沈阳市大辛生活垃圾卫生填埋处理场的防渗设计

简要地介绍了沈阳大辛生活垃圾处理场场地概况,大辛垃圾处理场的防渗系统及其结构设计说明.大辛垃圾处理场的防渗系统采用防渗层(粘土与HDPF膜)、保护层(无纺土工布、200mm厚的砂子、200mm厚卵石层)、渗沥液排水层(200mm厚的砂垫层、200mm厚的卵石其中铺设盲沟)取得了良好的效果.     

利用正交试验法优化原子吸收测定镉的仪器参数研究

镉对人类和动物是一种毒性极强的污染物,由于工业化发展和人类活动范围扩大,导致环境镉污染越来越严重.环境监测站用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定镉,但影响镉准确测定的因素较多.为了优化原子吸收测定镉的仪器参数,利用正交试验法,对原子吸收分析过程中需要设置的原素灯工作电流、燃气流量和燃烧器高度三个主要因素进行无交互作用试验,优化仪器参数：原素灯工作电流4mA、燃气流量1 200 ml/min、燃烧器高度5.0 mm,其中燃气流量影响最显著.     

Relativitätstheorie als didaktische Herausforderung

The theory of relativity has been considered as one of the most abstract and most difficult theories at the turn of the century. Today relativity is taught at high schools. This process is explained here by the increased faith in this theory and by better verbal explanations of the twin paradox and other effects of relativity. The development of new audiovisual aides for the teaching of relativity and other fields of modern physics is seen here as one of the main didactical challenges for the future.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定头发中铜

利用优级纯硝酸浸润,放置过夜,适当水浴加热的方法,将头发制备成溶液,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定头发中铜,在选定的测定条件下检出限0.005mg/L、精密度2.4%、准确度实验的回收率在94.8%￣105.2%之间。     

Quantitative structure-property relationship of aromatic sulfur-containing carboxylates

IntroductionItiswidelyrecognizedthatthephysicochemicalprofileoforganicchemicalslargelydeterminestheirdistributionbetweenenvironmentalmedia .Fortheenvironmentalbehaviorsoforganiccontaminants,watersolubility(SW)andoctanol waterpartitioncoefficient(KOW)aretremendouslyimportant.Octanol waterpartitioncoefficienthasbeenwidelyrelatedtobiochemicaland orbiologicalactivityinquantitativestructure activityrelationships(QSARs) (Leo ,1 971 ) .Watersolubilitycorrespondstothedispersiontendencyandtothereca…     

氯改性活性炭吸附单质铅(Pb0)的机理

利用量子化学中密度泛函方法系统研究氯改性活性炭吸附单质铅（Pb⁰）的机理,明确了氯改性对活性炭吸附Pb⁰的影响,计算得到吸附过程中各个吸附构型的吸附能、重要键长、对应的Mayor键级和铅的Mulliken原子电荷.几何优化选用B3LYP方法结合def2-SVP基组,单点能任务选用PWPB95双杂化泛函结合def2-TZVP基组进行计算.结果表明：对于扶手椅型（armchair）活性炭,氯改性将使活性炭对Pb⁰的吸附能降低74.034kJ/mol;对于锯齿型（zigzag）活性炭,氯改性基本不会改变活性炭对Pb⁰的吸附能力,因此氯改性总体上会减弱活性炭对Pb⁰的吸附作用,但是吸附类型依然为强烈的化学吸附.分别应用电子密度分布和Mayor键级进一步验证纯活性炭和氯改性活性炭对Pb⁰吸附类型,结果与吸附能分析一致.Mayor键级分析表明氯原子通过改变周围碳原子活性影响Pb⁰的吸附,而不是与Pb⁰直接作用.Mulliken原子电荷分析表明铅的原子电荷正相关于活性炭对其的吸附能,铅的原子电荷越大,对应的吸附构型的吸附能越高.此外笔者发现Pb⁰的引入对氯改性活性炭继续吸附Pb⁰有抑制作用.     

Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的电喷雾质谱特征研究

采用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)技术,对水溶态Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的ESI MS特征进行了研究。ESI MS质谱扫描图中,离子峰连续分布,m/z值主要集中在低于1 500 的范围内,在质谱图低质荷比端形成相差2 amu的奇数系列峰,可能为复杂分子峰[M-1]的系列中性丢失的结果;在m/z约250,350,500 和700 处有类似“波”的离子峰分布,可能暗示不同来源的木质素单体形成的二聚体、三聚体、四聚体结构等。对木质素17 种模型化合物的电喷雾二级质谱碎片机理进行了较为详细的研究,以此来推断腐殖酸m/z200以内离子峰的结构。m/z 70 110为Pa hokee泥炭腐殖酸的“核结构”,m/z 110 200主要为三种木质素来源的单体结构及其衍生物,总体上可看出Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的母源为裸子植物和被子植物。该方法对腐殖酸样品具有重现性,可用于腐殖酸的结构研究。     

猪粪与秸秆协同发酵产热及溶解性有机质的转化特征

采用量热计法和三维荧光光谱,分别对猪粪发酵产热不同阶段温度、热值以及溶解性有机质(DOM)的转化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:在不同C/N(猪糞与芦苇秸秆物料配比)的4组发酵产热试验中,纯猪粪发酵产热温度高于室温时间达到60d,累积热量损失最多达8.862kJ/g,是增温技术最为理想的配比;随着发酵产热的进行,纯猪粪发酵产热样品中类蛋白化合物荧光比值(P_1,n+P_2,n,0.625~0.546)逐渐减少,类富里酸物质荧光比值(P_3,n,0.140~0.173)与类胡敏酸物质荧光比值(P_5,n,0.051~0.097)逐渐增多,腐殖化程度逐渐加强,但是与其他各组相比其腐殖酸类物质增加最少,腐殖化程度最低;不同C/N物料产热过程中,尽管不同区域的荧光强度与热值的相关性不同,但不同C/N物料释放的热量均来源于微生物对简单有机化合物的分解.      

Study on the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO2 film deposited with different N2 flow rates by DCPMS

N doped TiO₂ films were deposited by direct current pulse magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. By using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and atomic force microscope, we studied the influence of N₂ flow rate on the optical property and surface morphology of films. The results indicate that the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO₂ film was dominated by the N₂ flow rate. The mean absorbency in visible range of pure TiO₂ films is near to 0%, which means that the pure TiO₂ could hardly display the photocatalytic property in visible range. When N₂ flow rate is 2 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film could reach at 24%. In this case, the film could be used as photocatalyst induced by visible light. While with increasing N₂ flow rate, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased abruptly. Especially when N₂ flow rate exceeded 8 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased to about 0%, which is like pure TiO₂ fimls.     

Study on the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO2 film deposited with different N2 flow rates by DCPMS

N doped TiO₂ films were deposited by direct current pulse magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. By using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and atomic force microscope, we studied the influence of N₂ flow rate on the optical property and surface morphology of films. The results indicate that the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO₂ film was dominated by the N₂ flow rate. The mean absorbency in visible range of pure TiO₂ films is near to 0%, which means that the pure TiO₂ could hardly display the photocatalytic property in visible range. When N₂ flow rate is 2 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film could reach at 24%. In this case, the film could be used as photocatalyst induced by visible light. While with increasing N₂ flow rate, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased abruptly. Especially when N₂ flow rate exceeded 8 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased to about 0%, which is like pure TiO₂ fimls.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的不确定度评定

参照JJF1059-1999<测量不确定度评定与表示>的技术规范,通过对原子吸收分光光度法测定水质Zn标准样品过程的分析,阐明了Zn测量不确定度的评定步骤和评定方法,归纳提出了影响水样中Zn测量不确定度的主要因素和不确定度分量的主要来源,并给出了相对标准不确定度分量,得出了该Zn标准样品测量不确定度的评定结果:扩展不确定度为U=0.012mg/L,或相对不确定度为3.5%.结论:评定程序和方法符合技术规范要求,操作简便、结果可靠,有较高的应用价值.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的不确定度评定

参照JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的技术规范，通过对原子吸收分光光度法测定水质Zn标准样品过程的分析．阐明了Zn测量不确定度的评定步骤和评定方法，归纳提出了影响水样中Zn测量不确定度的主要因素和不确定度分量的主要来源，并给出了相对标准不确定度分量，得出了该Zn标准样品测量不确定度的评定结果：扩展不确定度为U=0．012mg／L，或相对不确定度为3．5％。结论：评定程序和方法符合技术规范要求，操作简便、结果可靠，有较高的应用价值。     

Neutrino Physics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century

   Neutrino Physics in recent decades has undergone a rapid growth and has evolved into a discipline of relevance for various research fields, ranging from geophysics to cosmology. On the other hand, however, the knowledge that we have about the neutrino itself, i.e., its very nature and intrinsic properties, is still rather fragmentary. This article summarizes the present status of pure and applied neutrino physics, emphasizing on pointing out the links to neighboring disciplines.     

硼氢化钾-原子荧光光谱分析法测定水中硒仪器参数条件优化及可靠性分析

结合水环境监测与评价工作的实际，研究水中硒测定方法（SL327．3-2005和GB／T5750．6—2006）。通过实验，全面分析了硼氢化钾-原子荧光光谱分析法测定水中硒的最佳适宜条件，并对仪器的参数及条件进行优化设置。该方法的检出限为0．0002mg／L，加标回收率为97．1％-105％，保证了检测数据准确性、精密性、代表性和方法的可靠性。     

Theoretical study on the degradation reaction of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin with atomic oxygen O(3P) in dielectric barrier discharge reactor

Dielectric barrier discharges （DBD） have been used in the degradation of dioxins due to the large number of excimers and free radicals produced in discharge process. In this article, the density functional theory （DFT） is used to study the degradation mechanism of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin （OCDD） with the atomic oxygen O（3P） in DBD reactor. The reactants, intermediates, transition states and products are optimized at the MPWB1K/6- 31 ＋ G（d,p） level. The vibrational frequencies have been calculated at the same level. The reaction pathways and mechanisms are analyzed in detail. The effect of removing the chlorine atom on environment also has been discussed.     

Pauli,das Neutrino und die Entdeckung des Neutrons vor 50 Jahren

The story of the discovery of the neutrino as is well known, has been distorted by a number of legends. The factual information now available from the Pauli Correspondence shows the neutrino so to speak, as a by-product of a much more comprehensive revision of the foundations of physics, to which end the efforts of several great theoreticians were directed in order to overcome the theoretical difficulties confronting nuclear physics at the beginning of the 1930's. The well known letter from Pauli to the “radioactive ladies and gentlemen” outlines merely the properties of a particle postulated by this theory. Had the complete theory been revealed these would have won little attention because of the inherent difficulties it still contained. Nevertheless the predicted qualities of this hypothetical particle corresponded exactly with observational data and allowed in addition the preservation of the tried and tested conservation laws. Accordingly an incomplete theory led to a fruitful development in physics.     

华北地区夏季大气亚微米颗粒物的半挥发性特征

利用热扩散管TD(Thermal Denuder)与高分辨飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-ToF-AMS)联用法,于2013年6—7月对华北地区国家环境空气质量评价区域点香河的大气PM₁(亚微米颗粒物)及其组分〔OM(有机质)、SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、Cl-〕进行连续在线观测,并实现了PM₁不同化学组分半挥发性特征的模拟分析. 结果表明:在观测期间,ρ(PM₁)平均值为 (47.9±47.3) μg/m3,其中OM贡献最大,达到38.2%〔ρ(OM)占ρ(PM₁)的比例,下同〕,之后依次为SO₄2-(33.7%)、NH₄+(13.8%)、NO₃-(12.3%)、Cl-(2.0%). 在PM₁的各化学组分中,NO₃-和Cl-的MFR(质量剩余分数)值最低(约0.40),表明二者的半挥发性最高,当温度为50 ℃时,约60%的NO₃-或Cl-进入气相中;SO₄2-的半挥发性最低,在50 ℃时仍有约90%的质量剩余;而OM和NH₄+的半挥发性居中. NO₃-的半挥发性受大气PM₁污染水平的影响,50 ℃时其半挥发性随着ρ(PM₁)的增加而升高. 当温度从50 ℃升至200 ℃时,残留有机气溶胶的O/C(原子数比)从0.47增至0.60,说明半挥发性组分多为氧化态较低的有机化合物. 此外,真空动力学粒径在60~2 000 nm的颗粒物在不同粒径段表现出相近的半挥发性. 大气PM₁半挥发性的定量分析结果可为全面认识大气颗粒物的物化性质及污染机理提供数据,也有助于空气质量模型的完善.      

石墨炉原子吸收法测定室内积尘中铅含量不确定度评定

通过采集南宁市居民室内积尘,采用石墨炉原子吸收法进行铅含量的测定,根据JJF1059—1999〈〈测量不确定度评定与表示》对影响测量结果的不确定度分量进行了量化的计算,结果表明影响铅含量测定不确定度的主要因素为试样制备和校准曲线绘制,在该样品铅含量测定中,室内积尘中铅含量为21．4mg／kg,其扩展不确定度±2．78ms／kg。