Microbiological quality of roof tank water in an urban village in southeastern China

Urban villages are unique residential neighborhoods in urban areas in China. Roof tanks are their main form of water supply, and water quality deterioration might occur in this system because of poor hygienic conditions and maintenance. In this study, water samples were seasonally collected from an urban village to investigate the influence of roof tanks as an additional water storage device on the variation in the microbial community structure and pathogenic gene markers. Water stagnation in th...     

浑河底泥产甲烷古菌多样性空间分布特征

为了深入探究影响河流甲烷排放的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应)技术及测序分析对浑河底泥产甲烷古菌的多样性及空间分布进行了研究.结果表明,浑河底泥产甲烷古菌划分为4大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)、甲烷胞菌目(Methanocellales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).从河流上游到下游,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.河流上游占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanospirillum,分别约占46.2%和20.8%;中游主要菌属为Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium和Methanomethylovorans,分别约占40.9%、20.7%和15.2%;下游主要菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,分别约占46.7%和22.1%.浑河底泥中Methanosarcina为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,河流上游(H'=1.56,D=0.33)和中游(H'=1.79,D=0.26)产甲烷古菌的多样性与下游(H'=1.65,D=0.32)均较为接近.     

Environmental Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Groundwater in Quintana Roo,Mexico

The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater has been reported as a result of fecal shedding of infected individuals. In this study, the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was explored in primary-treated wastewater from two municipal wastewater treatment plants in Quintana Roo, Mexico, along with groundwater from sinkholes, a household well, and submarine groundwater discharges. Physicochemical variables were obtained in situ, and coliphage densities were determined. Three virus concentration methods based on adsorption-elution and sequential filtration were used followed by RNA isolation. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 was done by RT-qPCR using the CDC 2020 assay, 2019-nCoV_N1 and 2019-nCoV_N2. The Pepper mild mottle virus, one of the most abundant RNA viruses in wastewater was quantified by RT-qPCR and compared to SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. The use of three combined virus concentration methods together with two qPCR assays allowed the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 58% of the wastewater samples analyzed, whereas none of the groundwater samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater were from 1.8 × 10³ to 7.5 × 10³ genome copies per liter (GC l⁻¹), using the N1 RT-qPCR assay, and from 2.4 × 10² to 5.9 × 10³ GC l⁻¹ using the N2 RT-qPCR assay. Based on PMMoV prevalence detected in all wastewater and groundwater samples tested, the three viral concentration methods used could be successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in further studies. This study represents the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in southeast Mexico and provides a baseline for developing a wastewater-based epidemiology approach in the area.

     

The phylogeny of archaebacteria,including novel anaerobic thermoacidophiles in the light of RNA polymerase structure

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of archaebacteria are distinct from those of eubacteria both in structure and in function. They show similarities to those of the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Extremely thermophilic anaerobic sulfur-respiring archaebacteria isolated from solfataric waters represent four different families, the Thermoproteaceae, the “stiff filaments”, the Desulfurococcaceae and the Thermococcaceae, of a novel order, Thermoproteales. Together with the Sulfolobales, they form the second branch of the urkingdom of the archaebacteria besides that of the methanogens and extreme halophiles. Thermoplasma appears isolated.     

Low chitinase activity in Acacia myrmecophytes: a potential trade-off between biotic and chemical defences?

 We determined chitinase activity in leaves of four myrmecophytic and four non-myrmecophytic leguminous species at the plants' natural growing sites in Mexico. Myrmecophytic plants (or 'ant plants') have obligate mutualisms with ants protecting them against herbivores and pathogenic fungi. Plant chitinases can be considered a reliable measure of plant resistance to pathogenic fungi. The myrmecophytic Acacia species, which were colonised by mutualistic ants, exhibited at least six-fold lower levels of chitinase activity compared with the non-myrmecophytic Acacia farnesiana and three other non-myrmecophytes. Though belonging to different phylogenetic groups, the myrmecophytic Acacia species formed one distinct group in the data set, which was clearly separated from the non-myrmecophytic species. These findings allowed for comparison between two recent hypotheses that attempt to explain low chitinase activity in ant plants. Most probably, chitinases are reduced in myrmecophytic plant species because these are effectively defended indirectly due to their symbiosis with mutualistic ants. Received: 16 August 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 28 October 2000     

荧光假单胞菌对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响

为探讨功能微生物对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤环境质量的影响,以从洞庭湖湿地植物蒌蒿体中分离获得的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)Y5为对象,通过室内培养试验研究其对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响。结果表明菌株Y5可明显增加洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的氨化菌、硝化菌、好氧性自生固氮菌、好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量,明显提高洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN),明显降低土壤基础呼吸及代谢墒,从而有利于改善洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的营养状况和环境质量。     

Reduced Chitinase Activities in Ant Plants of the Genus Macaranga

Many plant species have evolved mutualistic associations with ants, protecting their host against detrimental influences such as herbivorous insects. Letourneau (1998) reported in the case of Piper that ants defend their plants principally against stem-boring insects and also reduce fungal infections on inflorescences. Macaranga plants that were experimentally deprived of their symbiotic Crematogaster ants suffered heavily from shoot borers and pathogenic fungi (Heil 1998). Here we report that ants seem to reduce fungal infections actively in the obligate myrmecophyte Macaranga triloba (Euphorbiaceae), while ant-free plants can be easily infected. We also found extremely low chitinase activity in Macaranga plants. The plants' own biochemical defense seems to be reduced, and low chitinase activity perhaps may represent a predisposition for the evolution of myrmecophytism. These plants are therefore highly dependent on their ants, which obviously function not only as an antiherbivore defense but also as an effective agent against fungal pathogens. Received: 5 August 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 18 November 1998     

环丙沙星胁迫猪粪生物转化中抗性基因微生物响应分析

抗性基因（Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs）是一种新兴污染物,持续累积会引发环境健康风险,也可通过水平转移诱导耐药细菌产生,从而危害人类健康与国家生物安全.当前关于ARGs的研究多集中于水、土壤、大气等环境介质,固体废弃物领域ARGs研究尚局限于其丰度变化与影响因素方面,对抗生素-ARGs剂量-效应关系、导致ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应机制仍有待深入研究.基于此,开展了不同浓度水平环丙沙星（Ciprofloxacin,CIP）胁迫下猪粪堆肥试验,环丙沙星添加量分别为25 mg/kg（A25）、50 mg/kg（A50）、100 mg/kg（A100）,同时设置空白对照0 mg/kg（CK）.采用分子生物学手段、网络分析、统计学分析等方法,解析了不同浓度环丙沙星胁迫猪粪好氧堆肥过程中喹诺酮类ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应关系,并重点探讨了潜在宿主菌中致病菌的分布及其与ARGs的相关性.结果表明:①经堆肥处理,CK、A25和A100堆体中喹诺酮类ARGs总丰度均受到不同程度削减,A50堆体中ARGs总丰度未被削减（升高2.73倍）.而高温期除CK外,3个处理组中ARGs丰度均显著降低（P < 0.05）,表明堆肥高温期或是削减ARGs的关键阶段.②狭义梭菌属（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1）、水微菌属（Aquamicrobium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）及交替赤杆菌属（Altererythrobacter）既是堆肥环境中优势菌属,也是喹诺酮类ARGs潜在宿主微生物,主要分布在厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）.③丰度较高的致病菌Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和链球菌（Streptococcus）是喹诺酮类ARGs的潜在宿主菌,且至堆肥腐熟期,仍有部分致病菌均未被完全去除,可见猪粪堆肥过程中存在ARGs向致病菌转移的环境健康风险.研究显示,加强高温期干预调控,是有效阻控ARGs环境污染行为的关键节点,研究可为固废资源化过程中ARGs环境健康风险防控提供参考.      

SSCP技术解析硫酸盐还原反应器中微生物群落结构

采用改进的单链构象多态性(SSCP)技术,以16SrRNA基因的V3区为靶对象,分析完全混合式硫酸盐还原反应器中微生物的群落结构以及硫酸盐还原菌(SRBs)与产酸菌(ABs)的种间关系.共得到13个可辨晰的SSCP条带,对其中的6条带(A1,A3,A4,A5,A9,A10)进行了测序分析,分别同嗜柠檬酸明串球菌(GenBank登录号:AY453065,下同)、未培养细菌(AJ318147,AF227834,AJ576427)、产乙醇杆菌(AY434722)、梭杆菌(AB084627)等相似性较大.为检测系统中的SRBs,以SRBs富集培养基,对反应器中的活性污泥进行选择性富集,培养的混合菌群同样采用SSCP分析,带型与前者相差较大,其中有2条带与Bacteroidetes(AB074606)和脱硫弧菌(Y12254,U42221)最为相似.分析表明,SRBs在总DNA中的含量可能不到1·5%,但是它们与大量的ABs形成很好的种间协作关系,从而维持工艺系统较高的硫酸盐去除率和运行稳定性.     

两种沉水植物附着生物种群特征对水深的响应研究

选取浅水湖泊中两种常见沉水植物上的附着生物作为研究对象,通过显微观测和16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究原位实验条件下水深(分别以T1、T2、T3、T4代表0.6、1.2、1.8和2.4 m)对狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)附着藻类和附着细菌种群组成及其多样性特征的影响.结果表明,沉水植物附着生物种群特征与水深和生物种类有关,试验组中所有水深梯度下的狐尾藻附着生物群落的自养指数(AI)均大于马来眼子菜,且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m的AI值较高,较大水深1.8~2.4 m的AI值较低.两种沉水植物表面附着藻类组成随水深变化差异显著(p0.05),绿藻门和硅藻门仍占种群绝对优势;附着细菌种群随水深梯度的变化差异也显著(p0.05),但主要包括有Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes等优势菌群,同种沉水植物或相似水层深度间的附着细菌组成和丰度有较高的相似性,并且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m中拥有更多特有的细菌种类.研究发现,相同水深时狐尾藻附着藻类的多样性大于马来眼子菜,而马来眼子菜附着细菌多样性大于狐尾藻,且位于中等水深1.2~1.8 m时两种沉水植物附着藻类和附着细菌的多样性往往最高.通过水深对沉水植物附着生物种群特征影响的研究,可为揭示沉水植物表面微生态作用规律提供参考.     

基于微生物生物完整性指数的城市河道生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数(index of biotic integrity,IBI)已被广泛运用于河流生态系统的健康评价.然而,目前基于微生物的IBI评价方法很少,针对城市河道的相关研究更是缺乏.本研究采用Illumina高通量测序技术,对浙江省内5条城市河道的微生物群落多样性及组成进行了分析.通过典型相关分析(canonical correlation analyses,CCA)和Spearman相关性分析水质对微生物组成的影响,明确受水质变化影响显著的微生物类群,与特定功能菌群一并作为备选指标.对备选指标进行分布范围、判别能力及Pearson相关性分析,筛选出香农多样性指数、微生物分类单元数、疣微菌门相对丰度、绿菌门相对丰度和分支杆菌属相对丰度等参数指标,初步构建了适合浙江城市河道的微生物生物完整性指数(microbiome index of biotic integrity,M-IBI)指标体系.采用比值法对生物指标计分,评价结果显示:总计22个样点中,9个样点为"健康"等级,占总样点的40. 9%;10个样点为"亚健康"等级,占总样点的45. 5%; 2个样点为"一般"等级,占总样点的9. 1%; 1个样点为"较差"等级,占总样点的4. 5%.各采样点M-IBI值可有效反映水体受干扰程度,且与水质状况基本吻合(R=0. 753,P 0. 01),表明M-IBI可以较合理地评价城市河道生态系统健康状况.     

西安人为源VOCs排放特征及其对O3和SOA生成潜势的影响

为研究西安市人为源VOCs（挥发性有机物）对OFP（O₃生成潜势）和SOAFP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）的影响,基于西安市环境统计数据和相关统计资料,结合排放因子法和已有的源成分谱,建立西安市人为源VOCs排放清单,并利用最大增量反应活性（MIR）和气溶胶生成系数（FAC）估算各类人为源排放VOCs对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成贡献.结果表明:①2016年西安市人为源VOCs排放总量为119.187×103 t,其中,溶剂使用源、移动源和工艺过程源是主要的排放源,排放量分别为50.676×103、29.414×103、24.430×103 t. ②2016年西安市各区县VOCs排放总量较大的依次为长安区、雁塔区、未央区和碑林区,排放量分别为15.28×103、12.34×103、11.81×103和10.14×103 t,莲湖区、新城区和灞桥区VOCs排放量大于5×103 t,而阎良区排放量最小. ③2016年西安市总OFP为222.087×103 t,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯等对总OFP的贡献率为72.40%;溶剂使用源对总OFP的贡献率最大,其次是生物质燃烧源,并且生物质燃烧源单位质量VOCs的OFP最强. ④2016年西安市总SOAFP为318.347 t,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯、乙苯等对总SOAFP的贡献率为88.65%;溶剂使用源对总SOAFP的贡献率最大,其次是生物质燃烧源,而且溶剂使用源单位质量VOCs的SOAFP强于其他排放源.研究显示,与其他地区VOCs单位面积排放清单相比,西安市VOCs单位面积排放强度处于中等水平.      

石家庄市春季景观水体nirS型反硝化细菌群落特征分析

选取石家庄市主城区4个典型景观水体作为研究对象,在对水体水质特征分析的基础上,运用Illumina高通量测序技术对景观水体中的nir S型反硝化细菌种群结构和多样性进行测定,探究春季景观水体水质与nir S型反硝化细菌群落的相互关系.结果表明,4个景观水体中氮素含量为4. 43～13. 83 mg·L-1,氮素污染较严重;基于三维荧光光谱的特征指数分析,4个景观水体均呈现出较强的自生源及弱腐殖质特征; Illumina高通量测序结果表明,不同景观水体中nir S型反硝化细菌大多为变形菌门,在优势菌属上差异显著; unclassified_Bacteria(53. 52%)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)(60. 48%)和红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)(46. 94%)分别为裕西、水上和长安公园水体中的优势菌属,unclassified_Bacteria(36. 19%)和unclassified_Proteobacteria(23. 44%)为世纪公园水体中的优势菌属;冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,裕西公园反硝化细菌主要受硝氮、总氮和溶解氧的影响,水上公园反硝化细菌受总磷的影响较大,长安公园反硝化细菌主要受氨氮和亚硝氮的影响,世纪公园反硝化受总磷、亚硝氮和氨氮的影响较大.综上表明,春季不同景观水体的水质以及nir S型反硝化细菌的群落结构差异显著,通过开展景观水体水质、反硝化群落以及影响因素的研究,有助于对城市水系的水质特征以及反硝化群落结构的认识,对基于该水质特征的高效反硝化菌剂的研发具有指导意义.     

SBR工艺活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性研究

以SBR反应器培养驯化阶段的活性污泥微型动物群落为研究对象,系统考察了活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落结构与优势种群变化规律,同时探讨了微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性.结果表明,1活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落类群和种属增多后趋于稳定的过程:污泥培养驯化过程中微型动物群落,由驯化初期以鞭毛虫为单一优势类群向鞭毛虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、固着型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等4个共优势类群演变,优势种属也由单一的波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)逐步向波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)、钟虫属(Vorticella sp.)、累枝虫属(Epistylis sp.)、楯纤虫属(Aspidisca sp.)、斜管虫属(Chilodonella sp.)、半眉虫属(Hemiophrys sp.)等6个共优势种属演变;2活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落物种多样性水平增高后趋于稳定的过程:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'在培养驯化过程中先急剧增大后小幅降低直至相对稳定,较培养驯化前增大约75%;3活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落趋于稳定的过程:驯化初期到中期微型动物群落稳定性略有减小,驯化中期到后期有较大的增加并趋于稳定,这是微型动物群落总多度、物种数均先增大后逐渐趋于稳定的结果;4微型动物群落稳定滞后于其污泥成熟与污水处理效能稳定.     

Temperature Dependent Depuration of Norovirus GII and Tulane Virus from Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Raw oysters are considered a culinary delicacy but are frequently the culprit in food-borne norovirus (NoV) infections. As commercial depuration procedures are currently unable to efficiently eliminate NoV from oysters, an optimisation of the process should be considered. This study addresses the ability of elevated water temperatures to enhance the elimination of NoV and Tulane virus (TuV) from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Both viruses were experimentally bioaccumulated in oysters, which were thereafter depurated at 12 °C and 17 °C for 4 weeks. Infectious TuV and viral RNA were monitored weekly for 28 days by TCID₅₀ and (PMAxx-) RT-qPCR, respectively. TuV RNA was more persistent than NoV and decreased by?<?0.5 log₁₀ after 14 days, while NoV reductions were already?>?1.0 log₁₀ at this time. For RT-qPCR there was no detectable benefit of elevated water temperatures or PMAxx for either virus (p?>?0.05). TuV TCID₅₀ decreased steadily, and reductions were significantly different between the two temperatures (p?<?0.001). This was most evident on days 14 and 21 when reductions at 17 °C were 1.3–1.7 log₁₀ higher than at 12 °C. After 3 weeks, reductions?>?3.0 log₁₀ were observed at 17 °C, while at 12 °C reductions did not exceed 1.9 log₁₀. The length of depuration also had an influence on virus numbers. TuV reductions increased from?<?1.0 log₁₀ after seven days to?>?4.0 log₁₀ after 4 weeks. This implies that an extension of the depuration period to more than seven days, possibly in combination with elevated water temperatures, may be beneficial for the inactivation and removal of viral pathogens.

     

受引黄影响的河流沉积物细菌群落季节变化

河流沉积物细菌群落的季节变化对碳、氮循环和水环境演化有明显的影响.然而,受调水干预的河流沉积物细菌群落季节性变化尚不明确.本文基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了中纬度地区受引黄影响的汾河上游沉积物细菌群落组成、结构和多样性的季节变化.结果表明,在引黄调水干预下受水河流细菌群落的季节性变化仍然显著.夏季温度适宜,河流沉积物细菌群落多样性较冬季高.核心菌群组成和结构随季节变化,然而丛毛单胞菌、黄杆菌、黄单胞菌和红环菌等的优势地位不随季节改变.河水水温和ORP的季节变化显著,是造成河流沉积物细菌群落季节变化的主导因子.水质较差的黄河水引入汾河后导致沉积物细菌群落多样性显著提高.引水对河流沉积物细菌群落的影响在夏季较冬季高20%左右.引黄调水对汾河沉积物细菌群落的影响大于季节变化的影响.     

Transfer-RNA,an early gene?

The theory of self-reproductive molecular systems involves the consequence that translation must have started from a selected distribution of RNA molecules, that comprised GC-rich sequences of a length < 100 nucleotides. This implies a joint function of messenger and adaptor, which both had to be recruited from the same mutant distribution. The reconstruction of tRNA precursors yields such a molecule showing some reverberation of a codon pattern GNC. These findings suggest that tRNA has been the earliest component of the translation machinery.     

Dandy – Walker syndrome and corpus callosum agenesis in 5p deletion

5p deletion syndrome commonly known as cri du chat is well described in affected neonates with catlike cry and hypotonia. Karyotyping will usually show a deletion of the short arm of one chromosome 5 with variable breakpoints. Only a few cases have been reported prenatally, and the fetal form of the syndrome has not been clearly individualised. We report a new case of 5p deletion syndrome diagnosed prenatally in association with Dandy–Walker syndrome and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Other brain anomalies have been reported previously, but this unusual association suggests the use of a specific probe in the investigation of these malformations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive skills and bacterial load: comparative evidence of costs of cognitive proficiency in birds

Parasite-mediated selection may affect the evolution of cognitive abilities because parasites may influence development of the brain, but also learning capacity. Here, we tested some predictions of this hypothesis by analyzing the relationship between complex behaviours (feeding innovations (as a measure of behavioural flexibility) and ability to detect foreign eggs in their nests (i.e. a measure of discriminatory ability)) and abundance of microorganisms in different species of birds. A positive relationship would be predicted if these cognitive abilities implied a larger number of visited environments, while if these skills favoured detection and avoidance of risky environments, a negative relationship would be the prediction. Bacterial loads of eggshells, estimated for mesophilic and potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae), were used as a surrogate of probability of contact with pathogenic bacteria. We found that bird species with higher feeding innovation rates and rejection rates of experimental brood parasitic eggs had higher density of bacteria on their eggshells than the average species. Since the analysed groups of microorganisms include pathogenic bacteria, these results suggest that both feeding innovation and ability to recognize foreign eggs are costly and highlight the importance of parasite-mediated selection in explaining the evolution of cognitive abilities in animals.     

Fetal cerebral hemorrhage due to X-linked GATA1 gene mutation

We report a multiplex family with a GATA1 gene mutation responsible for a massive fetal cerebral hemorrhage occurring at 36 weeks. Two other stillbirth cousins presented with fetal hydrops and congenital hemochromatosis' phenotype at 37 and 12 weeks of gestation. Molecular screening revealed the presence of a c.613G>A pathogenic allelic variation in exon 4 of GATA1 gene in the 3 male siblings and their carrier mothers. The diagnosis of a GATA1 gene mutation may be suspected in cases of male fetuses with intracerebral bleeding, particularly if a history of prior fetal loss(es) and mild maternal thrombocytopenia are also present.