岛屿生境下苦槠丛枝菌根(AM)与根际土壤磷酸酶活性的相关性研究

以浙江千岛湖典型生境片断化区域苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)为材料,研究了水库形成后岛屿化导致的群落生境差异对苦槠AM侵染率的影响以及AM侵染率与根际土壤磷酸酶活性的相关性.结果表明,以生境面积为因子进行单因素方差分析,则不同岛屿生境对苦槠AM侵染率影响差异不显著;但以Pearson相关性分析,AM侵染率与岛屿面积之间呈显著负相关.苦槠根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性在中岛、大岛与陆地间差异显著,但与AM侵染率之间无显著相关性.     

丛枝菌根化大青杨苗木根际微域环境的研究

对接种AM菌根真菌的大青杨苗木根际微区进行系统研究，发现AM菌根真菌对宿主根际微域环境产生了重要影响：试验中选用的Glomus mosseae、G.intraradices、G.sinuosa、G.versifopme等4种AM菌根真菌都与盆栽大青杨苗木形成了菌根复合体。其中G.mosseae、G.intraradices侵染效果最好，侵染率分别是64．4％、67．4％。受两种菌侵染的苗木的生物量分别是对照处理的2．59、2．13倍。AM菌根对根际土壤微生物种群数量没有产生影响，但使根面、根系上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加。AM菌根增加了根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性，各种酶活性增加量与苗木菌根侵染率呈显著相关。AM菌根使根际pH值降低，与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关。接种苗木的根际土壤中，可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象，与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关。     

VA菌根对喀斯特草本群落植物根际养分影响研究

以贵州花江喀斯特高原生态综合治理试验示范区内草本群落阶段的几种主要植物为材料,对其根际微生态环境进行了研究,包括根际土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和VA菌根侵染率及AMF孢子密度。结果表明：VA菌根侵染率和根际土壤中AMF孢子密度存在极显著正相关,相关系数达到0.97;不同植物根际土壤的化学指标和土壤酶活性均表现出较强的根际效应,即R/S〉1;VA菌根侵染率与pH值存在显著负相关,与有效磷质量分数存在极显著正相关,与碱性磷酸酶存在显著正相关,说明VA菌根能够促进土壤中难溶态磷往有效磷方向转化;AMF对宿主植物的侵染能够在一定程度上改善根际微生态环境的营养状况。     

泡囊丛枝菌根对红三叶草根际土壤磷酸酶活性的影响

以三叶草为材料，利用三室隔网培养方法，研究了缺磷土壤上施用植酸时接种３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ，Ｇｌｍｏｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ，Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ）对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。三叶草生长６０ｄ后，收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性，结果表明，接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性，Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ菌     

沙田柚根围AM真菌的生境适宜性和季节变化性

以山地长寿沙田柚成年果树为对象,研究不同生境和季节对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌侵染以及根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度的影响.试验结果表明,不同生境下,菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度都是以梯田最高,坡地次之,洼地最低;在坡地和洼地生境下,生草区均高于清耕区.两块试验地AM真菌的菌丝侵染率均为夏季最高(16.8%±1.9%和16.0%±1.8%),秋季次之,冬季最低;丛枝和泡囊的形成也是夏/秋季较高,春/冬季较低;而根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度则是秋季最高[(159±19)个/100 g和(167±17)个/100 g],夏季次之,冬季最低.总之,对于长寿沙田柚成年果树,AM真菌的菌根侵染率在夏季梯田最高,根围土壤中的AM真菌孢子密度在秋季梯田最高;在坡地和洼地生境中,生草处理均可显著提高菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度.图4参27     

丛枝菌根真菌与复硝酚钠在番茄育苗中的应用

研究了温室盆栽条件下接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌以及添加复硝酚钠稀释液对番茄育苗的影响.结果发现,在灭菌条件下接种AM真菌处理番茄根系AM真菌侵染率自2周起即保持在45%左右,且其地上部生物量在3周后一直显著高于不接菌对照(P<0.05),在接菌基础上添加1.8%复硝酚钠不同倍数(1×106、5×106和10×106)稀释液对番茄生长具有一定促进作用,其中以稀释5×106倍效果最佳;育苗6周后将对照、接种AM真菌处理以及在接菌基础上添加1.8%复硝酚钠5×106倍稀释液的幼苗各2株分别移栽到未灭菌土壤中,继续培养16周后发现,对照苗被土著AM真菌侵染,但结实率为0;菌根化苗AM真菌侵染率与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05),番茄结实率达到50%;添加复硝酚钠稀释液的菌根化苗AM真菌侵染率显著高于普通菌根化苗(P<0.05),且与对照苗相比,土壤pH显著降低、电导率显著升高(P<0.05),番茄结实率达到75%.结果表明,接种AM真菌对番茄育苗具有较好的促进作用,在接菌基础上添加1.8%复硝酚钠5×106倍稀释液对番茄幼苗生长和移栽后结实均具有更好的促进效果,具有推广应用价值.     

南亚热带森林优势树种氮、磷可利用性与菌根侵染率的关系

氮(N)和磷(P)是植物生长所必需的大量元素,其供应是否充足对植物生长发育具有重要影响。菌根真菌侵染有助于植物对N、P等营养元素的吸收利用,而以往研究大多集中于草地、农田生态系统中,并多以控制实验或者室内盆栽实验为主。选择南亚热带森林演替前期与演替中期的共有优势树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)以及演替中期与演替顶级阶段的共有优势树种木荷(Schima superba)与锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)为研究对象,测定其菌根侵染率、根际土酸性磷酸酶活性(acid phosphatase activity,APA)、根际土以及叶片元素含量,探讨不同演替阶段森林共有优势树种N、P可利用性与菌根真菌侵染率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)马尾松菌根侵染率由演替前期的48.18%显著增加到演替中期的65.7%;木荷以及锥栗菌根侵染率分别由演替中期的57.7%、50.79%增加到演替顶级的64.03%、53.18%;(2)共有优势树种菌根侵染率与叶片磷含量呈显著负相关关系,马尾松菌根侵染率与根际土铵态氮含量呈显著正相关关系;(3)共有优势树种根际土APA、叶片N:P均随着演替的进行而升高,木荷和锥栗根际土APA分别由演替中期的8.8、9.38μmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1)显著增加到演替顶级的16.96、15.55μmol·g~(-1).h~(-1);共有优势树种根际土APA与有效磷含量存在显著负相关关系,而与根际土C:P、N:P以及叶片N:P间存在极显著正相关关系。可见,随着南亚热带森林演替的进行,磷限制的增强将使得不同演替阶段森林共有优势树种菌根侵染率升高,菌根真菌的侵染能够缓解不同演替阶段森林共有优势树种所受的磷限制。     

丛枝菌根真菌与重金属的相互作用对玉米根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为供试植物 ,研究了砂培条件下不同丛枝菌根真菌 (Acaulosporalaevis,Glomuscaledonium ,Glomusmanihotis)与不同浓度重金属 (铜和镉 )的相互作用对菌根侵染率、孢子数、根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响 .在不同浓度的铜和镉中 ,G .caledonium的侵染率均最高 ,且随重金属浓度的增加而变化较小 ,而它的孢子数在这 3种接种处理中最低 .低量的铜 (0 .0 5mg/kg)可显著地减少不接种、接种A .laevis和G .manihotis的细菌数量 ,却能显著地增加接种处理的真菌数量 .当溶液中铜的浓度大于 0 .2mg/kg时 ,接种处理的真菌数量小于不接种处理的真菌数量 .铜或镉的浓度不同时放线菌数量均有接种远大于不接种 ,其中接种之间放线菌数量相差不大 ,且随重金属浓度增大而变化较小 .无论是不同浓度的铜还是不同浓度的镉的接种处理常有利于增加磷酸酶活性 .重金属浓度低时 ,细菌和真菌数量、磷酸酶活性变化较大 ,高浓度时变化较小 .图 7参 15     

丛枝菌根真菌与蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染农田土壤的影响

通过持续3 a的田间小区试验,研究了单独或联合接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染土壤效率的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著提高玉米根系的AM真菌侵染率(P<0.05),且双接种处理显著高于单接种处理(P<0.05);接种蚯蚓或蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种能显著提高玉米地上部、地下部生物量(P<0.05),并促进土壤中晶态的水合Fe、Al氧化物态砷含量升高;AM真菌与蚯蚓双接种处理土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05);与对照相比,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著降低土壤砷含量(P<0.05),且蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种处理土壤砷含量显著低于单独接种AM真菌或蚯蚓处理(P<0.05).可见,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓可以明显提高玉米对砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

从枝菌根真菌与重金属的相互作用对玉米根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为供试植物，研究了砂培条件下不同丛枝菌根真菌（Acaulospora laevis,Glomus caledonium,Glomus manihotis)与不同浓度重金属（铜和镉）的相互作用对菌根侵染率，孢子数，根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响。在不同浓度的铜和镉中，G.caledonium的侵染率均最高，且随重金属浓度的增加而变化较小，而它的孢子数在这3种接种处理中最低，低量的铜（0.05mg/kg)可显著地减少不接种，接种A.laevis和G.manihotis的细菌数量，却能显著地增加接种处理的真菌数量，当溶液中铜的浓度大于0.2mg/kg时，接种处理的真菌数量小于不接种处理的真菌数量，铜或镉的浓度不同时放线菌数量均有接种远大于不接种，其中接种之间放线菌数量相差不大，且随重金属浓度增大而变化较小，无论是不同浓度的铜还是不同浓度的镉的接种处理常有利于增加磷酸酶活性，重金属浓度低时，细菌和真菌数量，磷酸酶活性变化较大，高浓度时变化较小。     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。