盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染特征及评价

为了解盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属污染特征,以工业区、交通区、居民区、商业区、学校区、公园区的地表灰尘作为研究对象,分析地表灰尘中重金属的含量分布及氮磷、有机质的含量变化,并以此为基础,对重金属的生态风险进行评价,探索重金属污染的成因与来源,为城市的地表灰尘污染防治提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)工业区地表灰尘中总氮、总磷最低;公园区和学校区地表灰尘中总氮最高,分别达到2.03、2.43g/kg,公园区地表灰尘中总磷最高,达到1.59g/kg。(2)地表灰尘中有机质呈现出和总氮、总磷一致的趋势,同样是工业区地表灰尘中有机质最低,公园区地表灰尘中有机质最高(34.0g/kg)。(3)地表灰尘中重金属和总氮、总磷、有机质总体呈现负相关关系,公园区地表灰尘中重金属最低,工业区地表灰尘中重金属最高。各个功能区地表灰尘中重金属全部高于土壤背景值。(4)地表灰尘中不同重金属元素的单因子污染指数依次为CdCuPb;不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属综合污染指数依次为工业区交通区居民区学校区商业区公园区,呈中污染(除公园区、商业区呈轻污染外)。     

蚯蚓过腹处理对污泥中四环素降解及大量营养元素赋存的影响

针对污泥中大量抗生素残留对环境的威胁和污泥资源化利用的瓶颈等问题,采用微宇宙实验手段研究了蚯蚓过腹处理污泥过程中四环素的降解特征和污泥蚓粪中大量营养元素的赋存特征。结果表明,污泥中的四环素降解率与处理时间呈正相关关系;室温静置32 d后,污泥中9%～11%的四环素发生降解。蚯蚓过腹处理下,污泥中四环素浓度与四环素降解率呈负相关关系,随着污泥中四环素浓度的增加,四环素降解率逐渐降低,蚯蚓过腹处理32 d后,污泥中四环素的降解率提升了45%～64%。蚯蚓过腹形成的污泥蚓粪中总氮和有机质含量显著减低,而铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和总钾含量以及pH和电导率均显著升高;随着污泥中四环素浓度的增加,污泥蚓粪中总氮和氨氮含量以及pH和电导率呈显著降低趋势;污泥蚓粪中铵态氮和硝态氮含量、pH和电导率与四环素降解率均呈正相关关系。蚯蚓过腹处理能够显著提升污泥中四环素的降解率及污泥蚓粪中速效氮磷钾的含量。     

粉煤灰烧制陶粒过程中二氧化硫的释放规律与形成机理

研究了粉煤灰烧制陶粒过程中烟气二氧化硫的释放规律,同时对烧结前后粉煤灰与陶粒中不同形态硫含量和硫平衡进行了分析,探讨了烟气中二氧化硫的来源和转化机理.结果表明,烟气中约55％的二氧化硫来源于硫酸盐的还原,其余主要来自有机硫燃烧和亚硫酸盐的分解.烧制每千克陶粒所产生的二氧化硫量约为7.8g.高温烧结过程中粉煤灰球内形成的还原性气氛导致了粉煤灰中硫酸盐向二氧化硫的还原转化.     

废电池中氧化锰还原冶炼锰钢的实验研究

为促进我国锌锰废电池集中资源化处理,开发了一种高温回收废电池中锰的新工艺.废电池分选后,破碎和筛分,其中二氧化锰与还原剂碳制成球团,烧结后在感应炉中还原锰,制成锰钢.实验表明,球团中不加表面活性剂的二氧化锰还原率为34%,球团中加入硫化物表面活性剂促进二氧化锰在钢中的还原率,达到80%,钢液中锰含量可达3.97%,本实验条件下,还原最佳时间为20 min.在铸钢生产中可以直接应用该工艺处理废电池.     

混合燃料中含氧量对柴油机有害物质排放量的影响

通过柴油机试验,研究了混合燃料中含氧量对柴油机有害物质排放量的影响.试验结果显示,在混合燃料中含氧量低于10.4%(质量分数,下同)时,CO和HC排放量随含氧量增加而减少;但随着混合燃料中乙醇所占比例增加,当混合燃料中含氧量达25.3%时,CO和HC排放量均增加到含氧量为10.4%时的2.5倍左右;当混合燃料中含氧量低于10.4%时,NOx排放量随其增加而少量增加.但当混合燃料中含氧量达25.3%时,NOx排放量较燃用柴油时减少50%以上;碳烟排放量则随着混合燃料中含氧量增加而不断减少.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰磷酸洗涤对重金属的固定效应研究

重金属的固定是垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化技术的核心问题.通过系统试验,研究了垃圾焚烧飞灰磷酸洗涤对重金属溶出、后续烧结过程中重金属挥发,以及重金属化学形态变迁的影响.试验结果表明,磷酸洗涤在有效洗脱飞灰中氯盐的情况下,能够显著减少洗涤过程中重金属的溶出,抑制烧结过程中重金属的挥发,从而避免了飞灰处理过程的二次污染;同时,磷酸洗涤使飞灰中的重金属在烧结前后均向更为稳定的化学形态转化,烧结产物中重金属主要以残留态存在,从而提高了烧结产物资源化利用的长期环境安全性.     

上海市延安高架道路绿地土壤与沿线灰尘中铅的分布特征

对上海市区延安高架道路两旁绿地土壤和沿线灰尘中铅的含量调查发现,延安高架道路沿线绿地土壤中全铅平均质量浓度为93.61 mg/kg,是上海市土壤背景值的3.7倍,沿线灰尘全铅平均质量浓度为324.62 mg/kg,远远超过了绿地土壤中铅的含量.研究区域土壤和灰尘中铅的空间分布差异较大,部分地区出现严重积累.土壤和灰尘中铅的分布规律趋于一致,均表现为延安东路最高,其次是延安中路,延安西路最低.所选区域随着垂直道路水平距离的增加,土壤中铅含量的分布呈现一定的规律性,却易受人为影响而变得复杂多样.     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收现场监测中应处理好的问题

针对建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测中存在的一些疑难问题,分别从对废水监测中,采样点位的确定和描述及采样时间的确定,清污合排总排口的情况下监测点位的确定;厂界噪声监测中,测点的选择、背景值的修正与测量、环境敏感点的监测;废气监测中,无组织废气监控点的布设、有组织废气采样方法的选择,以及燃烧性废气监测中过剩系数的影响;验收监测期间,生产工况的确定等方面进行了探讨,提出了一些解决办法。     

矿化垃圾和绿色植物废弃物对盐碱土的改良效果

利用矿化垃圾和绿色植物废弃物在上海临港新城进行盐碱土现场改良试验,并监测不同处理土壤溶液中重金属元素浓度.结果表明:(1)在盐碱土中分别加入矿化垃圾、绿色植物废弃物或2者混合加入能明显降低盐碱土的盐分,提高土壤的肥力,达到改良盐碱土的目的.(2)各处理土壤溶液中重金属变化趋势基本一致:Cu浓度低于<地下水质量标准>(GB/T 14848-93)中Ⅲ类标准,Cr浓度均在GB/T 14848-93中Ⅳ类标准内,不存在Cu和Cr污染可能;个别点土壤溶液中偶尔出现Zn和Pb浓度超过GB/T 14848-93中Ⅴ类标准,大部分基本在GB/T 14848-93中Ⅳ类标准内;Cd、Fe和Mn浓度相对较高,是造成地下水潜在污染的原因,要注意合理控制.(3)不同处理会影响矿化垃圾中重金属的溢出,会使一部分重金属向下迁移,但总体对地下水质影响不大,且100 cm处各种重金属元素的平均浓度均没有超过GB/T 14848-93中Ⅳ类标准.(4)矿化垃圾中加入绿色植物废弃物处理的污染综合指数较小,主要是由于绿色植物废弃物重金属元素浓度相对较低、有机质含量高,和矿化垃圾混合使用能降低矿化垃圾潜在污染的风险.     

污水污泥中重金属污染物的溶出过程研究

污水污泥中污染物尤其是重金属的水体浸出作为重要的二次污染途径备受关注。为了探讨污水污泥中重金属的溶出规律,对上海7个污水处理厂的污水污泥进行了重金属总量分析,并采用水平振荡法对上述污水污泥中重金属进行了溶出动力学研究。结果表明,污水污泥中Cu、Cr和Zn的含量均较高,之后依次是Pb、As、Cd和Hg;污水污泥中重金属溶出动力学过程分为快速反应和慢速反应两个过程,可以用Elovich方程进行模拟;污水污泥中各重金属的溶出负荷差异较大,Cu、Cr和Zn的溶出负荷较大,其他较小,但各重金属相对于污水污泥中重金属总量的溶出百分比差异不大,基本处于10%以下。     

Plant uptake and transport models for neutral and ionic chemicals

BACKGROUND: Models for predicting uptake and transport of chemicals in plants are applied in pesticide design, risk assessment, and environmental biotechnology. OBJECTIVE: This review considers the theoretical basics of the most popular models, and discusses what they have in common. The line is drawn between models for neutral compounds, and models for weak and strong electrolytes. MAIN FEATURES: Neutral Compounds. Neutral compounds undergo only very few processes inside plants (lipophilic interactions, metabolism), in contrast to weak electrolytes. The models developed for neutral compounds are widely applied in the risk assessment of environmental contaminants, but are not of much use for weak electrolytes, such as pesticides. Weak electrolytes. A very important process for weak electrolytes is the 'ion trap', which traps chemicals that dissociate inside plant cells. This is considered in the popular models of Kleier, Satchivi and Briggs. Other relevant processes for electrolytes are electrophilic interactions, speciation and complex formation. None of the currently used models considers these processes. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of models for neutral compounds is satisfactory, but the prediction of electrolyte behavior inside plants is still quite difficult due to gaps in knowledge.     

Environment contamination by mycotoxins and their occurrence in food and feed: Physiological aspects and economical approach

The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins as toxic metabolites of fungi is a risk not only for consumers resulting in various embarrassment regarding health status and well-being, but also for producers, companies and export market on the ground of economic losses and ruined stability of economic trade. As it is given in historical evidence, the contamination of food by mycotoxins is a topic as old as a history of mankind, finding some evidence even in the ancient books and records. Nowadays, the mycotoxins are used in modern biotechnological laboratories and are considered an agent for targeting the specific cells (e.g., defected cells to eliminate them). However, this promising procedure is only the beginning. More concern is focused on mycotoxins as abiotic hazard agents. The dealing with them, systematic monitoring, and development of techniques for their elimination from agricultural commodities are worldwide issues concerning all countries. They can be found alone or in co-occurrence with other mycotoxins. Thus, this review aims to provide widened information regarding mycotoxins contamination in environment with the consequences on health of animals and humans. The inevitability for more data that correctly determine the risk points linked to mycotoxins occurrence and their specific reactions in the environment is demonstrated. This review includes various symptoms in animals and humans that result from mycotoxin exposure. For better understanding of mycotoxin's impact on animals, the sensitivities of various animal species to various mycotoxins are listed. Strategies for elimination and preventing the risks of mycotoxins contamination as well as economical approach are discussed. To complete the topic, some data from past as historical evidences are presented.     

Environmental risks of chemicals and genetically modified organisms: a comparison. Part II: Sustainability and precaution in risk assessment and risk management

The principles of precaution and sustainability require more consideration in the assessment of environmental risks posed by chemicals and genetically modified organisms. Instead of applying risk reduction measures when there are serious indications for damage, full scientific certainty is often waited for before taking action. The precautionary principle particularly should be applied in those cases in which the extent and probability of damage are uncertain, e.g. in the case of persistent chemicals which are additionally bioaccumulative or highly mobile. Based on these principles, environmental action targets for risks associated with GMOs and chemicals can be developed. Risk management not only includes statutory measures but also instruments designed to influence behaviour indirectly are important to achieve the goals. Particularly for risks of GMOs which provoke fear, risk communication is important. Some rules to which attention should be paid in communication with the public are presented.     

Combustion aerosols: factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time- and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.     

Agricultural work related injury and Ill-health and the economic cost

This paper contains a literature review of the occupational injuries and ill-health in agriculture world-wide and a survey of the attempts that have been made to estimate the resulting economic and social costs. Agricultural workers suffer a wide variety of disorders as a result of their occupation. These range from minor (cuts, bruises) to more severe (deep wounds, fractures), permanent (amputation, spinal cord injury) and fatal injury. Ill-health as a result of contact with animals, micro-organisms, plant material dusts or chemicals are associated with certain types of agriculture. There is an underlying but unquantified incidence of pain, stress and injury as a result of ergonomic problems due to poor working procedures and conditions. Statistics from many countries or regions show that agriculture consistently has one of the highest accident and injury rates of the industrial sectors. There are many causes for the work related injury and ill-health in agricultural workers. In developed countries, tractors and other machinery cause a significant proportion of the accidents and are a major cause of occupational deaths. In less developed countries, accidents due to hand tools such as hoes, sickles and cutting instruments are most prevalent. Animals are a significant cause of injury and ill-health in many countries. Debilitating allergic reactions in the respiratory tract or the skin are caused by exposures to organic dusts, or by contact with allergenic plants in the field respectively. Where comparative data are available, occupational pesticide poisoning in agriculture is a small proportion (< 1–4%) of the total work related disorders. Because of the wide variety of occupational risks to agricultural workers, it is emphasised that if one type of agricultural practice is replaced by another then the risks from the alternative procedure need to be considered. If, for example, agrochemical pest control practices are replaced by methods involving the increased use of machinery, draught animals or manual operations, then an assessment of the resulting risks should be taken into account. Some of the economic costs of occupational injury and ill-health in agriculture can be quantified directly, such as medical costs, the cost of rehabilitation and loss of earnings. Other costs are more difficult to estimate such as loss of opportunity and income foregone for permanent and fatal injury and for the effect on a victim’s family. The estimation of the overall economic costs to farming communities and national agriculture requires further development. When one agricultural practice is replaced wholly or partly by another, for example agrochemical pest control by alternative control methods, then it is necessary to take into account the occupational health costs of the alternative procedure for realistic comparative assessment. There are a number of issues which require continued or increased attention by the relevant national and international authorities and by the agricultural industry. These include the improved collection and collation of occupational health statistics, a better understanding of the extent of ergonomic problems in agriculture, more realistic assessments of the cost of occupational injury and ill-health and the continued need to reduce occupational health disorders by appropriate training and education in agricultural practices and the use of agricultural equipment.     

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-tem-perature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time- and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.     

Chlorophenols and other related derivatives of environmental concern: properties, distribution and microbial degradation processes

Chlorophenols are chlorinated aromatic compound structures and are commonly found in pesticide preparations as well as industrial wastes. They are recalcitrant to biodegradation and consequently persistent in the environment. A variety of chlorophenols derivatives compounds are highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic for living organisms. Biological transformation by microorganisms is one of the key remediation options that can be exploited to solve environmental pollution problems caused by these notorious compounds. The key enzymes in the microbial degradation of chlorophenols are the oxygenases and dioxygenases. These enzymes can be engineered for enhanced degradation of highly chlorinated aromatic compounds through directed evolution methods. This review underscores the mechanisms of chlorophenols biodegradation with the view to understanding how bioremediation processes can be optimized for cleaning up chloroaromatic contaminated environments.     

水产养殖废水处理技术及应用

主要综述了国内外水产养殖废水的物理化学处理和生物处理 2方面的技术 ,并总结了水产养殖废水循环使用的水处理工艺流程和生物工程在水产养殖废水处理中的应用 ,表明了水产养殖废水的综合利用和无害化排放技术为今后发展方向。     

隐孢子虫病及其水媒传播控制

隐孢子虫通过水媒传播疾病已引起世界各国广泛关注。本文对隐孢子虫及隐孢子虫病的发生、流行病学特点、症状和影响进行了综合评述 ;介绍了隐孢子虫的采集和检测方法、剂量 反应模式 ,以为供水管理部门提供制定隐孢子虫水质标准的依据 ;重点介绍了国外去除水中隐孢子虫的方法 ;简要分析了隐孢子虫病的爆发原因 ;提出了防止和减少隐孢子虫病爆发的基本对策。     

Recovery,Recycle and Reuse

An overview is provided of hazardous waste recovery, recycle and reuse. The quantities and types of hazardous waste that are generated in the United States are identified. Hazardous wastes are classified according to their economic potential for recovery. Energy and material recovery from organic liquids and metal recovery from sludges have the highest potential for economical recovery. Specific examples are provided of recovery from these types of wastes. A variety of financial and regulatory strategies can be used to encourage recovery from waste streams that do not have a potential for economical recovery. These range from restrictions on burial to the establishment of waste exchanges.