受限空间内湍流模型对气体扩散仿真结果的影响

针对受限空间内气体扩散问题,为研究不同湍流模型对气体扩散仿真结果的影响 ,选取FLUENT软件中工程应用较为广泛的湍流模型为研究对象,以相关气体扩散实验为 参考,构建数值仿真模型,在初始和边界条件相同的情况下采用不同的湍流模型对实验 过程进行数值模拟。在对模拟结果定量化分析方面,采用了Hanna等人提出的广泛应用 于重气扩散模型评价的误差分析方法,并结合了chang等人提出的有关模拟效果的统计 误差评判标准,通过计算模拟值与实验值之间的统计误差对比分析了各模型模拟效果。 结果表明,所选的5种Reynolds平均湍流模型模拟结果的统计误差指标均符合有效性评 判标准,模拟值总体上要高于实验值,并且Realizable k-ε模型的模拟效果要优于其 他模型。湍流模型的选用会对受限空间内气体扩散仿真结果产生影响,选择合适的湍流 模型有助于提高数值仿真的精度。     

城市重气扩散模型SLAB-URBAN外场试验模拟验证

研究适用于模拟城市中危险化学品扩散的重气扩散模型SLAB-URBAN.模型中考虑了城市冠层内风的特征,即引入基于城市形态学的风速廓线计算方法.分别采用SLAB-URBAN模型和SLAB模型对2000年盐湖城的重气扩散试验进行模拟,主要验证下风方向不同观测距离的气体最大小时平均浓度与源释放速率的比值.结果表明,SLAB-URBAN模型的模拟结果比SLAB模型更接近观测值.从应急反应和安全角度上来说,SLAB-URBAN模型也符合实际工作的需求.     

重气连续泄漏扩散的风洞模拟实验与数值模拟结果对比分析

将重气连续泄漏的风洞模拟实验结果与SLAB重气扩散模型的预测结果进行了对比 ,分析了实验结果与模型预测结果的一致性 ,剖析了重气连续扩散的特点 ,特别是风速对重气连续泄漏扩散的影响 ,提出了在风洞模拟实验及扩散模型方面下一步应做的工作     

扩散体型挡风坝集风系统研究

为了有效收集风流,本文提出了扩散体型挡风坝集风系统,确定了扩散体挡风坝模型的尺寸,通过Fluent软件模拟了不同入口风速时,扩散体坝体截面中心点至地面不同高度点风速,并确定了风速增大倍数。在此基础上,开展了基于风洞的扩散体挡风坝集风实验,结果表明:扩散体挡风坝数值模拟结果与风洞实验结果基本一致,风速均增加近0.5倍左右,挡风坝集风效果明显。研究结论对挡风坝风力发电系统的工程可行性和经济效益具有重要的理论和现实指导意义。     

液化天然气泄漏扩散实验的CFD模拟验证

运用CFD软件fluent对LNG泄漏扩散的Burro实验进行了模拟,并将不同点处模拟的温度和浓度随时间的变化与实验结果进行了对比.结果表明,温度和浓度的变化趋势与实验值基本一致,水平面、侧面以及对称面上的浓度等值线分布也与实验基本吻合,模拟得到的下风向处甲烷的最大体积分数在近源处要低于实验值,在距离泄漏源较远处则偏高,最后在实验结果的基础上,计算了模拟结果的统计误差,并将其与各种模型的误差进行对比,结果表明fluent的误差要低于其他模型,所预测的值总体上来说偏高.     

有毒气体泄漏场景模拟与区域疏散分析

针对CBRN事故中的毒气泄漏场景进行研究,采用SLAB模型模拟有毒气体的泄漏扩散,并给出模拟流程。以山东某企业光气泄漏灾害应急疏散项目为例,计算不同风速和泄漏孔径的毒气泄漏的最远扩散距离、到达时间与持续时间。通过模拟获得有毒气体浓度的时间空间分布数据,得出致死区、重伤区和轻伤分区的范围变化情况。证明随时间的推移,光气不断向下风向扩散。最后通过系统设计与程序运算,实现了事故信息的获取、划定事故影响区域和疏散范围以及对疏散人口进行预测的目的。有毒气体扩散模拟与区域疏散分析对于合理制定针对CBRN事故的应急疏散方案具有重要意义。     

航天发射场液体推进剂的泄漏扩散模型研究

为了实现对有毒推进剂泄漏扩散浓度的快速估算，对液体推进剂偏二甲肼在发射场泄漏蒸发扩散的实际情况进行理论分析，建立扩散模型，并从泄漏源、沉积效应、地面反射、大气稳定度等方面对扩散模型进行完善；应用数值模拟方法进行仿真，将数值模拟结果与实验数据、理论计算结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:气体扩散模型与数值模拟及实验结果基本一致，但扩散模型计算结果偏小，这是由于推进剂进行了燃烧和氧化反应，扩散区域温度上升，大气稳定度降低，实际浓度更大。     

重气泄漏扩散实验的计算流体力学(CFD)模拟验证

运用CFD软件Fluent中的标准双方程湍流模型,对重气瞬时和连续泄漏的扩散进行了模拟以预测重气扩散过程中参数的变化,结果表明重气在垂直高度上的浓度随高度增加而减小,对于重气到达一点处的时间而言,瞬时泄漏的预测时间小于实际到达时间,而且浓度减小到零的时间也要先于实际的时间,连续泄漏的情形则相反,模拟过程假设风速和风向不变导致模拟结果没有实际的波动大.通过将模拟的最大摩尔浓度进行误差统计计算表明:Fluent对于连续泄漏源的扩散模拟结果最为准确.CFD模型能准确预测重气扩散过程中气体浓度的变化,可以应用于实际的风险分析和安全评价中.     

一种瞬间泄漏重气扩散模型的探讨

在对现有盒子模型进行分析研究的基础上,结合高斯模型,建立了一种新的瞬间泄漏重气扩散模型（BOX GM）。BOX GM模型具有形式简单、容易编程和运算时间短等特点。将BOX GM模型模拟结果与Throney Island Trials系列试验的7组代表不同类型大气环境下的现场试验数据进行了比较,同时与IIT Heavy Gas Model 模型的模拟结果也进行了对比,结果表明,BOX GM模型的模拟精度较高。     

比较FDS和FLUENT在池火灾模拟中的应用

热辐射是池火灾燃烧的主要危害之一,可能导致人员伤亡或设备设施损坏。油罐火灾是典型的池火灾。本文通过对无风情况下油罐火灾火焰形状进行理论模型分析,建立了各自的物理模型和几何模型。应用计算流体动力学软件Fluent和火灾动力学模拟软件FDS,对无风情况下池火灾对周围大气环境的热辐射强度进行模拟,得到了火焰周围入射热流密度分布图,运用软件Statistica拟合得出热辐射强度与距离火焰中心的水平距离的对应关系,分别计算出轻伤半径区域下的最小安全距离。数值模型模拟结果与池火灾经验模型进行比较,发现FDS辐射强度结果与经验模型结果吻合较好。分析了利用这两种模型模拟油罐火灾各自的优点和缺点,最后提出了运用FDS软件模型模拟油罐火灾时的优势。     

Ventilation theory and dispersion modelling applied to hazardous area classification

Critical formulae given in the current Explosive Atmospheres Hazardous Area Classification Standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2008) [BS EN 60079-10-1, 2009] to determine the expected gas cloud volume which is used to determine area classification do not have any scientific justification. The standard does allow the alternative use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, which serve to compound the concern with these formulae: the predicted volume of the gas cloud from CFD models being several orders of magnitude smaller than that given by the formulae in question. To resolve such major discrepancies, replacement of the current formulae with a scientifically validated approach is proposed. Integral models of dispersion and ventilation have been used routinely for many years in the analysis of major hazards in the chemical industry. This paper presents an adaptation of these models to determine the expected volume of a gas cloud arising from a release of gas from a pressurised source. A very simple integral jet model is presented for outdoor dispersion, extended to the case of indoor dispersion, from which the volume of the gas cloud is derived. The single free parameter, an entrainment coefficient, is fixed by comparison with data on a free jet, and then predictions of the model are compared with CFD calculations (which themselves have been validated against experimental data) for dispersion within an enclosed volume. The results of this simple integral model are seen to agree very well with the CFD predictions. The methodology presented here is therefore proposed as a scientifically validated approach to Hazardous Area Classification.     

Numerical simulation of water curtain application for ammonia release dispersion

Using water curtain system to forced mitigate ammonia vapor cloud has been proven to be an effective measure. Currently, no engineering guidelines for designing an effective water curtain system are available, due to lack of understanding of complex interactions between ammonia vapor cloud and water droplets, especially the understanding of ammonia absorption into water droplets. This paper presents numerical calculations to reproduce the continuous ammonia release dispersion with and without the mitigating influence of a downwind water curtain using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS Fluent 14.0. The turbulence models k–ɛ and RNG were used to simulate the ammonia cloud dispersion without downwind water curtain. The simulated results were compared with literature using the statistical performance indicators. The RNG model represents better agreement with the experimental data and the k–ɛ model generates a slightly lesser result. The RNG model coupled with Lagrangian discrete phase model (DPM) was used to simulate the dilution effectiveness of the water curtain system. The ammonia absorption was taken into account by means of user-defined functions (UDF). The simulated effectiveness of water curtains has good agreements with the experimental results. The effectiveness of water mitigation system with and without the ammonia absorption was compared. The results display that the effectiveness mainly depends on the strong air entrainment enhanced by water droplets movement and the ammonia absorption also enhances the effectiveness of water curtain mitigation system. The study indicates that the CFD code can be satisfactorily applied in design criteria for an effective mitigation system.     

Risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO2 pipelines incorporating topography

This paper presents a risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO₂ pipelines developed at the Health and Safety Laboratory as part of the EU FP7 project CO2Pipehaz.Traditionally, consequence modelling of dense gas releases from pipelines at major hazard impact levels is performed using integral models with limited or no consideration being given to weather bias or topographical features of the surrounding terrain. Whilst dispersion modelling of CO₂ releases from pipelines using three-dimensional CFD models may provide higher levels of confidence in the predicted behaviour of the cloud, the use of such models is resource-intensive and usually impracticable. An alternative is to use more computationally efficient shallow layer or Lagrangian dispersion models that are able to account for the effects of topography whilst generating results within a reasonably short time frame.In the present work, the proposed risk assessment methodology for CO₂ pipelines is demonstrated using a shallow-layer dispersion model to generate contours from a sequence of release points along the pipeline. The simulations use realistic terrain taken from UK topographical data. Individual and societal risk levels in the vicinity of the pipeline are calculated using the Health and Safety Laboratory's risk assessment tool QuickRisk.Currently, the source term for a CO₂ release is not well understood because of its complex thermodynamic properties and its tendency to form solid particles under specific pressure and temperature conditions. This is a key knowledge gap and any subsequent dispersion modelling, particularly when including topography, may be affected by the accuracy of the source term.     

Are dispersion models suitable for simulating small gaseous chlorine releases?

Dispersion models are mostly validated on the basis of historical dispersion experiments. The latter imply large quantities of hazardous products (flammable or toxic gases), and are dedicated to study the dispersion of the resulting clouds on great distances from the source to reach a better knowledge of the different phases of gas dispersion (slumping, creeping, passive dispersion…).However, dispersion models have hardly been validated on small releases and therefore require more validation on small plumes of dangerous gases. Indeed, what is their reliability in case of accidents involving small amounts (e.g., chlorine leakages at swimming pools’ installations), and for small distances downwind the gas source? This information is of prime interest in so far as small releases are more likely to occur than larger ones.This paper reports on chlorine small-scale dispersion experiments and deals with the comparison between experimental data of ground level concentrations in the plume and predicted concentrations obtained from several dispersion models.     

CFD simulation study on gas dispersion for risk assessment: A case study of sour gas well blowout

Compared with general blowout, the process of sour gas well blowout is more complex. The exchange of gas state is affected by many factors, and the consequences of the accident are serious. It is difficult to find out the rule of gas dispersion and predict the distribution of toxic gas. Fluent code was used to model the sour gas dispersion in the atmosphere after well blowout. The “12.23” sour gas well blowout, which was happened in Kai County, Chongqing, Sichuan, China, was the research background. The blowout accident model was set up to simulate the real process. Models were built based on real topography. Wind speed and atmospheric stability of the day which the accident happened were set as the operation conditions, and the composition, injection rate, and temperature of the gas at the actual time were set as the boundary conditions of numerical simulation. The analysis of gas dispersion based on simulation results conducted from two aspects, height and dispersion time. A comparison of field data with simulation data demonstrated that CFD technology can be an effective aid to describe the process of sour gas dispersion and can also predict the tendency of gas dispersion and gas distribution. Furthermore, it can provide guidance on design emergency response zone (ERZ).     

Validation of FLACS against experimental data sets from the model evaluation database for LNG vapor dispersion

The siting of facilities handling liquefied natural gas (LNG), whether for liquefaction, storage or regasification purposes, requires the hazards from potential releases to be evaluated. One of the consequences of an LNG release is the creation of a flammable vapor cloud, that may be pushed beyond the facility boundaries by the wind and thus present a hazard to the public. Therefore, numerical models are required to determine the footprint that may be covered by a flammable vapor cloud as a result of an LNG release. Several new models have been used in recent years for this type of simulations. This prompted the development of the “Model evaluation protocol for LNG vapor dispersion models” (MEP): a procedure aimed at evaluating quantitatively the ability of a model to accurately predict the dispersion of an LNG vapor cloud.This paper summarizes the MEP requirements and presents the results obtained from the application of the MEP to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model – FLACS. The entire set of 33 experiments included in the model validation database were simulated using FLACS. The simulation results are reported and compared with the experimental data. A set of statistical performance measures are calculated based on the FLACS simulation results and compared with the acceptability criteria established in the MEP. The results of the evaluation demonstrate that FLACS can be considered a suitable model to accurately simulate the dispersion of vapor from an LNG release.     

A method for simulation of vapour cloud explosions based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

The effectiveness of the application of CFD to vapour cloud explosion (VCE) modelling depends on the accuracy with which geometrical details of the obstacles likely to be encountered by the vapour cloud are represented and the correctness with which turbulence is predicted. This is because the severity of a VCE strongly depends on the types of obstacles encountered by the cloud undergoing combustion; the turbulence generated by the obstacles influences flame speed and feeds the process of explosion through enhanced mixing of fuel and oxidant. In this paper a CFD-based method is proposed on the basis of the author’s finding that among the various models available for assessing turbulence, the realizable k-? model yields results closer to experimental findings than the other, more frequently used, turbulence models if used in conjunction with the eddy-dissipation model. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated in simulating the dispersion and ignition of a typical vapour cloud formed as a result of a spill from a liquid petroleum gas (LPG) tank situated in a refinery. The simulation made it possible to assess the overpressures resulting from the combustion of the flammable vapour cloud. The phenomenon of flame acceleration, which is a characteristic of combustion enhanced in the presence of obstacles, was clearly observed. Comparison of the results with an oft-used commercial software reveals that the present CFD-based method achieves a more realistic simulation of the VCE phenomena.     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of liquefied natural gas dispersion for risk assessment strategies

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted for dense gas dispersion of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The simulations have taken into account the effects of gravity, time-dependent downwind and crosswind dispersion, and terrain. Experimental data from the Burro series field tests, and results from integral model (DEGADIS) have been used to assess the validity of simulation results, which were found to compare better with experimental data than the commonly used integral model DEGADIS. The average relative error in maximum downwind gas concentration between CFD predictions and experimental data was 19.62%.The validated CFD model was then used to perform risk assessment for most-likely-spill scenario at LNG stations as described in the standard of NFPA 59A (2009) “Standard for the Production, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas”. Simulations were conducted to calculate the gas dispersion behaviour in the presence of obstacles (dikes walls). Interestingly for spill at a higher elevation, e.g., tank top, the effect of impounding dikes on the affected area was minimal. However, the impoundment zone did affect the wind velocity field in general, and generated a swirl inside it, which then played an important function in confining the dispersion cloud inside the dike. For most cases, almost 75% of the dispersed vapour was retained inside the impoundment zone. The finding and analysis presented here will provide an important tool for designing LNG plant layout and site selection.     

室内天然气泄漏扩散数值模拟及试验验证

为研究厨房内泄漏天然气的浓度分布及其变化规律进而分析评价其危险性,通过Gambit软件建立一个典型的住宅厨房几何模型,采用Fluent软件模拟灶具软管脱落导致天然气泄漏时,在厨房门不同开度状态下厨房内天然气浓度场及可燃区域分布。模拟结果表明:门开度越大,室内可燃区域体积越小,天然气浓度分布趋于稳定的时间越短,稳定时天然气浓度越低,厨房内出现较大可燃体积所需的泄漏时间越长;当门全开时,厨房内不会出现可爆空间。搭建一个小尺寸的厨房实物进行泄漏试验,同时进行天然气浓度的实测和Fluent模拟,模拟结果与实测结果基本吻合,从而验证Fluent模拟的有效性。