美科学家称月球含水量为此前预计的100倍

据国外媒体报道,通过研究40年前阿波罗宇航员带回的月球岩石样本,科学家发现月球的含水量可能至少是以前预计的100倍。研究者认为月球的水形成于月球早期,并非外来水。该研究主导人、华盛顿卡内基研究所的弗朗西斯·麦克科宾表示,40多年来,我们一直认为月球是一个干燥的世界。     

阿波罗登月舱及月球自动站着陆点的一般地质特征

月球研究者长期以来感兴趣的是在月球演化历史中关于火山作用的一系列问题:1)月球上有没有火山岩?如果有,其熔体是由大的陨石撞击产生的呢?还是如地球熔岩一样是由其内部作用过程产生的,它们的矿物成分和化学成分又是什么;2)有没有花岗状岩石;3)构成月壳的主要岩石类型在月海及高地的分布如何;4)不同岩石类型的同位素年龄有多大等等。此外,地球化学工作者还提出能否通过月球物质的研究导致在月球上发现矿床等问题。这些问题在没有获得月球样品以前是难以解决的。1967年7月20日美国阿波罗-11宇宙航行员首次从月球采集了样品,为直接测定月岩的同位素年龄、研究月球样品的物质组成(岩石类型、矿物成分、主     

重返月球

90年代初期，几乎中止了近20年的月球探测后，以美国为首的一些国家又一次把注意力转向月球，兴起了新的“月球热”，并制定计划，准备下世纪初在月球上建立永久性、可居住人的基地。本文简单回顾60～70年代月球探测所取得的主要成果，叙述重返月球的原因及所关注的科学问题。月球探测标志着一个国家在国际上的实力地位。文中引用了许多有关资料，说明了我国已具备制定、实施月球探测计划的航天技术实力，理应分享月球探测成果。     

"月神盖亚"——太空人的环保栖居地

月球基地 环保栖居 在人们越来越关注地球环境保护的时候,科学家也开始设想如何在月球计划中采取环境友好的举措.虽然也许不能够完全像在地球上一般自如、方便,但有了一种名为.月神盖亚"的环保栖居地,今后太空人在月球上的生活可能还不错.     

月球岩石类型简介

目前地球上所发现的最古老的岩石同位素年龄为37—37.5亿年,月球上的地质作用比地球小而少,故在月球上分布有较老的及较简单的岩石系列。尽管因月球地层受偶然性的冲击而形成月坑,以致阻碍我们的观察,但仍有可能重新建立月球的早期地质历史。从月岩样品研究中看出,早期的记载是月球的台地或高地岩石(绝大多数为长石质的角砾岩),它是保存下来最古老的台地单元,月海玄武岩是最晚喷发的熔岩。现将月球的主要岩石类型及其特殊类型简单介绍于下。     

月球尘环境模拟试验方法研究

在调研国外月球环境地面模拟试验的基础上,分析了月球尘环境对于月面探测设备可能的影响以及开展月球尘地面模拟试验的意义和价值。以美国Apollo计划带回的月球尘样品为例,研究了月球尘的物理特性与化学成分,并对国外现有月球尘模拟产品情况进行了分析。对于极端环境条件下月球尘特性可能发生的变化和危害进行了分析。最后针对月球尘环境的特点,提出了从制备月球尘产品到环境参数模拟与控制到试验参数采集、分析与修正的一整套月球尘环境模拟试验方案。     

月球上两个“大”花岗岩碎屑的岩志学和化学

<正> 一、引言花岗岩在地壳上广泛分布,但在所获得的月球样品中,却没有发现任何原生花岗岩。到目前为止,所有那些被认为是月球花岗岩的样品,不是杂屑角砾岩中的组份,就是非典型的闪长岩碎屑。本文报道了我们发现和分析的两个原生的月球花岗岩。它们比以前描述过的要大10—100倍。我们还讨论了这种罕见且重要的岩石类型的成因。二、14321-1027碎屑这块最大的花岗岩在14321角砾岩(总重量为9公斤)上的出露面积为16×7毫米,据估计,该碎屑     

月球矿物学

月球物质已从月球上九个不同的地质点被运送到地球。目前世界上不同实验室所研究的资料表明它有足够的代表性,它可以与月球轨道的x-萤光资料和事先的地质观察相配合来说明深达20公里月壳外带的矿物成分。 月球矿物学研究的成果已在文献中屡见不鲜,现有的工作并不希望得到某些月球矿     

月球紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱的基本特征及解析方法

月球紫外一可见一近红外反射光谱(强度,反照率以及吸收特征)是研究月球表面物质组成的重要手段。文章简要介绍了月球表面反射光谱的基本特征、形成机制以及现有月球反射光谱数据及其解析方法。这些方法主要有光谱参数、连续背景扣除、高斯反卷积分析以及主成分分析。还讨论了高光谱探测器在月球探测中的应用前景、已有方案以及获取新的月球样品对月球反射光谱研究的重要性。     

月球紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱的基本特征及解析方法

月球紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱(强度,反照率以及吸收特征)是研究月球表面物质组成的重要手段。文章简要介绍了月球表面反射光谱的基本特征、形成机制以及现有月球反射光谱数据及其解析方法。这些方法主要有光谱参数、连续背景扣除、高斯反卷积分析以及主成分分析。还讨论了高光谱探测器在月球探测中的应用前景、已有方案以及获取新的月球样品对月球反射光谱研究的重要性。     

Effects of sludge dredging on the prevention and control of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Algae-caused black bloom (also known as black water agglomerate) has recently become a critical problem in some Chinese lakes.It has been suggested that the occurrence of algae-caused black bloom was caused by the cooperation of nutrient-rich sediment with dead algae,and sludge dredging was adopted to control black bloom in some lakes of China.In this article,based on the simulation of black bloom using a Y-shape apparatus for modeling natural conditions,both un-dredged and dredged sites in three areas of Taihu Lake,China were studied to estimate the effects of dredging on the prevention and control of black bloom.During the experiment,drained algae were added to all six sites as an additional organic load;subsequently,the dissolved oxygen decreased rapidly,dropping to 0 mg/L at the sediment-water interface.Black bloom did not occur in the dredged sites of Moon Bay and Nan Quan,whereas all three un-dredged sites at Fudu Port,Moon Bay and Nan Quan experienced black bloom.Black bloom also occurred at the dredged site of Fudu Port one day later than at the other sites,and the odor and color were lighter than at the other locations.The color and odor of the black water mainly result from the presence of sulfides such as metal sulfides and hydrogen sulfide,among other chemicals,under reductive conditions.The color and odor of the water,together with the high concentrations of nutrients,were mainly caused by the decomposition of the algae and the presence of nutrient-rich sediment.Overall,the removal of the nutrient-rich sediment by dredging can prevent the occurrence and control the degree of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake.     

辽东湾近岸冰区生态环境初步调查研究

１９９６年１月２６－３１日，在辽东湾近岸冰区选设４个站位进行了一次内容较为全面的生态环境调查研究，其项目包括温度、盐度、ｐＨ、ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ、ＴＯＣ、ＰＯＣ、营养盐、微生物、叶绿素、浮游植物、浮游动物和度栖动物。结果表明，辽东湾近岸冰区营养盐含量丰富，叶绿素ａ含量较低，存在一定数量的浮游生物。海水中硝酸盐、铵盐和磷酸盐含量均为冰中含量的１．５倍左右，海水中硅酸盐含量是冰的４．１６倍，亚硝酸盐和叶绿素     

跨音速风扇叶片高低转速下混合相积冰的对比研究

目的 获得跨音速风扇转子叶片高、低转速下混合相积冰的影响规律。方法 使用CFX获取风扇叶片空气流场数据,采用FENSAP-ICE获取积冰冰形,通过过冷水滴与冰晶温度、撞击叶片角度等进行混合相积冰高、低转速冰形分析。结果 风扇叶片高、低转速运转时,过冷水滴与冰晶的运动状态变化相对明显。高转速时,流场内的气流为跨音速流动,过冷水滴与冰晶撞击角度相差较大,撞击角度较大的叶根区域更容易收集过冷水滴与冰晶;低转速时,过冷水滴和冰晶与叶片的撞击角度大部分区域低于10°,使过冷水滴与冰晶碰撞到叶片后的捕获难度提升。风扇叶片高、低转速运转时,叶身的温度差异使过冷水滴在低转速下易直接凝结,未凝结的水膜量极少,而冰晶表面未形成水膜,不易被捕获,使得最终的积冰主要为过冷水滴积冰。结论 风扇叶片混合相积冰在高转速时,流道内温度升高更快,水膜不易凝结,冰晶表面易融化,促进了冰晶积冰。     

电渗法对太湖环保疏浚底泥脱水干化研究

利用粘土颗粒带有负电荷,而其中水分子显示正极性的特性,采用电渗的方法在环保疏浚底泥中通入电流,使得带有极性的水分子向阴极流动,从而达到对底泥脱水的效果.利用电渗法对太湖环保疏浚底泥进行脱水研究,分析其含水率随时间的变化、出水量与能耗的相关关系,以及其影响因素和优化方案.试验表明,经过240 h的电渗法脱水之后,底泥的含水率从开始的38.72%降至32.85%,可在较短时间内脱去底泥中的水分;电渗效果受底泥含水率、电压梯度、电极的耐腐蚀性、电极布置方式的影响;改善电极材料有利于提高电渗效率和降低能耗.在对不同电极布置方式的比较中发现,排形电极比环形电极更有利于排出底泥中的水分.通过对电渗试验的经济分析得出,电渗法进行环保疏浚底泥脱水的工程费用约为4.29元/m3原状土.      

饮用水中致突变性去除效果的研究

在哈尔滨月亮湾度假村的生产规模的臭氧-生物活性炭Ames实验结果表明,原水中的致突变性不是由直接碱基置换突变物所致,而是由直接移码突变型突变物造成的,为中度污染的原水.所采用的臭氧-生物活性炭工艺的出水,在最大实验剂量7L水/皿时为阳性,诱发回变率MR值为2.42.以7L水/皿为例,MR值由原水的5.25降至最终出水的2.42,降低了53.9%.     

Spider silk has an ice nucleation activity

Several ice nucleating substances have been identified, which exist in vivo or can be extracted from biological materials. Spider silk, which has a strong ability for water condensation, has also been found to possess an ice nucleation activity. The freezing temperature of water droplets was higher in the presence than in the absence of spider silk. Moreover, by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the activity is not due to foreign matter attached to the silk but to the silk fibroin itself.     

微塑料对结冰过程中环境因子迁移的影响

为探究结冰过程中微塑料赋存对典型环境因子(总氮、总磷、盐度、化学需氧量、悬浮物)等分布及迁移规律的影响,采用室内模拟的方式研究不同条件下(结冰比例、结冰温度及方式、初始浓度)各典型环境因子在冰-水相间的分布及迁移规律,采用物质分配系数(K)表征环境因子的迁移能力。结果表明,结冰过程中冰体对环境因子具有排斥作用,不同条件下微塑料赋存对环境因子的分布规律均有一定程度的影响,由于微塑料自身特性致使原本应迁移至冰下水体中的环境因子部分滞留于冰体中,导致冰体中环境因子浓度的提高,为对照组冰体中环境因子浓度的1.13~1.49倍;同时使冰下水体中环境因子浓度下降,为对照组冰下水体中环境因子浓度的0.73~0.93倍;微塑料的赋存同时导致环境因子分配系数K值提高0.04~0.18,致使环境因子向冰下水体迁移的能力下降,但微塑料的赋存并未改变结冰过程中环境因子由冰体向冰下水体迁移的趋势,微塑料对于环境因子的携带作用小于冰体对环境因子的排斥作用;同时不同条件下结冰过程中微塑料对环境因子分布与迁移机理的影响均可以从结晶学角度与共晶理论得到解释。     

The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water

This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics (on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.     

The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water

This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter(DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics(on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.     

敦煌市鸣沙山月牙泉自然遗产保全的研究

鸣沙山月牙泉自然遗产是世界上罕见的奇特沙漠景观。随着当地旅游业的发展和地下水的不合理开采利用,使月牙泉呈现干涸的趋势,鸣沙山的生态景观受到严重破坏。为了保全这一自然遗产,通过实地考察和数据资料的比较分析研究,提出4个方面的措施:第一,合理开发利用祁连山雪山融水、“引哈济党”,解决区域的用水水源问题;第二,狭管效应、生物降解被(BiodegradableScreen)护岸、生态理念,改善月牙泉形成的地理环境;第三,建立绿色植被隔离带;第四,建立国家级沙漠公园。