要超标污染指标为BOD5、NH4+-N、总磷、COD,各指标值分别是水库主体水域水体的268.49、253.15、55.81、40.38倍;猪场废水中As是导致水库主体水域As人体健康风险超标的主要原因.因此,需要加强对和龙水库周边养猪场的排污治理,以保障水库水体质量.     

内蒙古大河口水库水体重金属污染程度及健康风险评价

为查明滦河上游大河口水库水体重金属的污染程度及潜在的致癌与非致癌风险水平,分别于2017年1月、7月、10月对库区内15个监测点共采集135个水样,对Cr、Pb、As、Fe、Ni、Cu、Al共7种重金属元素分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对水库不同蓄水期水质展开健康风险评价.结果 表明:不同蓄水期水库水体7种重金属的平均检测质量浓度范围为0.005 ～0.129 mg/L,除重金属Ni含量超标外,其余重金属元素的含量均未超出我国《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类水体标准限值.库区水体成人年均致癌健康风险值在10-7～ 10-5.儿童年均致癌风险是成人的2.7倍,儿童年均非致癌风险是成人的2.5倍.水库的非致癌重金属Ni、Fe、Cu、Al的年均健康风险值介于10-12～ 10-9,小于总体健康风险值的1％.健康风险主要来自于重金属致癌风险,主要风险物为As,其次为Cr,平均值分别为4.85×10-6a-1和3.93×10-6a-1,均接近国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)所推荐的最大可接受风险水平,应优先列为大河口水库水环境重金属污染风险的管控目标.     

石家庄市采暖季道路降尘PM_(2.5)重金属元素健康风险评价

为了解城市道路降尘中重金属元素对道路环境工作人员和普通上班族在道路环境中的健康风险水平,于采暖季用降尘法收集石家庄市铺装道路尘样品,并利用再悬浮系统将粒径小于2. 5μm颗粒物悬浮至滤膜上,分析PM_(2.5)中载带的Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等9种重金属元素的健康风险。结果表明:道路降尘PM_(2.5)中重金属3种暴露途径的暴露量顺序由大到小为手-口摄入、皮肤接触、呼吸吸入;产生的非致癌风险在1×10~(-7)～1×10~(-1),对道路环境工作人员和普通上班族不存在非致癌风险;道路环境工作人员的致癌风险R(Cr) 10~(-6),致癌总风险Rtotal 10~(-6),存在致癌风险;普通上班族的Rtotal10~(-6),不存在致癌风险;道路环境工作人员的致癌风险和非致癌风险均大于普通上班族,重金属元素的非致癌风险和致癌风险约为普通上班族7. 7倍。     

某矿区矿井水有机污染健康风险评价

采用吹脱捕集/固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法对某矿区6个煤矿的矿井水中有机物进行测试,并以美国国家环保局(U.S.EPA)推荐使用的健康风险评价方法为依据,对该矿区矿井水有机污染的健康风险进行评价分析。结果表明:该矿区矿井水中主要的有机污染物为二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳、苯和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯5种;上述有机污染物的非致癌风险值均低于非致癌风险限值,但四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷存在致癌风险,致癌风险值分别为5.54E-06,4.64E-06;各煤矿矿井水的非致癌风险值也均低于非致癌风险限值,但煤矿1和煤矿2的致癌风险超过限值,暴露受体长期接触这2个点位的水体,将影响暴露受体的健康。     

水源水水质风险评价的讨论及实例——以南方N市为例

水质风险评价是环境风险评价的重要组成部分。文章从数据收集以及评估、有毒性评价、暴露评价、风险表征等四个方面,探讨了以长江水为饮用水源水的N市水质健康风险评价体系的构建,并利用相关数据进行分析讨论。结果表明,水源水体中致癌物质六价铬、砷的风险值较高,镉的风险值虽未超标但也已经接近国际标准;非致癌物质氟化物、铅、铁、氨氮、汞、氰化物、锰、挥发酚的非致癌风险都低于国际水平;水源水中11项污染物的危害指数排序为:砷氟化物六价铬铅镉铁氨氮汞氰化物锰挥发酚,其绝对值大部分都超过了1。     

保定市环境空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及呼吸暴露风险

为探究保定市PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及其健康风险,于2017年1月和7月采集了保定市城区5个地点的PM_(2.5)样品,利用气质联用仪测定了16种优控PAHs的质量浓度。结果表明,保定市夏季和冬季PAHs平均质量浓度分别为(7.16±2.23) ng/m~3和(629.73±338.53)ng/m~3。特征比值分析表明,机动车燃油排放、生物质和煤燃烧排放是保定市环境空气PM_(2.5)载带PAHs的主要来源。终生致癌风险(ILCR)评估结果表明,成人夏季和冬季ILCR分别为4.59×10-6和6.47×10-4,提示具有较高的健康风险,需要采取措施进行防控。     

煤矿区农田土壤多环芳烃生态风险评估方法比较

调查了迁安煤矿区农田土壤中优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)质量比,通过同一尺度对生态效应低中值、风险商值法(RQ)、有机碳归一化法及苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量4种常用评估方法的评估结果进行了比较,并尝试将商值法(RQ)与苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量(TEQBaP)相结合对该矿区土壤进行风险评估.结果表明,煤矿区农田土壤中16种PAHs总量为118.10～1 042.31 μg/kg,并以2～4环为主.4种生态风险方法评估结果与衡量尺度比较表明,生态效应低中值、RQ两种方法对PAHs处于低水平的地区适用性欠佳;有机碳归一化法及苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量两种方法能较好地表征该地区PAHs的生态风险水平,但不能对不同污染水平下的生态风险程度予以分级.RQ-TEQ复合法评估结果显示,11％土壤样品存在重度生态风险,11％处于中度风险,45％存在轻度生态风险,22％处于警戒线范畴,11％不存在生态风险.与单一方法相比,复合方法评估结果分级明确,与衡量尺度吻合较好,较适用于该煤矿区PAHs的生态风险评估.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.     

我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究

从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。