环氧丙烷高盐皂化废水处理技术述评

基于氯醇法生产环氧丙烷所产皂化废水的高盐、高污染特性，从传统的预处理结合生化处理、多工艺组合处理、循环回用与资源化等方面总结了环氧丙烷高盐皂化废水处理技术的现状和发展趋势。指出，推动环氧丙烷生产工艺的清洁化发展，改进皂化废水的处理工艺并加强进水水质的管控，以及研发和应用废水回用和废盐资源化技术，是实现环氧丙烷高盐皂化废水处理行业可持续发展的关键。     

粉煤灰,聚合硫酸铁处理瓦楞纸生产废水的研究

本文介绍了以粉煤灰、聚合硫酸铁为水处理剂，处理瓦楞纸生产废水的试验研究。结果表明；该方法成本低，操作简便，处理效果好，废水可全部回用。     

太阳能晶硅片切割废液资源化回收处理工艺研究

采用纯物理法，通过固液分离、脱色、精滤、真空蒸馏、指标调节等工艺技术，对太阳能晶硅片切割废液进行资源化回收处理，切割废液回收得到的产品各项性能指标满足使用要求，可以再次作为太阳能晶硅片切割液使用，实现切割废液资源化循环利用，以及社会、环境和经济效益的有机统一和协调发展。     

美国炼油厂循环冷却水处理与污水回用现状

介绍了美国炼油厂循环冷却水系统的水质指标及常用的水质稳定技术,简述了美国炼油厂污水回用于循环冷却水的水源和水质要求,论述了市政污水回用的深度处理技术,分析了回用水对炼油厂循环冷却水系统的影响及相应的水处理工艺的调整方法,为我国炼油厂循环冷却水处理及污水回用提供借鉴。     

一种新的油田钻井废水处理方法

该发明公开了一种油田废水处理方法。该方法是：首先将钻井废水经过混凝预处理，混凝剂为铁系、铝系无机絮凝剂或铁铝系复合絮凝剂或这些絮凝剂的组合；然后进行固液分离；混凝预处理后的处理液进入化学氧化过程，处理后的废水达标排放。     

深度处理设施在太原第二热电厂废水回用中的应用

结合大唐太原第二热电厂废水回用工程的实例,分析了深度处理设施在电厂废水处理中的应用和应注意的事项,为电厂废水处理方案设计提供参考.     

废水中Cr6＋的处理方法及所用蒙脱石基纳米磁铁矿的制备方法

该发明提供一种废水中Cr6＋的处理方法：将蒙脱石基纳米磁铁矿加入到含Cr6＋废水中，在常温下搅拌5min至2h，然后静置15min至2h；利用磁铁或外加磁场回收吸附材料。所用蒙脱石基纳米磁铁矿制备步骤包括：混合铁盐、亚铁盐的水溶液；滴加氨水溶液；过滤、漂洗，固液分离；加入盐酸、加入蒙脱石，固液分离；干燥脱水等。该发明处理含Cr6＋废水，具有高效、成本低廉、     

废水电化学处理机

一种组合的废水电化学处理机，采用矩形体结构，由电化学处理槽和固液分离槽组成。固液分离槽有溶气释放一体机或压力溶气释放器，采用自动循环链条式或自动往复小车式刮泥机。电极板可以设置为一层或多层，采用可溶性电极板或不溶性电极板。配套电源为高压脉冲电源或普通电源。该电化学处理机适用于高浓度高毒性难降解有机工业废水、高色度高氨氮废水、     

美国零排放电厂水质监督计划的制定

在许多电厂中,为免去对废水进行处理,以及减少对原水的需求量,已对废水进行再循环利用。但是,对于再循环使用的废水,如果不采用昂贵的水处理系统,其水质就不能适应电厂进一步使用的要求。电厂的废水,如不容许排入受纳水体,常常排入太阳蒸发池(Solar evaporationponds)中处置这些“无用”废水,尤其在美     

电厂粉煤灰处理生活污水可行性研究

目前，山西省总发电装机容量达5024MW，其中火电占96％，年排灰量300余万吨，每排废水9600余万吨。预计到2000年，年排灰量将达1300余万吨，年排废水将达30000余万吨。因此，对燃煤电厂的废渣和废水进行综合治理污水资源化是当前环境保护的重要课题。为了探索利用火电厂粉煤灰处理生活污水，再将污水回收利用，我们对神头电厂生活污水不经生物处理直接冲灰进行了现场试验．在实验室进行了小型试验，探讨了粉煤灰处理生活污水的可行性，为火电厂提供了一种新的、经济可行的生活污水和粉煤灰综合治理方法。1试验基本情况试验从1989年3月至199…     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.