中国炭黑工业大气污染控制

本文研究我国目前炭黑工业大气污染控制技术的状况及特点。近十年来，我国炭黑工业大气污染控制技术有了长足的进展，选择合理的工艺过程，采用袋滤器高效净化炭黑烟气，成功地开发了炭黑工业气体余热的回收及利用。为此，我国炭黑工业大气污染控制技术，实现了炭黑微粒和可燃气态污染物的高效净化，炭黑工业气体余热绝大部分得到了回收及利用，余热利用率达６０％以上。我国炭黑工业一跃成为低能耗、有效能高效利用，大气污染物高效净化的清洁生产的化工厂，和生产热力及电力的能源部门。     

生活水污泥油化试验研究

用碳酸钠与污泥混合，在压力４￣５ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ＾２、温度３００￣４５０℃获得燃料油１６％左右，气体各Ｃ１￣Ｃ３烃类占体积的约１９％，臭气物质主要１０种。     

废轮胎热解炭黑及其改性后的特性研究

对废轮胎热解炭黑(简称热解炭黑)采用硝酸酸洗及酸洗后加入硬脂酸2种改性方法,制备出热解炭黑、酸洗炭黑及硬脂酸改性酸洗炭黑3种炭黑。运用SEM、XPS等分析手段进行了表征。研究表明,硝酸酸洗后热解炭黑的灰分从20.5%降到了4.0%,BET表面积从54.92 m2/g增大到69.62 m2/g,DBP吸收值从123 mL/100g提高到170 mL/100 g。加入硬脂酸后BET表面积和DBP吸收值略有下降。XPS结果显示:热解炭黑表面覆盖有碳质沉积物,表面官能团极性较低;酸洗炭黑表面C—C,C—H含量降低,C—OR、C—OEt和COOR、COOH官能团含量增加;硬脂酸改性后表面含碳官能团基本没有变化,但其表面双键氧的含量高于热解炭黑和酸洗炭黑。     

添加剂对炭黑颗粒润湿和沉降性能的影响

为提高湿式除尘装置对炭黑颗粒物的去除效率，通过向吸收液中添加复配表面活性剂以提高吸收液对炭黑的润湿性，投加絮凝剂使进入吸收液的炭黑颗粒发生凝聚和沉降，从而使吸收液得以循环利用。其中表面活性剂的复配以非离子表面活性剂月桂醇聚氧乙烯（9）醚（AEO-9）为主，与十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）和壬酚基聚氧乙烯醚（TX-10）分别复配，筛选出复配效果最好的一组复配液；然后投加絮凝剂，探讨絮凝剂的加入对吸收液中炭黑颗粒物絮凝沉降的影响。结果表明，在AEO-9浓度为0．05mmol／L，TX-10浓度为0．09mmol／L时，吸收液的表面张力最小，为36．75mN／m；投加无机絮凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）浓度为100mg／L时，经15min沉降，炭黑的沉降率可达88．1％，上清液中悬浮颗粒的平均粒径为6．36μm。     

利用废弃菜籽油制备炭黑-基于气溶胶气相化学沉积法

利用气溶胶化学气相沉积的方式转化废弃菜籽油制备炭黑。以氮气为载气,将液体废油预先转化成气溶胶颗粒输送至高温管式炉,在800℃的条件下进行热分解,形成基于废油的炭黑。产物的形貌、组分和结构采用光学显微镜,拉曼光谱,SEM和XPS等方式进行表征。结果显示,炭黑表面呈阶梯片状叠加结构,而拉曼谱上出现强烈的D峰、G峰及G'峰(其中ID/IG=1.09)。根据能谱C1S峰显示,炭黑表面化学键主要由sp~2CC,sp~3C—C,C—OH和OC—O—组成,其中sp~2占据88.5%。对比分析原始单晶硅基和负载炭黑表面的润湿性,显示负载炭黑后的硅表面疏水性大幅度提高,与水的接触角从66.4°增长到141°,呈现超级疏水性;而油在硅基和炭黑表面的接触角分别为21.2°和4°。     

石煤渣制橡胶填料的研究

以钛酸酯偶联剂为表面处理剂,对石煤渣进行表面改性处理,制得橡胶填料,测试了该填料对橡胶的补强作用,并与陶土、碳酸钙、炭黑等填料的补强性能进行了比较。实验表明,表面改性后的石煤渣填料对橡胶具有较好的补强作用,可完全替代碳酸钙、碳酸镁或陶土,产生较好的补强效果,用替代部分炭黑,可以减少炭黑用量,降低橡胶成本。     

标准胶废水厌氧处理制取沼气的研究

用标准胶废水制取沼气的生产性试验结果表明,常温发酵产气率达到1m~3/m~3日以上。生产每吨标准胶的废水(乳清),可产含甲烷60％以上的沼气30m~3左右,相当于约15公斤的燃料油热量,占目前我国标准胶干燥所需热量(35公斤左右重油和柴油)的44％。用标准胶废水制取沼气不仅技术上、经济上可行,而且每年可为国家节约一部份标准胶干燥所需的能源,还可以大大减轻废水对环境水域的污染,为标准胶废水处理打下良好的基础。     

生物脱硫技术用于清洁燃料生产的初步研究

从高硫油田筛选的红球菌Rhodococcus sp.FS-2可以通过专一性断裂C-S键的"4S"途径将二苯并噻吩(DBT)转化成2-羟基联苯,从而降低油品中的硫含量.利用该菌株对DBT和汽油、柴油的脱硫研究结果表明,FS-2菌株对DBT及柴油中的有机硫有良好的选择性脱除作用,而且脱硫前后的烃类组分基本没有改变.说明该菌的脱硫过程不会破坏燃料油的有效成分,可以用于燃料油的深度脱硫.     

废印制线路板真空热解渣分选与组成分析的研究

在自行设计制备的真空热解炉中进行了废印制线路板的热解实验，得到固体、液体和气体产物。着重研究了热解固体渣中金属铜和非金属玻璃纤维的物理分选、热解固体渣分析及有氧煅烧对玻璃纤维纯度的影响。结果表明，物理分选效率很高，金属铜的回收率和纯度接近100%；热解固体渣含30.35%的铜、56.21%的玻璃纤维和13.45%的炭黑；有氧煅烧去除炭黑可得到高纯度的玻璃纤维。     

生物脱硫技术用于清洁燃料生产的初步研究

从高硫油田筛选的红球菌Rhodococcus sp．FS-2可以通过专一性断裂C-S键的“4S”途径将二苯并噻吩（DBT）转化成2-羟基联苯，从而降低油品中的硫含量。利用该菌株对DBT和汽油、柴油的脱硫研究结果表明，FS-2菌株对DBT及柴油中的有机硫有良好的选择性脱除作用，而且脱硫前后的烃类组分基本没有改变。说明该菌的脱硫过程不会破坏燃料油的有效成分，可以用于燃料油的深度脱硫。     

不同生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因的削减规律研究

为探讨不同类型生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的削减规律,分别将玉米秸秆生物炭、竹炭和猪粪生物炭添加到猪粪中进行好氧堆肥,解析不同类型生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素浓度和ARGs丰度的影响.研究发现,添加竹炭堆肥对抗生素的平均去除率最高(97％),其中对四环素类抗生素的去除率高达98％;添加玉...     

Penetration of evaporative emissions into a home from an M85-fueled vehicle parked in an attached garage

The use of both oxygenated fuels in carbon monoxide (CO) nonattainment areas and reformulated gasoline in ozone nonattainment areas has been mandated by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Methanol has been proposed as an alternative fuel for CO nonattainment areas. Its use will potentially increase indoor methanol inhalation exposure resulting from the evaporation of methanol vapor from methanol-fueled vehicles parked in residential garages. Indoor air concentrations of methanol, benzene, and toluene were measured in a residential home with an attached garage. The effects of vehicle emission control devices (charcoal canister hose connection); home heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) fans; ambient air, garage, and fuel tank temperatures; and wind speed were examined. The disconnection of the charcoal canister hose, which simulates a spent evaporative emission control device, resulted in elevated benzene, toluene, and methanol concentrations in the garage and attached home. Higher fuel tank temperatures resulted in higher benzene and toluene concentrations in the garage, but not methanol. The concentrations for all compounds in the garage and concentrations of benzene and toluene in the adjacent room were lower when the HVAC fan was on than when it was off, while the concentrations of all three compounds in the rest of the house were higher, although these differences were not statistically significant. Thus, the portion of the population that parks cars in garages attached to homes will experience increased methanol exposures if methanol is used as an automotive fuel.     

Penetration of Evaporative Emissions into a Home from an M85-Fueled Vehicle Parked in an Attached Garage

ABSTRACT

The use of both oxygenated fuels in carbon monoxide (CO) nonattainment areas and reformulated gasoline in ozone nonattainment areas has been mandated by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Methanol has been proposed as an alternative fuel for CO nonattainment areas. Its use will potentially increase indoor methanol inhalation exposure resulting from the evaporation of metha-nol vapor from methanol-fueled vehicles parked in residential garages. Indoor air concentrations of metha-nol, benzene, and toluene were measured in a residential home with an attached garage. The effects of vehicle emission control devices (charcoal canister hose connection); home heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) fans; ambient air, garage, and fuel tank temperatures; and wind speed were examined.

The disconnection of the charcoal canister hose, which simulates a spent evaporative emission control device, resulted in elevated benzene, toluene, and metha-nol concentrations in the garage and attached home. Higher fuel tank temperatures resulted in higher benzene and toluene concentrations in the garage, but not methanol. The concentrations for all compounds in the garage and concentrations of benzene and toluene in the adjacent room were lower when the HVAC fan was on than when it was off, while the concentrations of all three compounds in the rest of the house were higher, although these differences were not statistically significant. Thus, the portion of the population that parks cars in garages attached to homes will experience increased methanol exposures if methanol is used as an automotive fuel.     

竹炭-微生物联合法对沼液中氨氮的去除

采用竹炭-微生物联合法,考察了竹炭用量、菌液用量、进水氨氮浓度、pH、DO、HRT等因素对氨氮废水处理效果的影响;同时采用对比实验,初步探讨了竹炭-微生物联合法处理沼液的作用机理。结果表明,竹炭-微生物法去除沼液氨氮的最优条件推荐为:竹炭用量30 g/L,微生物活性液用量3%,pH 7.0～8.0,DO为2 mg/L,HRT为48 h。竹炭-微生物法对沼液氨氮的去除过程可用一级反应动力学模型C=272.56e-0.0148描述,其去除效果来源于竹炭吸附和生物降解的协同作用,协同程度为48.45%。     

Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. CV. Turbo) grown in open-top chambers to ozone and water stress

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Turbo was exposed to different levels of ozone and water supply in open-top chambers in 1991. The plants were grown either in charcoal filtered air (CF), not filtered air (NF), in charcoal filtered air with proportional addition of ambient ozone (CF1), or in charcoal filtered air with twice proportional addition of ambient ozone (CF2). The mean seasonal ozone concentrations (24 h mean) were 2.3, 20.6, 17.3, and 24.5 nl litre(-1) for CF, NF, CF1, and CF2 treatments, respectively. Ozone enhanced senescence and reduced growth and yield of the wheat plants. At final harvest, dry weight reductions were mainly due to reductions in ear weight. Grain yield loss by ozone mainly resulted from depressions of 1000 grain weight, whereas numbers of ears per plant and of grains per ear remained unchanged. Pollutants other than ozone did not alter the response to ozone, as was obvious from comparisons between CF1 and NF responses. Water stress alone did not enhance senescence, but also reduced growth and yield. However, yield loss mainly resulted from reductions in the number of ears per plant; 1000 grain weight was not influenced by water stress. No water supply by ozone treatment interactions were detected for any of the estimated parameters.     

Effect of charcoal amendment on adsorption, leaching and degradation of isoproturon in soils

The effects of charcoal amendment on adsorption, leaching and degradation of the herbicide isoproturon in soils were studied under laboratory conditions. The adsorption data all fitted well with the Freundlich empirical equation. It was found that the adsorption of isoproturon in soils increased with the rate of charcoal amended (correlation coefficient r=0.957**, P<0.01). The amount of isoproturon in leachate decreased with the increase of the amount of charcoal addition to soil column, while the retention of isoproturon in soils increased with an increase in the charcoal content of soil samples. Biodegradation was still the most significant mechanism for isoproturon dissipation from soil. Charcoal amendment greatly reduced the biodegradation of isoproturon in soils. The half-lives of isoproturon degradation (DT(50)) in soils greatly extended when the rate of added charcoal increased from 0 to 50 g kg(-1) (for Paddy soil, DT(50) values increased from 54.6 to 71.4 days; for Alfisol, DT(50) from 16.0 to 136 days; and for Vertisol, DT(50) from 15.2 to 107 days). The degradation rate of isoproturon in soils was significantly negatively correlated with the amount of added charcoal. This research suggests that charcoal amendment may be an effective management practice for reducing pesticide leaching and enhancing its persistence in soils.     

城郊乡村生活垃圾衍生燃料热解特性研究

将城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成粒径6.0 mm左右的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),采用热重(TG)分析和红外光谱等研究其热解特性.结果表明:(1)在RDF挥发分阶段和生物质挥发分阶段,助燃添加剂处于活泼分解阶段,加入了30％(质量分数)秸秆、玉米芯等生物质作助燃添加剂后的RDF(以下简写为混合RDF)分子碎片正发生内部氢重排,总体挥发分产物较多,并且有明显的二次裂解,失重提高到4.85 mg,失重率约提高12％.在RDF与生物质重叠的碳固定阶段,助燃添加剂失重率有一定提高,热重微分(DTG)峰值速率增加,为RDF碳固定阶段的进一步热解提供了良好的支持.(2)快加热产气速率均大于慢加热.(3)热解终温越高,越有利气体析出.(4)RDF的热解固体产率随着热解终温的升高而降低,在850℃时为31.9％;热解气体产率随着热解终温升高而迅速升高,在850℃时可达49.8％.(5)根据红外光谱图,城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成的RDF中所含的氯元素基本上以HCl形式释放.(6)一级动力学反应可以准确地描述物料热解过程.     

Effects of air pollution on rice yield in the Pakistan Punjab

A study using open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or charcoal filtered air in the vicinity of Lahore, Pakistan demonstrated reductions of 42% and 37% in the grain yield of two cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). This yield reduction was primarily due to the reduction in mean panicle number per plant, although significant effects of filtration on 1000 grain weight and the number of filled grains per panicle were also detected. The 6-h daily mean O(3) concentrations were only 10-20 nl litre(-1) during the monsoon season, but increased to 30-55 nl litre(-1) later in the growing season, while the mean NO(2) concentration during the experiment was 12 nl litre(-1). On the basis of experience in North America and Japan, the reductions in yield in the present study are substantially greater than might be predicted. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, together with the implications for effects on rice yield in other regions of south and south-east Asia.     

不同改性方式对竹炭净化气态氮氧化物效果的影响

为了研究不同表面改性方法对竹炭空气净化效果的影响,测定了化学药剂活化、超声处理、微波处理后的改性竹炭对低浓度氮氧化物的净化效果。结果表明:活化剂浸渍后的竹炭,对氮氧化物净化效率降低,净化速度减慢;微波功率越大、辐照时间越长,改性后竹炭对氮氧化物处理效率越大,但辐照时间达到一定程度后,竹炭对氮氧化物的处理效率增大变得缓慢;超声处理后的竹炭对NO的处理效率比改性前有明显提高。BET测试结果表明,竹炭产品用微波和超声处理后,平均孔径、微孔表面积和比表面积均比活化前增大;而经过活化剂浸渍后,微孔面积和比表面积都显著下降。因此建议采用微波及超声方式对竹炭进行活化。     

Influence of air humidity on sampling efficiency of some solid adsorbents used for sampling organics from work-room air

The influence of air humidity on the sampling efficiency of Amberlite XAD porous polymers and activated charcoal was studied by determining the recovery of various organics at 20% and 85% relative humidity. The sampling efficiency of XAD-7 was found to decrease with increasing relative humidity, while the sampling efficiency of XAD-2 and activated charcoal was relatively unaffected for the compounds studied. Activated charcoal had a greater capacity than Amberlite XAD for several types of compounds, however.