鞍山市区岩溶分布基本规律及其潜在灾害防治的初步探讨

本文简述了鞍山市区地势及地质构造,分析了隐伏岩溶及塌陷分布的基本规律,探讨了岩溶在漫长的地质时期形成的过程,及其表现的主要特征,指出了岩溶塌陷的形成机理及对建筑物的威胁,划出了防范区,最后,提出了防治对策。     

西安骊山滑坡区三维变形监测

介绍了骊山滑坡的现状及其监测目的，论述了地壳变形三维监测方案，分析了骊山滑坡监测中必须要考虑的一些特殊技术问题，简要叙述了三维变形监测的应用情况及良好效果。     

基于ArcSDE的地震紧急救援数据库建设

提出了建设地震紧急救援数据库的必要性，阐述了地震紧急救援数据库的建设目标，分析了ArcSDE的基础原理，以四川省紧急救援队为例，介绍了利用ArcSDE技术构建地震紧急数据库的建设方法。     

中国自然灾害转移、安置的财政补助机制

简要分析了转移、安置在应急管理与救灾实践中的重要意义。在分析转移、安置要素的基础上，结合灾害脆弱性分析提出了转移、安置规模和程度模型，讨论了人为决策影响因素对模型的影响，较好地体现了自然因素和人为因素的综合作用。根据对转移、安置的发生进程的分析，提出了转移、安置分级的概念并进行了简单的分级，阐述了转移、安置中的资源需求。在这些工作的基础上，进一步分析了我国当前转移、安置财政补助机制的优缺点，提出了基于上述模型和分级标准的改进建议。     

基于WebGIS的防灾信息网络发布系统

随着防灾研究的进展，提出了防灾信息发布的迫切要求。通过分析WebGIS技术功能，提出了用ASP结合ActiveX控件技术实现防灾信息网络发布的方案。结合唐山市灾害特点，探讨了唐山市防灾信息发布系统的体系结构、实现方法，分析了网络HTTP协议与Session对象的使用，及系统ASP应用程序开发等。开发了客户端应用程序，实现了防灾信息的实时发布与客户端的实时浏览。最后根据应用情况得出了几点结论，分析了系统在应用中尚存在的不足之处，为防灾信息的数据共享和网络发布系统开发提出了几点建议。     

治理热岛效应的新思路

<正>今年夏天,中国北方奇热,很多地方超过了40℃。在北京,气温创下了60年来的新高。地面的温度达到了63℃,北京电视台的记者现场做了一个实验,把一只鸡蛋打碎了,泼在马路的井盖上,三分钟后,鸡蛋被烤熟了。看看中国的城市,几乎是千篇一律,都是钢筋水泥筑成的森     

暴雨型地质灾害的调查与对策研究

概述了江西省暴雨型地质灾害的背景,对江西省地质灾害易发区的铅山县港东乡进行了实地考察,总结与分析了该县防御暴雨型地质灾害工作的经验、困难,提出了进一步做好防御工作的对策建议.     

震害信息遥感获取技术历史、现状和趋势

回顾了基于遥感进行的震害信息获取技术的发展历史,总结了各个遥感技术发展阶段所采用的震害识别技术,对震害识别技术进行了分类,给出了每种分类方法的划分标准和原则,并对每一种震害识别方法的特点进行了分析和评价,指出了其各自的技术关键、优势和不足.根据现行各种识别技术的特点,结合遥感技术发展状况和地震灾害的特点,分析了震害信息获取技术的发展趋势.     

泥石流风险评价

针对当前泥石流灾害评价研究中的问题，论述了引入风险概念的重要性。简要介绍了泥石流危险度的研究方法。根据人的价值理论改进了泥石流灾害易损度评价体系，提出了社会易损度的定量化方法。将可能造成的人员伤亡在风险评价的成果中单列出来，解决了对人的社会价值评价难题。改进了泥石流风险评价指标体系，提出了对今后泥石流灾害评价的建议。     

航空遥感影像上震害解译的结构模型与几何特征的获取

首先给出了基于航空遥感影像的震害分类方案及各种震害在遥感图像上的主要特征，提出了一种震害解译的结构模型。然后讨论了震害的几何测度指标，并研究了震害几何特征的获取，最后对遥感影像震害解译的前景进行了展望。     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Dilemmas and challenges for the shelter sector: lessons learned from the Sphere revision process

Key dilemmas and challenges for those involved in the shelter sector are described, based on issues that emerged from the extensive global consultative process undertaken to inform the revision of the Sphere handbook. The range of perspectives on the major themes is presented, with suggestions as to how these issues could be progressed. Themes include the poor definition of the sector and the lack of a consistent approach among the leading shelter actors; the absence of a common terminology; the conflict between "temporary" versus "durable" solutions; the disconnect between technical advisers and the field; the need for greater recognition of local coping strategies and the local context; the involvement of recipients and host governments in policy development; the need for better "how-to" guidance; and the limited incorporation of the emerging themes of livelihoods etc. to date.     

北洛河中游白水段峡谷全新世特大洪水水文学研究

通过对北洛河中游峡谷河段的深入调查研究,在白水县张家船村段河谷台地的全新世黄土古土壤剖面中发现了古洪水滞流沉积夹层。采集了古洪水滞流沉积物典型样品,利用第四纪地质学和沉积学方法,通过磁化率、粒度、烧失量、碳酸钙含量等分析,发现其为中全新世后期(4 500～4 000a BP)特大洪水的典型悬移质沉积物。利用比降法模型计算得出,该组古洪水滞流沉积所指示的洪峰流量在13800～15600 m3/s之间;同时对该断面上游方向150m处的铁路桥1994年9月洪水洪痕进行了测量计算,其结果与水文站实测流量一致,证明古洪水水文学计算方法及相关参数的选取是合理的。该研究成果对北洛河的防洪减灾、交通和水利工程建设具有重要的参考价值。     

Waiting for the flood: technocratic time and impending disaster in the Himalayas

A landslide occurred in the region of Zanskar in the Indian Himalayas in 2015, damming the Tsarap River, creating a lake that effectively became a ticking time bomb, threatening villagers downstream. During the period between the discovery of the natural dam and the bursting of the lake, the state's approach to disaster management plunged the local population into a situation where ‘technocratic time’ ruled, as government experts handled the impending disaster at a rhythm dictated by the production of studies and reports. Analysis of the temporality of disaster mitigation and preparedness measures during this anticipated flood, as well as of the factors that surrounded the events, reveals how attitudes towards the state shaped people's perceptions of these interventions. In Zanskar, the technocratic pace and the state's lack of transparency were seen as a form of oppression that further marginalised the region, in particular by subjecting its population to the process of waiting.     

Where the exception confirms the rule: The cyclones of 1982-1983 in French Polynesia

The island groups of French Polynesia, which had not experienced any really devastating cyclones since the beginning of the century, were hard hit several times between December 1982 and April 1983. This paper reviews the cost of damage from these cyclones and shows how lowered public awareness of the hazard in a low-frequency area combined with the special economic conditions prevailing in the Territory to make the total cost much higher than it need have been. Ways and means of rehabilitation are analyzed. The development of the thermal imbalance in the Pacific, which appears to have triggered this series of natural disasters, only seemingly exceptional, is briefly discussed.     

Looking beyond food aid to livelihoods, protection and partnerships: strategies for WFP in the Darfur states

The humanitarian crisis in Darfur remains extremely serious. The optimism that followed the signing of the Abuja Peace Accord was followed by a rapid deterioration in security on the ground in part associated with increasing factionalism in various rebel movements. This paper briefly reviews the evolution of the crisis, its impact on lives and livelihoods and the response by the World Food Programme (WFP) to June 2006. The major challenges and issues facing the food aid programme in the previous 18 months included: dealing with insecurity while maintaining or even extending programme outreach; the need to link protection with assistance more explicitly; and determining the wider impact of food aid programming on the processes and institutions linked with the conflict. The paper discusses the main strategic issues facing WFP in the future such as: integrating security and protection with needs assessments and operational decisions, broadening response strategies beyond food aid and bringing livelihoods to the fore, the need to review cost-efficiency, promoting partnerships and strengthening national and regional capacities.     

基于复模态法的风电塔架体系地震反应分析

以往对风电塔架研究大多采用刚性地基的假定,忽略土—结构的动力相互作用。然而风电塔架在实际地震时,由于地基的柔性和无限性,使得按刚性地基假定计算出来的结构动力特性和动力反应与将地基和结构作为一个整体计算出来的结果有较大差别。因此,考虑土—结构相互动力作用(SSI)的风电塔架地震响应分析研究十分必要。以华能阜新风力发电塔架为例,基于复模态法分析考虑土—结构相互作用风电塔架地震响应,首先建立土—风电塔架体系计算模型,采用Novak模型对伐板的复刚度、复阻尼计算,然后建立土—风电塔架相互作用体系的地震反应方程,采用复模态分析方法对结构地震反应求解,可供风电塔架抗震设计参考。     

98‘嫩江,松花江流域特大洪水灾害及其对黑龙江省社会经济的影响

根据对１９９８年嫩江、松花江特大洪水的详细调查资料,分析了洪水形成过程和特点。并阐述了洪涝灾害对主要受灾区黑龙江省的国民经济和粮食生产、工业交通、水利设施和人民生活等方面的影响。     

Emergency centers in Israel: A small community organizes to cope with war related crises*

This paper focuses on community-wide emergencies caused by war-related events in Lebanon at the beginning of June 1982. Mobilization for the "Peace for Galilee" campaign began on Friday, 4th June. Overnight, families were disrupted, husbands and sons were in danger, and within 24 hours there were notifications of casualities and deaths. Families in crisis became a widespread phenomenon. In Herzlia, as in many other communities, a new service - the Emergency Center - emerged under the auspices of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and the Municipality. The authors describe this process of getting organized, the populations served, how the Center was staffed, the role of citizen volunteers, and the types of interventions used to help vulnerable families as well as soldiers home on leave. Stress is placed on the unique type of short-term co-operation achieved between social workers of the local Department of Social Welfare, the staff of the Department of Community Services (especially its Volunteer Bureau), the local liason officer of the Israel Defence Force, the municipal government, and public-spirited volunteers. Mention is made of conditions which made possible the activation of such a service within hours, of the Center's capacity to serve all segments of the population, and of how it was deactivated within a few weeks when the emergency ended. On the basis of lessons learned from this experience, the paper ends with a number of specific recommendations. The authors hope that such innovative forms of crisis-intervention will become part of the helping technology widely available at the community level in future years.