Fenton试剂处理选矿废水机理研究

研究了用Fenton试剂处理选矿废水中残余的黄药,分别考查了氧化时间、反应初始pH值、Fe2+浓度及H2O2用量对黄药降解效果的影响,用正交试验确定了4个因素的最好条件。结果表明:初始pH值和H2O2用量是影响去除效果的主要因素;氧化时间为60 m in,反应初始pH=4,[Fe2+]=20 mg/L,[H2O2]=20 mg/L,黄药的浓度为125 mg/L时,黄药的去除率达到99.5%;初步探讨了Fenton试剂净化废水中黄药的机理是.OH自由基先将黄药氧化为过氧化黄原酸盐,再将其氧化为CO2,黄药得到去除。     

Fenton氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中COD的动力学研究

对絮凝预处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行Fenton氧化处理。通过微分法对Fenton氧化的反应级数进行求解,确定其反应级数为2,并初步建立了Fenton氧化的动力学模型,即1/c=1/c0+kt,由此建立起来的降解的动力学模型与实验数据相吻合;在4个实验基准条件下———初始COD浓度为960 mg/L、pH值4、H2O2投加量0.4 mol/L、nH2O2/nFe2+3∶1,探讨了其中某一变量对反应速率的影响。实验水样为絮凝反应出水,进水COD浓度为912～960 mg/L,出水COD浓度为80～112 mg/L,COD去除率在87%～92%之间,表明Fenton试剂能够有效地处理垃圾渗滤液。     

微波-Fenton对沼液中抗生素和激素的高级氧化

采用微波强化Fenton氧化处理系统,研究H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH、微波辐射时间和微波辐射功率对沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素及金霉素降解效果的影响.结果发现,采用微波强化Fenton氧化降解沼液中抗生素与激素的最优条件是:H2O2浓度为40 mg/L、Fe2+浓度为12 mg/L、初始pH为4、微波辐射时间为2 min、微波辐射功率为中火(445W),沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素、金霉素和COD的去除率分别达到67％、93％、91％、88％和46％.在水浴条件下,与单独微波辐射和单独Fenton相比,微波强化Fenton氧化有明显的优越性.     

赤泥协同Fenton法处理焦化废水的研究

采用赤泥吸附协同Fenton法处理焦化废水,两者协同处理对COD的去除率高于其单独处理之和.考察了赤泥投加量、初始pH值、反应温度、H2O2浓度和Fe2+浓度等因素对降解效果的影响,实验结果表明,在20 g/L的赤泥、初始pH=3、80 mmol/L的H2O2、224 mg/L的Fe2+的最佳条件下,经过120 min...     

超声波/Fenton工艺降解微量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和壬基酚效能的研究

研究了在超声波、Fenton不同体系中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和壬基酚(NP)的降解效果.通过正交实验得到超声波/Fenton工艺各个因素影响程度的大小为:H2O2投加量＞初始pH＞反应时间＞Fe2+投加量＞超声功率.最后得到降解250mL质量浓度为100 μg/L的DMP的最佳条件:H2 O2投加量为2 mmol/L、Fe2+投加量为0.40 mmol/L、初始pH为3.00、超声功率为1 800W、反应时间为120 min,降解率可达到85.96％;降解250mL质量浓度为100 μg/L的NP的最佳条件:H2O2投加量为4mmol/L、Fe2+投加量为0.50 mmol/L、初始pH为3.00、超声功率为1 800W、反应时间为120 min,降解率可达到78.70％.     

Fenton体系降解水中偶氮染料的研究

研究了Fenton体系对于水溶液中偶氮染料橙G(orange G,OG)的降解,反应30 min后,在[Fe2+]0=0.1mmol/L、[H2O2]0=10 mmol/L、pH=3.0的条件下,初始浓度为20 mg/L的OG的去除率达到99%以上。与H2O2相比,OG的降解速率随着Fe2+不同投加量的变化更为敏感。Fe2+和H2O2初始浓度较高时,反应过程中的Fe2+的浓度维持在一个较低的水平,OG的降解速率较快。腐殖酸对OG在Fenton体系中的降解影响表现出明显的阻碍作用,并且随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,抑制作用越来越大。     

生化-Fenton氧化联合工艺处理石化净化水的回用

净化水是经过一定预处理的石化废水,具有很高的回用价值,为此采用生化-Fenton联合工艺对净化水进行了处理,研究了初始pH、反应温度、H2O2与Fe2+的摩尔投加比、投加量和反应时间等因素对废水COD去除率的影响。结果表明,Fenton氧化反应可有效去除生化处理出水中的COD,在H2O2(30%)投加量为6.34 m L/L,H2O2与Fe2+的摩尔投加比为5∶1,pH值为4,温度30℃,反应时间2h条件下,废水COD的去除率可达79.7%。GC-MS分析结果表明,Fenton氧化反应对难降解有机污染物具有较好的去除效果,同时可有效提高废水的可生化性,B/C比最大可提升至0.58,氧化出水经生化处理后的剩余COD可降至77.9 mg/L,达到工业回用水标准。     

Fenton氧化-混凝联合工艺处理络合铜镍废水的研究

采用Fenton试剂氧化-混凝联合工艺对难处理络合铜镍电镀废水进行了研究,考察了废水初始pH值、H2O2初始浓度、[Fe2 ]/[H2O2]、反应时间和温度、混凝液pH、混凝剂质量浓度对处理过程的影响,探讨了废水的降解途径和机理.结果表明,在体系初始pH=4,温度30℃,H2O2投加量为800mg/L,[Fe2 ]/[H2O2]=0.1,反应时间60 min,混凝液pH=8及混凝剂质量浓度为500mg/L的条件下,废水的COD去除率为96.98%,Cu2 为99.91%,Ni2 为99.92%,处理水完全达到国家一级排放标准.同时依据GC/MS对X-GN降解最终产物的分析结果,推导出废水的基本降解机理和途径.     

US-UV-Fenton降解硝基苯

采用超声波(US)、紫外光(UV)和Fenton联合降解硝基苯,初步探讨了其作用规律。研究结果表明,UV可以促进双氧水转化自由基的效率,而US同时具有强化传质作用和超声氧化作用,两者均能够强化Fenton氧化硝基苯的降解过程。正交实验结果表明,H2O2初始浓度是硝基苯降解和矿化的最显著影响因素,反应时间和超声功率是矿化的显著影响因素。最佳反应条件为:H2O2500 mg/L、Fe2+10 mg/L、反应时间60 min、超声波功率100 W,此时,硝基苯完全降解,TOC去除率达到73.0%。Fenton、UV/Fenton和US/UV/Fenton降解硝基苯过程均符合伪一级反应动力学模式,反应速率常数分别为3.37×10-2、3.81×10-2和5.10×10-2min-1。     

超声-Fenton法处理偶氮染料橙黄II的研究

以偶氮染料橙黄II为研究对象 ,考察了Fenton反应在超声辐射条件下 ,pH值、H2 O2 浓度、Fe2 + 离子浓度对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明 ,超声对Fenton试剂处理偶氮染料橙黄II具有强化作用。超声条件下 ,当染料浓度为10 0mg/L、pH为 3.0、Fe2 + 离子浓度为 10mg/L、H2 O2 浓度为 4 0 0mg/L时 ,反应 90min ,COD去除率最高可达 93%。     

Metal contamination in the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa near the copper smelter of Murdochville, Québec

Lichens were used to evaluate the metal pollution in a forest ecosystem around the smelter of Murdochville, Canada. As reached values 5.8 times higher in the smelter vicinity than in the 'background' sites. This enrichment was 2 times higher for 3 metals (Cu, Cd and Pb). The highest As, Ba, Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations in lichens were 4, 112, 1, 23, 50 and 952mg/kg respectively. Contamination declined exponentially with increasing distance from the smelter and was related to elevation and slope exposition to the smelter flux. (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/(204)Pb ratios were low close to the smelter (1.16 and 18), but increased with distance to constant values (1.19 and 18.7) and showed an inverse correlation with lead concentrations. Forest contamination was detectable up to 30km from the smelter.     

Reactive barriers for Cs retention

¹³⁷Cs was dispersed globally by cold war activities and, more recently, by the Chernobyl accident. Engineered extraction of ¹³⁷Cs from soils and groundwaters is exceedingly difficult. Because the half-life of ¹³⁷Cs is only 30.2 years, remediation might be more effective (and less costly) if ¹³⁷Cs bioavailability could be demonstrably limited for even a few decades by use of a reactive barrier. Essentially permanent isolation must be demonstrated in those few settings where high nuclear level wastes contaminated the environment with ¹³⁵Cs (half-life 2.3×10⁶ years) in addition to ¹³⁷Cs. Clays are potentially a low-cost barrier to Cs movement, though their long-term effectiveness remains untested. To identify optimal clays for Cs retention, Cs desorption was measured for five common clays: Wyoming Montmorillonite (SWy-1), Georgia Kaolinites (KGa-1 and KGa-2), Fithian Illite (F-Ill), and K-Metabentonite (K-Mbt). Exchange sites were pre-saturated with 0.16 M CsCl for 14 days and readily exchangeable Cs was removed by a series of LiNO₃ and LiCl washes. Washed clays were then placed into dialysis bags and the Cs release to the deionized water outside the bags measured. Release rates from 75 to 139 days for SWy-1, K-Mbt and F-Ill were similar; 0.017% to 0.021% sorbed Cs released per day. Both kaolinites released Cs more rapidly (0.12% to 0.05% of the sorbed Cs per day). In a second set of experiments, clays were Cs-doped for 110 days and subjected to an extreme and prolonged rinsing process. All the clays exhibited some capacity for irreversible Cs uptake. However, the residual loading was greatest on K-Mbt (0.33 wt.% Cs). Thus, this clay would be the optimal material for constructing artifical reactive barriers.     

Levels of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in fish and molluscs in Slovenia and the related dose assessment to the population

²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb activity concentrations in fish from the Slovenian part of Adriatic Sea, in the vicinity of a former uranium mine at ?irovski vrh and from the Slovenian market were determined. In addition, ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb activity concentrations in squid from the Slovenian market and in mussels from the Slovenian part of the Adriatic Sea were also determined. Fish, squid and mussel consumption in Slovenia was assessed from the data available from Eurostat and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the data used for the corresponding dose calculation. Fish species with the highest activity concentrations were grilled to assess possible loss of ²¹⁰Po during the food preparation process. Samples were freeze dried and radiochemical separation of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb was performed. Measurements of ²¹⁰Po were performed by alpha spectrometry and ²¹⁰Pb by a low background gas-flow proportional counter. ²¹⁰Po activity concentrations in fish, squid and mussels were from 0.039 to 35.0 Bq kg⁻¹ fresh weight and ²¹⁰Pb activity concentrations were from 0.08 to 3.03 Bq kg⁻¹ fresh weight. Grilling of fish resulted in no significant loss of ²¹⁰Po at 90 °C. The assessed combined annual effective ingestion dose due to ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb for fish, squid and mussels consumed in Slovenia is 47.6 μSv year⁻¹.     

Role of magnetite and humic acid in radionuclide migration in the environment

Sorption of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce by magnetite has been studied at varying pH (4 to 11) in the presence and absence of humic acid. The sorption studies have also been carried out at varying ionic strength (0.01 to 0.2 M NaClO₄) and humic acid concentration (2 to 20 mg/L). Percentage sorption of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr was found to be pH dependent, with the sorption increasing with increasing pH of the suspension. At any pH, the percentage sorption of ⁹⁰Sr was higher than that of ¹³⁷Cs. The results have been explained in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged metal ions and the surface charge of the magnetite which becomes increasingly negative with increasing pH. On the other hand, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce were found to be strongly sorbed by the magnetite at all pH values, with the sorption being independent of pH. The strong sorption of trivalent and tetravalent metal ions suggests the role of complexation reactions during sorption, apart from the electrostatic interactions. However, in the case of ¹⁴¹Ce surface precipitation of Ce(III) formed by reduction of Ce(IV) in the presence of magnetite cannot be ruled out. Presence of humic acid (2 mg/L) was found to have negligible effect on sorption of all metal ions.     

改性花生壳对Cd(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机理

以前期制得改性块状花生壳为对象,测定改性花生壳等电点,考察离子强度对改性花生壳吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的影响、吸附前后吸附质溶液pH变化情况及蒸馏水、NaCl、HNO3、柠檬酸和EDTA 5种解吸液对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸效果,并通过X-射线光电子能谱仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对吸附前后的改性花生壳进行表征,推测并证实了改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理。结果表明,改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理是:Cd2+是通过外层络合、离子交换和内层络合的联合作用被吸附的;Pb2+主要是与改性花生壳上的O、N等活性基团发生内层络合;此外,改性花生壳表面生成的二氧化锰对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附也起到一定的作用。     

Antibiotic removal from water: Elimination of amoxicillin and ampicillin by microscale and nanoscale iron particles

Zerovalent iron powder (ZVI or Fe⁰) and nanoparticulate ZVI (nZVI or nFe⁰) are proposed as cost-effective materials for the removal of aqueous antibiotics. Results showed complete removal of Amoxicillin (AMX) and Ampicillin (AMP) upon contact with Fe⁰ and nFe⁰. Antibiotics removal was attributed to three different mechanisms: (i) a rapid rupture of the β-lactam ring (reduction), (ii) an adsorption of AMX and AMP onto iron corrosion products and (iii) sequestration of AMX and AMP in the matrix of precipitating iron hydroxides (co-precipitation with iron corrosion products). Kinetic studies demonstrated that AMP and AMX (20 mg L⁻¹) undergo first-order decay with half-lives of about 60.3 ± 3.1 and 43.5 ± 2.1 min respectively after contact with ZVI under oxic conditions. In contrast, reactions under anoxic conditions demonstrated better degradation with t_1/2 of about 11.5 ± 0.6 and 11.2 ± 0.6 min for AMP and AMX respectively. NaCl additions accelerated Fe⁰ consumption, shortening the service life of Fe⁰ treatment systems.     

胺基树脂的合成及对水中重金属离子的吸附特征

研究了使用氯甲基化聚苯乙烯交联微球为前驱体与二乙烯三胺经回流反应合成胺基树脂及其对水中Cd2+和Ni2+的吸附特征。结果表明,胺基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,胺基含量为5.6 mmol/g。胺基树脂对Cd2+和Ni2+的吸附等温线表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,且吸附等温线都符合Langmuir模型。pH值对吸附的影响较大,最佳吸附pH值范围为4~6。2种金属离子在胺基树脂上的吸附都符合准二级动力学方程。     

Influence of releases of I-129 from reprocessing plants on the marine environment of the North Adriatic Sea

Compared to the pre-nuclear era, large amounts of ¹²⁹I have been released to the marine environment, especially as liquid and gaseous discharges from two European reprocessing plants located at Sellafield and La Hague. Their liquid discharges influence Northern Europe and most research was conducted in the area of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. In this article data on ¹²⁹I content and ¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I ratios observed in the North Adriatic Sea, which is a rather enclosed basin of the Mediterranean Sea, are presented. To the best of our knowledge no data on ¹²⁹I in the Mediterranean Sea have previously been reported. As this area is isolated from direct liquid discharges, the main transport pathway is probably gaseous releases from reprocessing plants. Surface sea water, the marine alga Fucus virsoides, an iodine accumulator, and the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in 2009 and 2010, and marine sediment collected in 2005 and 2009 were analysed. The ¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I isotopic ratios observed were in the range from 0.8 to 3.0 × 10⁻⁰⁸ for seawater, from 0.06 to 0.35 × 10⁻⁰⁸ for marine sediment, from 0.05 to 0.10 × 10⁻⁰⁸ for F. virsoides and from 0.3 to 0.9 × 10⁻⁰⁸ for M. galloprovincialis.     

Impact of repeated pesticide applications on the binding and release of methyl 14C-monocrotophos and U-ring labelled 14C-carbaryl to soil matrices under field conditions

The dissipation of (O-methyl-¹⁴C) monocrotophos and U-ring labelled ¹⁴C-carbaryl was monitored for over two years in absence and presence of other insecticides using in situ soil columns. The dissipation of ¹⁴C-monocrotophos from soil treated with methomyl and carbaryl showed a faster rate of downward movement than in a control column tagged with the labelled insecticide alone. The same trend was observed in experiments with ¹⁴C-carbaryl that dissipated more readily in soil treated with non-labelled monocrotophos and methomyl. In the presence of other insecticides the percentage of bound residues was generally lower than in control experiments. The bound residues at the top of the column are released at a low rate under conditions prevailing in the field. The overall time required for dissipation of 50% of monocrotophos and carbaryl (t₅₀) as estimated from control experiment was approximately 20 and 24 weeks, respectively. The data indicate that repeated applications of pesticides might enhance the release of ¹⁴C-bound residues.     

Deltamethrin degradation and effects on soil microbial activity

Deltamethrin [(S)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-cis-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl) cyclo–propane carboxylate),1] labelled at gem-dimethyl groups of the cyclopropane ring was applied on two Egyptian soils at a level of 10 mg/kg soil for a laboratory incubation experiment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A steady decrease of soil extractable¹⁴C-residues, accompanied by a corresponding increase of non- extractable bound ¹⁴C-residues was observed over a 90-day incubation period. The percentage of evolved ¹⁴CO₂ increased with time under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in both soils. The effect of deltamethrin on soil microorganisms as well as the counter effect of microorganisms on the insecticide was also investigated. As the incubation period increased, the inhibitory effect of the insecticide on the microorganisms decreased and the evolution of carbon dioxide depended on the applied dose. The nature of soil methanol soluble residues was determined by chromatographic analysis which revealed the presence of the parent insecticide as the main product in addition to four metabolites: 3-(2′,2′-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (II); 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (III); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (IV); 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (V).