新疆博尔塔拉河湖流域土壤元素空间变异性及其影响因素

中国西北干旱区是典型的温带大陆性干旱气候区,随着人口增多、工农业的迅速发展,人类活动产生的污染物日愈增多,区域土壤环境安全受到威胁。为了解西北干旱区典型河湖流域表层土壤元素的空间变异性,利用经典统计学及地统计分析对博尔塔拉河湖流域地表40个采样点土壤样品中19种元素的空间变异特征及其影响因素进行分析,并通过富集系数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对重金属潜在生态风险进行评价。博尔塔拉河流域表层土壤样品中Ba、Mn、V、Pb、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu等元素含量平均值均低于新疆表层土壤元素背景值,其他元素含量平均值均偏高。通过系统聚类分析,可将19种元素分为二组:第一组元素主要包括Al、K、Be、Fe、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Ti、Ba、P、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni等元素,其中Al、K、Be、Fe、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Ti、Ba等元素为第一亚组,元素P单独为第二亚组,重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni为第3亚组;第2组元素为Ca、Sr、Mg和Na,其中,Ca、Sr、Mg等表生环境中地球化学性质较为活跃的元素为第四亚组,Na单独为第五亚组。地统计学分析表明,Al、Fe、K、Ti、Ba、Be、Mn、V、Ti、Ba等稳定性元素表现为中等或较强的空间自相关。元素P和重金属元素Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu由于受到局部随机因素如耕作施肥、交通、工农业生产等小尺度因素影响,空间结构较为复杂,但整体上还没有破坏区域原有的空间格局。Ca、Mg、Sr在表生环境中地球化学活性较强,除受区域整体自然环境的控制外,还容易受人为耕作、径流等因素的影响导致空间结构性较差。Na由于受到区域自然环境变化和人为耕作的影响,空间结构性较差。最后通过富集系数计算得出研究区Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V和Zn等7种重金属的富集系数平均值均低于1.5,表明虽然受到人为活动影响,但富集程度较低。Hakanson潜在生态风险指数分析表明,7种重金属的riE值范围在0.8~25.7之间,平均值均小于5,为轻微污染风险。综合生态风险指数RI值表明博河流域表层土壤中重金属总体处于轻微污染风险水平,但局部采样点仍然存在中等生态风险程度。     

厦门市大气降尘中重金属形态分布及生物有效性

采集了2012年11月至2013年1月期间厦门市大气降尘样品,用改进的BCR四步连续提取法分析了12种重金属元素(Ba、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sr、V)的含量、赋存形态和生物有效性.结果显示,重金属元素四态含量之和均值(mg·kg~(-1))顺序为:Fe(43733)Zn(4495)Ti(2728)Ba(747)Mn(723)Cu(444.4)Sr(176)Cr(171)Pb(160)Ni(40.4)V(27.6)Co(11.2);Zn和Cu含量分别为我国土壤环境质量标准第二类标准限值(250和100 mg·kg~(-1))的18倍和4.4倍;除Fe、Ti、Ba、Cr和V外,大气降尘中其他元素生物有效态含量占有相当的比例(32.2%—88.6%).Zn、Sr主要以弱酸溶态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cu主要以可氧化态存在,其余元素主要以残渣态存在.大气降尘中重金属的平均生物有效性系数顺序为:Sr(0.87)Zn(0.85)Cu(0.80)Pb(0.67)Mn(0.50)Co(0.47)Ni(0.39)Ba(0.19)≈Cr(0.19)V(0.12)Fe(0.08)Ti(0.01),Ti、Fe、V、Cr和Ba为生物不可利用元素,Ni、Co、Mn和Pb为潜在生物可利用元素,Cu、Zn和Sr为生物可利用元素.     

ICP-AES法测定固体废物中22种金属元素的含量

本文采用硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系微波消解矿业废渣类固体废物样品,使用全谱直读型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪同时测定固体废物中Ag、Al、Ba、Be、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、Sr、Ti、V、Tl、Sb和Zn等22种金属元素,并通过加标回收率实验对方法进行验证.实验结果表明,该方法操作简单,定量准确,可满足固体废物中22种元素的含量分析.     

渭河(西安段)柱状沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征研究

本文以渭河(西安段)沉积物柱状样为研究对象,对柱样中重金属As,Ba,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni,Pb,Ti,Zn,Mo和Al含量与分布规律进行分析,为渭河的污染防治以及流域治理规划等提供科学依据.     

武汉三角湖复合垂直流人工湿地对重金属元素的去除研究

对武汉三角湖复合垂直流人工湿地进出水口中10种重金属元素（As、Ba、Cd、Cr、Cu、Li、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn）去除进行了周年监测（2007年2月—12月）。人工湿地进水口重金属含量较低,无超标重金属元素。三角湖人工湿地进水口重金属元素含量排序为：Ba〉Mn〉Zn〉Li〉Cu〉As〉Pb〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd。三角湖人工湿地出水口对重金属去除效果排序为：Cd〉As〉Mn〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr〉Cu〉Ba〉Li〉Ni。研究表明复合垂直流人工湿地可以有效的去除重金属,对受污染水体水质改善和水生态系统恢复具有重要意义。     

采用微波等离子体原子发射光谱（MP-AES）新技术同时测定环境水样中的多种金属元素

采用高性能微波等离子体原子发射光谱仪（MP-AES）同时测定环境水中Be、Cd、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Na、K、Mg、Pb、Zn、Ti、V等多种金属元素.各元素的线性相关系数均≥0.999,相对标准偏差在1%以内,检出限在0.2—9.3μg.L-1之间.采用GSBZ 5009—88和GSBZ 500...     

湘江长沙段沉积物重金属污染特征及其评价

本研究用沉积柱钻探取样法获得湘江长沙段沉积物样品,利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析沉积物中9种重金属含量,并利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析沉积物的矿物组成.在此基础上,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数等方法,评价沉积物重金属污染程度.结果表明,湘江长沙段沉积物中重金属含量变化较大(CV﹥0.20),分布不均一.其中Mn、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni达中等-显著富集程度,而V、Th无明显富集.地累积指数和潜在生态风险评价结果显示,长沙段沉积物中Pb、Zn、Mn、Cu达偏中度至偏重度污染,Cr、Co、Ni、Th为轻污染.重金属存在轻至中等程度的潜在生态风险,其风险程度大小排序为:PbCuNiCoZnMnCrV.沉积物中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Co、Ni、Cr、V可能与流域中上游矿石冶炼等人为活动带入有关,而Th可能来自流域岩石风化等自然过程.流域重金属污染防治中,应密切关注Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb等重金属引起的污染.     

滇池沉积物中重金属污染特征及其生态风险评估

采集了滇池北部和中心区域2根柱状沉积物样品,分析其常量元素（Fe、Mn、Al、Ti、Ca、K）、微量元素（Ba、Sr、Cu、Pb、Zn、V、Cd）剖面分布特征,并采用H？kanson潜在生态危害指数法对典型重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb）进行了污染潜在生态风险评估。结果表明：沉积物中常量元素以Fe2O3、CaO及Al2O3为主,MnO、K2O及TiO2含量较少,变化范围是Fe2O3为8.0～14.9%、MnO为0.1～0.2%、Al2O3为9.0～20.1%、TiO2为1.5%～2.8%、CaO为0.4～21.7%、K2O为1.5～2.0%;微量元素Pb, Cd, Zn, Ba, Cu, Sr 及V含量均较高,变化范围是Pb为73.8～105.3 mg·kg^-1、Cd为1.0～3.4 mg·kg^-1、Zn为123.4～210.6 mg·kg^-1、Ba为264.8～435.7 mg·kg^-1、Cu为77.5～133.5 mg·kg^-1、Sr为34.9～137.5 mg·kg^-1以及V为177.7～284.7 mg·kg^-1。尤其表层0～12 cm内（1950 s以后）,各元素含量值均明显高于12 cm以下各值,20世纪50年代后滇池流域内工农业发展及污染物输入是造成金属元素含量累积的主要因素。沉积物中典型重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染潜在生态风险评估结果：Cu、Zn和Pb处于中度污染,且C if 值越接近表层（0～12 cm）其值越高,这表明自1950S后污染程度不断加重,其中 Cd 累积与污染比较严重,分析多种元素的多因子污染参数之和C d表明滇池沉积物中多种元素污染整体处于“较高”污染程度,分析多种元素的潜在生态风险指数RI表明滇池沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险处于“很高”水平。同时,滇池北部沉积物中重金属潜在危害较严重且近年来污染有加重趋势。     

闽东定海-黄岐湾表层沉积物重金属污染特征及来源解析

定量解析沉积物重金属来源并绘制空间分布图可为海洋生态环境治理修复提供科学依据.本文以定海-黄岐湾为研究区,分析其表层沉积物的重金属含量,通过内梅罗指数和地统计法探究其重金属空间分布规律,并基于正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)定量描述其重金属元素的污染来源.研究结果表明定海-黄岐湾表层沉积物的V、 Cr、 Co、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb均值分别为86.55、 61.50、 13.50、30.42、30.60、116.58、0.11、39.94 mg·kg^-1均超出福建省近岸浅海沉积物的背景值1倍以上;地统计和内梅罗指数表明V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量的空间分布和污染特征具有差异性.其中,V为轻度污染,Cr、Co、Ni、Pb均为中度污染而Cu、Zn、Cd为重污染,但是其高值区和污染严重区域均出现在人类活动密集区,呈现受人类活动影响的共性特征;PMF分析则阐释沉积物中的V来自于区域岩石风化的自然源,Zn和Cd元素来自于生活污水的排放,Ni、Cr、Co和Cu来自于船只表面金属涂层剥落,Pb来自于船只海上交通泄露的油料.自然源、生活排污源、工...     

上海市公园绿地小羽藓中微量元素时空分布特征

以上海市26个公园绿地中2014年8月至2015年8月采集的104件小羽藓样品为研究对象,分析样品中15种微量元素含量,结合地统计和GIS技术方法,对重金属元素在小羽藓中含量的时空分布特征进行了探究.结果表明,15种微量元素在苔藓体内富集明显.相关性分析表明,Al、Ba、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sr和Zn两两都具有显著的相关性(P0.05),K和Na元素存在显著相关性(P0.05);主成分分析进一步表明,小羽藓重金属元素主要来源于工业活动与交通污染,也受到地表扬尘和海盐气溶胶的影响.小羽藓重金属含量在季节上主要表现为冬季秋季夏季春季,随生长周期不断积累;与上世纪80年代相比Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr含量显著增大,近年来呈现降低趋势.采用克里金插值法对小羽藓中典型重金属做空间分布表明,Hg、Pb、Fe、Cr、Cu等呈现以中心城区和工业区为高值区,市郊为低值区的格局,Al元素呈现污染范围广的特征;Cu、Pb、Cr高值区域与2005年相比存在一定的差异,无论是污染范围还是污染程度均明显高于上世纪80年代.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.